Glagoli nawāsih al-ibtidā’ u arapskom jeziku
Verbs Nawāsih al-ibtidā’ in the Arabic language

Summary/Abstract: Nawåsi∂ al-ibtidå’ (abrogatives) is a specific type of verbs in the Arabic language which, when they precede a noun clause, transform its subject or predicate, or both, into the accusative. These verbs fall into three types: the verb kåna and the verbs similar to it (kåna wa a∂awåtuhå), the verb kåda and the verbs similar to it (kåda wa a∂awåtuhå), and the verb ùanna and the verbs similar to it (ùanna wa a∂awåtuhå). The verb kåna and the verbs similar to it have the function of a copula in a sentence ensuring predication between two noun forms which are in the position of subject and predicate. The subject of such a sentence is in the nominative, and the predicate in the accusative. These verbs are also denoted as af‘ål nåqi¥a (deficient verbs) because they express only tense deprived of the meaning of an action (õadaï), so that the predicate in this case comes as a substitution for the action which is not expressed by this verb. This is why the verb kåna and the verbs similar to it acquire the full meaning which includes the tense and action only with their predicate. Some of these verbs simultaneously express both specific meanings which may refer to a daily time frame in which the predicative relation is established, and the transfer of the subject into the state of its predicate or a period of duration of such a relation. With regard to the subject-predicate relation of deficient verbs, the rules of subject and predicate of a noun clause apply, since basically this is what they are. Thus, the predicate of deficient verbs can precede the subject if there is no particular impediment, such as the suffix invariability of the subject and predicate together and the absence of the context on the basis of which we could define their implicit flexion, which is why a change in their positions might lead to confusion in meaning. The verb kåda and the verbs similar to it express proximity of their predicate's content execution and this is why they are denoted as af‘ål al-muqåraba (verbs of proximity), then a hope, a wish or an expectation that the action expressed by their predicate will be realised, and they are denoted as af‘ål ar-raûå’ (verbs of hope), and the beginning of their predicate's content realisation and they are denoted as af‘ål aπ-πurú‘ (verbs of beginning). Both the verb kåda and the verbs similar to it, as abrogatives (nawåsi∂ al-ibtidå’), fall into deficient verbs (af‘ål nåqi¥a) because they are of incomplete meaning and, therefore, need a predicate complement in the accusative, while their subject retains the nominative endings, the same as with the verb kåna and the verbs similar to it. Because of this the rules relating to the agent of the verb action (få‘il), proagent (nå’ib al-få‘il) and the subject of the verb kåna (ism kåna) apply to the subject of the verb kåda (ism kåda) as well.

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