Między biernością a aktywnością obywatelską w kontekście łódzkiego budżetu obywatelskiego
Between passive and active citizenship in the context of participatory budgeting in Łodz

Summary/Abstract: The main goal of the article is an attempt to look closer at the level of civic participation particularly with reference to participatory opportunities offered by the Municipal Council in Lodz. The civic participation will be considered in relation to two selected categories of Langton’s proposals: public involvement and electoral participation (divided into four categories: public action, public involvement, electoral participation and obligatory participation). Moreover, the author of the articles assumes that civic participation can be considered in the context of relationship: participatory opportunities–willingness to participate. The participatory opportunities is to be understood as the participatory offers of Municipal Council (for instance: public consultation organized by the city authorities). The willingness is to be understood as the level of attendance in the city authorities’ initiatives. The above-described aspects will be considered in relation to Lodz and to the city’s experience of implementing participatory budgeting.

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