ІНДУСТРІЯ ДОЗВІЛЛЯ У КОНТЕКСТІ СУЧАСНИХ КУЛЬТУРНИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ
Industry of a Leisure within the Context of Modern Cultural Transformation

Summary/Abstract: This article is dedicated to revealing and grounding preconditions, which promoted the formation of leisure as cultural industry in countries of Western Europe and US. It is marked that in the second half of the ХХth cent., concurrently with the increase of leisure significance as a component of human vital functions, opportunities of ways and means enrichment of leisure needs satisfaction of population are formed. The complex of interrelated and interdependent factors serves as the basis for development of leisure sphere, among which are social and economic, technological achievements, educational and cultural level, improvement of social policy, development of geographical mobility. Although the leading factor, which influenced the formation of leisure as a cultural industry, is defined as increase of spare time and alteration of its inner structure, which forms new necessities of a person and causes the appearance of new leisure activity types. The evolution of leisure practices in modern society is traced with using statistic materials of research international projects, which were realized in the second half of the XXth cent. – beg. of the XXIst cent. ("The Use of Time: Daily Activities of Urban and Suburban Population in Twelwe Contries", 1972, "Leisure Policy in Europe", 1993, "The Future of Leisure Time", 1994, "Free Time and Leisure Participation: International Perspectives", 2005, etc.). Leading pre-conditions which had an influence on actualization of the problem of organizing culturally expedient leisure in modern world are grounded. Among such the increase of spare time is determined, which influenced changes in the regimes "work-rest" (іndividualization and personification of work schedule, input of the shortened working week, lengthening of studying terms duration, etc.). At the same time it is stressed, that spare time increase doesn’t mean automatic rise of leisure scope, which is intensively corrected under the influence of other time expenses forms (additional work, housekeeping or unemployment rise). The expediency of taking into account the peculiarities of social and demographic structure of society is underlined, which gives an opportunity to trace dynamic increase of spare time quantity in the XXth cent. only in some definite categories of population: children, retired people and youth (owing to the lengthening of studying terms duration). Restructuring of spare time also played an important role in leisure sphere development, main part of which is connected with days off, holiday periods and holidays. The improvement of life standards, family welfare in general, influenced the development of leisure as cultural industry as well, which caused changes in the structure of consumer’s expenditures in the direction of satisfying not material necessities and created new opportunities for using leisure at one’s own request. In the first half of the XXth cent. the population spent for food and residence almost all family budget, since the 50s, slowly but ceaselessly this part has been reducing, causing changes in the expenditures structure: not home spending (visiting of restaurants, travelling, acquirement of sport inventory, etc.) increase essentially quicker. Disengaged means are used for acquisition of inhabited place, radio- and TV equipment, car, other domestic goods, which not only make housekeeping easier, but change person’s attitude to his leisure in boundaries of own home and not. Leisure is used actively by power as a social neurohumor in solving numerous social problems (from solving valued disorientation to rise of the quantity of working places and to surmounting the questions of unemployment). Therefore, in the article attention is paid to the questions of law regulating the leisure organization and ensuring rights and access to finding qualitative leisure service, which don’t make harm to the person’s spiritual and cultural development. According to the law in Switzerland, Germany, France, Holland the right of the person for leisure and cultural development are protected by educational establishments, family, social and medical services, and law enforcement authorities as well. The process of creating leisure establishments network, among which a numerous quantity of voluntary, commercial and state establishments exists, is analyzed. In big cities "shop" alleys, which give various commercial, superficial and recreational services, become especially popular. Peculiarities of using leisure by different social groups give a pretext to assert leisure subculture development of children, teenagers, adults and retired people. But leisure time, the amount of which increases incessantly, is used mostly for viewing TV programs, listening to the radio and reading periodicals. It is proved that passive forms of leisure stay the most popular among various categories of population during prolonged time (view of TV programs, reading periodic press, listening to the radio, over the last decades virtual leisure joins them). For the most part of population they are the most available financially and intellectually, because they don’t demand neither special technical equipment nor additional financial expense, special knowledge, skills and practical knowledge.

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