Nadnárodná harmonizácia odložených daní a ich implementácia v podmienkach Slovenskej republiky
SUPRANATIONAL HARMONISATION OF DEFERRED TAXES AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION UNDER CONDITIONS IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

Summary/Abstract: Deferred taxes represent an important tool for the correct and objective declaration of the economic result and taxes in accounting and financial statements of the entrepreneuring subjects. By the application of deferred taxes one ensures correct tax periodicity in the statement of profits and losses and at the same time an objective presentation of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet. The problem of the formation and necessity of deferred taxes’ application was identi-fied in the U.S.A. in the year 1967. From the development point of view two concepts of deferred taxes existed: timing concept (e. g. concept of time differences) and temporary concept (e. g. the concept of temporary differences). Both concepts are based on the rational approach, on temporary and finite differences. According to generally accepted accounting principles – US GAAP and within the framework of international accounting standards – IAS 12 – Income Taxes the timing concept was replaced by the temporary concept. Slovak legislation currently uses timing concept. Timing concept, e. g. the concept of time differences is oriented at the profit-and-loss statement – at the time differences between the economic result before taxation and income tax assessment base. When applying this concept the role of accounting consists in the achievement of the situation when one considers in the financial statement as „fic-titious“ tax assessment base the economic result primarily found in the accounting (be-fore taxation), e. g. before its adjustment by incremental and deductible items. That means one does not consider the adjustments complying with the Income Tax Act – the „real“ tax assessment base calculated in the tax declaration One secures thus the logic link between the economic result and the income tax. Two cases can emerge: – economic result primarily calculated in accounting is higher than the tax assessment base, – economic result primarily calculated in accounting is lower than the tax assessment base. When the economic result is higher than the tax assessment base, then the collectable income tax declared in financial statement is increased by the deferred tax – deferred tax obligation, e. g. the difference between the lower tax assessment base and the higher economic result. When is the economic result primarily calculated in accounting is lower than the tax assessment base, income tax declared in financial statement is decreased by the deferred tax – deferred tax obligation, e. g. the difference between the higher tax assessment base and the lower economic result. Differences between the economic result and tax assessment base could be: – permanent (unlimited time), – temporary (limited time), – almost unlimited time.

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