SUVREMENI PRISTUP U PATOHISTOLOŠKOJ DIJAGNOSTICI MALIGNIH TUMORA
MODERN APPROACH IN DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY OF MALIGNANT TUMORS

Summary/Abstract: To present modern methodology of histopathological diagnosis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Histopathological screening of tissue samples is a standardized procedure that includes macroscopic and microscopic examination of biopsy specimens and applies to oral mucosal lesions. Final diagnosis, for the largest number of neoplasias is based on the morphology of tissue samples stained by standard hematoxylin-eosin (HE), a method still essential for pathohistological diagnosis. Methods: In cases where the nature of the tumor is unclear, conventional morphological analysis is supplemented by other techniques such as histochemistry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and more recently with molecular methods. Molecular diagnostics are increasingly becoming an integral part of clinical practice. IHC and molecular-genetic methods are additional methods which are an integral and independent, but not crucial part ofthe procedure of providing a final histopathological diagnosis. Results: In recent years, details about cancer in histopathological reports increased exponentially. In addition to the histological origin and spread of the tumor, other important information reported includes metastasis, proliferation and, for some types of malignancies, predictive features. The role of the pathologist has changed in the past two decades. Modern day pathologists set pre-operative diagnoses (based on biopsy, cytology), perform intraoperative evaluation of tumors (ex tempore biopsy,status of resection margins, the appearance of nodal and distant metastases)and determine the postoperative tumor stage, parameters of metastatic potential and genetic characteristics of the tumor (prognostic and predictive parameters). Conclusion: The final diagnosis of a tumor is given after extensive microscopic examination of biopsy specimens. Morphological examination of tissue samples, prepared by a standard HE method is still the golden standard for histopathological diagnosis. IHC and molecular methods have become an integral part of final histopathological diagnosis.

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