Zmiany biegu koryta Krasnej (Świętokrzyskie) w oparciu o dane kartograficzne i geologiczne
Channel changes of the Krasna riverbed (Holy Cross Mts. region) based on cartographic and geological data

Summary/Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify riverbed changes of the Krasna river along its entire length in recent centuries, based on archival cartographic materials. Additionally, in the roughly 2-km long estuary section, where the largest riverbed changes were noticed in the maps, cartographic changes were verified by geomorphological and geological mapping of Quaternary sediments. The Krasna River is located in the northern part of the Świętokrzyskie Province in the Polish Uplands area. The Krasna River is a left-side tributary of the Czarna Konecka, with the length of 28 km. The basin area is about 121 km2. It was located in the Old Polish Industrial District. Krasna was one of the most industrialized rivers of the Old Polish Industrial District in 19th c. The waters of the lower section of Krasna were used to power forges and water mills. The activity of the forges and water mills contributed to changes in the course of the Krasna riverbed, visible on cartographic materials as well as in sediments. In early 1930s, old forges were transformed into water mills. In later years, the mill buildings were transformed into sawmills, which existed until the middle of the 20th c. On the flood plain, remnants of the iron metallurgy have survived in such forms as shafts and channels as well as in sediments as slags or bricks. With the fall of industrial activity, renaturalization processes started in the Krasna River valley and the river bed itself. This led to the restoration of a natural environment and the river came back to its natural course.

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