„Ma ono na twarzy grymas dojrzałego i gorycz pokrzywdzonego […] – nie ma dzieciństwa”. Przemiany ról dzieci w rodzinie w getcie warszawskim
“On its face is a grimace of an adult and bitterness of a sufferer […] – it has no childhood.” Transformations of Family Roles of Children in the Warsaw Ghetto

Summary/Abstract: The author analyses fragments of testimonies about the Warsaw ghetto regarding children’s family relations. The article describes the demographic transformations that changed the social structure, which forced the families into functional adjustments. The most important change was the forcing of groups, which had not worked, that is children, to earn money. The article presents the consequences of those transformations for family relations and analyses the experience of childhood and parenthood in the ghetto.

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