EGY ELFELEJTETT MÉRFÖLDKŐ A TÖRTÉNELEMBEN – 1648
A Forgotten Milestone in History - the Year 1648

Summary/Abstract: If anything can be seen to signal the watershed of modern history, it is the year 1648. It marks the termination of old conflicts, the culmination of the general crisis of the 17th century and the beginning of new developments. The Westphalia peace treaties put an end to the thirty years war. It confirmed that the Holy Roman Empire as a whole would not undergo centralisation of the kind experienced by other European states. At the international level France, Holland and Sweden gained a firm position as great powers. There were civil wars in this year in Britain, France and in Italy, but the bloodiest conflict arose in Poland, where the rebellion of the Cossacks opened a much more prolonged age of crises. The most significant outcome of the so-called salt-riots in Moscow was the enactment of a new legal code that would be used for centuries. Some historians argue that the phenomenon known as the Little Ice Age is essential background of these events, others remain skeptical.

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