Zdroje a šíření vybraných komodit keramické produkce vrcholného a pozdního středověku
Sources and Distribution of Selected High and Late Medieval Pottery Products
Contributor(s): Irena Loskotová (Editor)
Subject(s): Archaeology, Cultural history, Architecture, Visual Arts, Aesthetics, Local History / Microhistory, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century, History of Art
Published by: Masarykova univerzita nakladatelství
Keywords: Medieval pottery products; pottery paintings; hunting scenes on pottery; Adoration of the Magi; Tournament; Ceramic sculptures; relief floor tiles; poetry production; Archeology; Brno;
Summary/Abstract: The publication is focused on late medieval pottery products with higher aesthetical effect. The key group is represented by stove tiles, where the unifying elements of relief decoration helped to define series of motifs for stoves with specific iconographic concept, which were found in various locations. The same approach can be also used with small ceramic sculptures, aquamaniles and relief-decorated floor tiles, even though the achieved information value in these cases is much lower. Micropetrographic, XRF and other analyses helped to identify the production centres and the distribution model of these ceramic groups. 3D documentation enabled a detailed comparison of differences between individual reliefs and specific traces of manufacturing procedures. Individual chapters contain active links to the source database of analysed items and to 3D models of selected specimens from reference collections.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-80-210-9920-3
- Page Count: 439
- Publication Year: 2021
- Language: English, Czech
Použité analytické metody
Použité analytické metody
(Analytical methods used)
- Author(s):Miroslava Gregerová, Martin Hložek
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Middle Ages, Methodology and research technology, History of Art
- Page Range:9-22
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Ceramic pastes of stove; floor tiles; ceramic sculptures; archeology;
- Summary/Abstract:Within the results presented in this monograph, the basic method used to analyse the ceramic pastes of stove and floor tiles and small ceramic sculptures was micropetragraphic analysis. This method provides the most important information on the shard – representation of fragments and rocks, firing temperature, surface treatment etc. The second most frequent method is electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive analyser. This method was used with glazed ceramic artefacts to determine the chemical composition of glazes. The other methods mentioned below were applied when a specific technological phenomenon occurred.
Dokumentace
Dokumentace
(Documentation)
- Author(s):Vojtěch Nosek
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Middle Ages, Methodology and research technology, History of Art
- Page Range:23-65
- No. of Pages:43
- Keywords:medieval and modern ceramic production; artefacts; fragmentary material; motif of Adoration of the Christ Child; Tile stove;
- Summary/Abstract:One of the most representative commodities of the medieval and modern ceramic production are relief-decorated stove tiles, in which we can follow up the content and symbolism of decoration motifs as an evidence of material and spiritual culture at the time of their origin. From a technological point of view, it is possible to define the development of production procedures, both in the construction of tiles themselves, and in the construction of entire heating devices. However, problems arise when we try to find out how technological novelties and relief motifs have spread among stove builders. Apart from natural scientific analyses, which have long been used to solve this question (e. g. Loskotová–Hložek 2017), we also searched for the possibilities of analysing the relief decoration on tiles from a technological and not from an art historical perspective. For this purpose, we had to document the reliefs in order to obtain exact data, which were not yet provided by the standard methods of archaeological research.
Kachlové série
Kachlové série
(Series of stove tiles)
- Author(s):Not Specified Author
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:66-67
- No. of Pages:2
- Keywords:stove tiles; archeology; analysis; 15-th century;
- Summary/Abstract:Analyses were conducted with five groups of stove tiles connected by various attributes, which are known from many locations in the Czech lands of the second half of the 15th century, from the neighbouring Austria or Poland, as well as from the nearby Hungary.
Lovecké scény
Lovecké scény
(Hunting scenes)
- Author(s):Martin Hložek, Markéta Tymonová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Regional Geography, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:68-96
- No. of Pages:29
- Keywords:Relief-decorated stoves; Hunting themes; courtly scenes; archeology;
- Summary/Abstract:Hunting themes began to be depicted on relief-decorated stoves since the second half of the 15th century, when the tile iconography was enriched with motifs portraying prestigious social activities and individual themes were drawn from the everyday life of privileged social classes. Hunting was an integral part of noble style and a popular entertainment. Together with tournaments and accolades, it created the aristocratic culture. The popularity of hunting is evidenced by genre scenes from the hunting milieu, depicted in the form of woodcuts, illuminations and graphics, or in the form of painted, carved or sculpted decoration in the representative interiors of manorial and ecclesiastical residences and burgher houses. Attractive themes were associated not only with castles and mansions, as we would expect with regard to their tight connection with hunting grounds, but we know them also from towns and monasteries. This fact indicates that hunting was enjoyed not only by the uppermost social classes, namely the ruler and aristocracy, but also by wealthy patricians and clergymen. The spread of the motif among various social milieus, initiated by the effort to imitate the lifestyle of upper classes, increased the demand for this category of luxury goods. And production centres responded to this demand by their updated supply. The tiles with hunting decoration have been part of the manufacturing programme of ceramic workshops for about fifty years. Together with other scenes, they contributed to the adoption of cultural habits of high society.
Klanění mudrců
Klanění mudrců
(Adoration of the Magi)
- Author(s):Markéta Tymonová, Martin Hložek, Irena Loskotová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Regional Geography, History of Art
- Page Range:97-177
- No. of Pages:81
- Keywords:Adoration of the Magi; Adoration series; stove tiles; ceramic shards; archeology; tile mould;
- Summary/Abstract:The feast that celebrates the revelation of God (Epiphany), as the Gospel of Matthew (Mt 2.1–12) says, commemorates three Wise Men (also referred to as Magi or Kings) from the East who came to worship the newborn King of the Judeans. This motif mostly occurs on medieval relief stove tiles in the form of a compositionally unified picture, comprising Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus and three figures of Kings bringing gifts in various containers. The scene is usually framed by a simple post-built building reminding of the Bethlehem Stable and by the inevitable star that guided the Three Kings arriving either afoot, or exceptionally riding on animals’ backs. Distinguished from this concept is a series of tile reliefs, whose figures, placed mostly on a two-cusped segmental arch of a tracery, became independent and were depicted on their own separate stove tiles of rectangular format (in more detail Loskotová 2011, 14–20, 35–37, 108–112, 150–156, 246–248). The owner or builder of the given stove thus got more space to combine individual figures, especially due to additional figures who enriched the series. In the basic series, which is defined by a bordure in the form of crossed bars anchored at the foot of the above-mentioned arch, we so far completely or partially identified fourteen reliefs. In some locations, these reliefs are still supplemented by another figures that imitate the style and composition of the original collection.
Turnaj
Turnaj
(Tournament)
- Author(s):Martin Hložek, Irena Loskotová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Local History / Microhistory, History of Art
- Page Range:178-205
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Tournament series; archeology; figures; stove tiles; Knight with coats of arms; medieval town of Brno;
- Summary/Abstract:The tournament series comprises only four motifs, but it is easy to distinguish from the numerous relief depictions with similar content. Similarly as it was with the Adoration of the Magi series, the figures are not crowded together in the area of a single frontal heating panel, but appear individually on separate stove tiles. Apart from the overall visual design, these tiles are interlinked by the element of an ogee arch at the foot of the relief. The arch is topped by a transversal fess, on which individual figures are placed (Jordánková–Loskotová–Merta 2004, 582–583, 588–589; Jordánková–Loskotová 2007, 334–339, 352–355; 2007a; Loskotová 2011, 69–74). Inclined armorial shields are visible in pendentives on both sides of the arch. The main figures – two knights in full plate armour – are depicted just before the moment of their collision, with lance heads touching the opponent’s shield. The heraldic symbols (saltire raguly in escutcheon and a panache of peacock feathers with a fish in crest) enable to identify the knight riding to the left with Hynek Bítovský of Lichtenburk (Fig. 1; Stehlíková 1999, 227) – the leader of Moravian Catholic opposition against George of Poděbrady. The coat of arms on the other side of the relief and the armorial bearings on the shield on horse’s forehead belong to the Lords of Šternberk (eight-pointed star). The opponent can be identified on the basis of the figure preserved in the shield and crest as a member of the royal family of the Lords of Kunštát (Fig. 2). The coat of arms below the fess on the opposite side of this relief is unfortunately not preserved among the recorded finds. Behind this knight, there is a jester riding a hinny, donkey or mule.
Rytířská kamna
Rytířská kamna
(Knight‘s stove)
- Author(s):Markéta Tymonová, Martin Hložek, Irena Loskotová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Architecture, Visual Arts, History of Art
- Page Range:206-276
- No. of Pages:71
- Keywords:Knight's stove; archeological excavations; stove tiles; gothic architecture;
- Summary/Abstract:The name “knight’s stove” was introduced into professional literature by the Hungarian researcher I. Holl. He used the term to designate a set of stove tiles from archaeological excavations in the area of the royal palace in Budapest. Following the relief decoration and technological design, these tiles belonged to one and the same type of a heating device. The chosen name was inspired by the figure of a cantering knight in the middle of relief decoration in one of the tile groups. Holl dated the origins of this stove on the basis of a detailed analysis of heraldic elements in the whole collection to a short interval between 1454 and 1456, i.e. to the period of reign of Ladislaus the Posthumous. He first defined twelve types in the find collection (Holl 1958, 291–294). The subsequent processing of finds then identified another types (13–23) and variants of the original group (Holl 1971, 199–200). The finds treated in this chapter also are classified on the basis of Holl’s typology.
Provinilý lev
Provinilý lev
(Guilty lion)
- Author(s):Zofia Jagosz-Zarzycka, Martin Hložek, Irena Loskotová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:277-312
- No. of Pages:36
- Keywords:stove tiles; guilty lion motif; 15th century; archeology;
- Summary/Abstract:The graphic design of the relief springs from an older tradition of Gothic ornaments in the form of a rosette, which is enclosed by a bordure from raguly sticks entwined with a leaved twig (Fig. 1). This motif is mainly known from the production of the royal workshop in Buda in the 2nd half of the 15th century (e. g. Holl 1971, 179, 199). Later conception replaced the raguly bordure on the sides and in the upper part by a meander (zigzag), which is interrupted by heads (putti?) in the upper corners and by small rosettes in the lower corners. Above the bottom edge of the relief, there is an inscription “scham dich” (shame on you) in Gothic minuscule, rhythmised by another rosettes. The inscription is undoubtedly related to the central figure of a hunched lion surrounded by a vegetal pattern from leaves and brier flowers that are separated from the meander by a right-angled rope (Fig. 2).
Kachlové série – závěr
Kachlové série – závěr
(Series of stove tiles – conclusions)
- Author(s):Markéta Tymonová, Martin Hložek, Irena Loskotová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:313-321
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:stove tiles; 15th century; Adoration of the Magi; tournament; knight's stove; guilty lion;
- Summary/Abstract:Ceramic finds were analysed depending on the availability of individual methods and possibility of destructive sampling. Analyses were made with selected representatives of stove tile series and groups, which are frequently found on various sites in our territory during the 15th century and whose occurrence is not limited only to the Czech lands. Series are characterised as assemblages of finds with clearly definable common features, i.e. collections of thematically related stove tile motifs set into a unified architectonic frame (Adoration of the Magi, tournament) and stove tiles, whose belonging to one and the same type of heating device is determined by a characteristic application of elements of Gothic architecture in connection with heraldic and artistic components of their decoration (knight’s stove). Group encompasses stove tiles with hunting and courtly motifs with similar visual design, which is supplemented by a secondary connecting element in the form of a vegetal ornament. However, this ornament does not represent an integral part of relief decoration and its form and application are variable. A separate group is represented by a motif, which is found on various sites in the same relief design and proportions (guilty lion), but the find contexts do not indicate its possible connection to other reliefs in the body of a stove.
Drobná keramická plastika
Drobná keramická plastika
(Small ceramic sculptures)
- Author(s):Markéta Tymonová, Martin Hložek, Zdenka Mechurová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:322-349
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:small ceramic sculptures; pottery; ceramic products; stove tiles; clay body;
- Summary/Abstract:Small ceramic sculptures were made in pottery workshops and people used them in everyday life for various secular as well as religious purposes. They were widespread throughout Central Europe and their origin was localised to the pottery-making centres in Rhineland, Bavaria, Saxony or Lusatia. Ceramic products from these centres were then imitated in the neighbouring countries (Hoffmann 1996, 158–160). We often find them in towns around the main square and in the area of former markets, because in the Middle Ages they became a popular market article and were brought as devotional souvenirs from pilgrimage sites.
Aquamanile a konvice se zoomorfními výlevkami
Aquamanile a konvice se zoomorfními výlevkami
(Aquamaniles and ewers with zoomorphic spouts)
- Author(s):Martin Hložek, Lenka Sedláčková
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:350-372
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:aquamaniles; ewers; zoomorphic spouts; female figural appliqué;
- Summary/Abstract:Due to their exceptionality and different production technology, aquamaniles and ewers with zoomorphic spouts were mostly classified as imported goods. The increasing number of finds, not only from Brno, and the use of natural scientific analyses enabled to specify the place of their origin.
Reliéfní dlaždice
Reliéfní dlaždice
(Relief floor tiles)
- Author(s):Martin Hložek, Petr Holub
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Local History / Microhistory, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:373-392
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:archeological excavations; relief-decorated floor tiles; Brno; 15th century; Královo Pole;
- Summary/Abstract:Seen from the perspective of analytical methods, the relief-decorated floor tiles exhibit both common and different technological traits when compared to the stove tile production. This finding can be best demonstrated on the sets of floor tiles from Brno. A surprising characteristic of medieval floor tiles is a very low proportion of temper in the clay body, which makes it completely different from the raw materials used in the stove-making workshop whose waste was found in the Veselá Street. In terms of technology, floor tiles resemble more the bricks. We can thus suppose that this commodity has been produced by brick makers. The location of brickworks in the territory of Brno is well known from written sources and archaeological excavations (Holub–Anton 2020). The results of analyses help us localise the two main places of clay extraction. The majority of floor tiles are probably made from raw materials acquired from terraces above the rivers Svitava or Ponávka (1st and 2nd material groups). These materials are characterised by a low temper content. Clay has been extracted in places adjacent to the southern edge of the town walls and in suburban areas north and northeast of the medieval town core – the different character of these locations might have caused small differences between groups 1 and 2. It can be generally said that fluvial sediments based on transported loess were historically considered a raw material suitable for the production of building ceramics. This statement was proved e. g. in a medieval brickworks uncovered by archaeological excavations in Brno-Královo Pole (Holub–Merta–Zůbek 2006, 45). These sediments cannot be macroscopically distinguished from primary loess deposits, so they can be generally confused with each other.
Doklady hrnčířské výroby v Brně
Doklady hrnčířské výroby v Brně
(Evidence of pottery production in Brno – conlusions)
- Author(s):Hana Jordánková, Antonín Zůbek, Lenka Sedláčková
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, Local History / Microhistory, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:393-412
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Brno; archeological excavations; pottery; stove making production; 15th century;
- Summary/Abstract:Archaeological contexts and finds which evidence the pottery-making and stove-making production are always welcome because they provide a great deal of new information on local production. Even though Brno counts among towns which have been archaeologically investigated over a long period of time, only two sites were detected, so far, that can be associated with the activity of potters and stove builders. In the 1960s, Vladimír Nekuda uncovered a workshop in the area of what is now the capuchin monastery in the south-western part of the town. The workshop was operated here in the last quarter of the 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century. The 2015–2016 excavations in the north-western part of the historical town core of Brno between the Veselá and Besední Streets have yielded relics of two pottery kilns and plenty of production waste, which can be associated with a workshop that was probably operated here in the last third of the 15th century.
Závěr
Závěr
(Conclusion)
- Author(s):Markéta Tymonová, Martin Hložek, Irena Loskotová
- Language:English, Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural history, Visual Arts, 15th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:413-421
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:archeology; ceramic artefacts; stove tiles; decoration; clay;
- Summary/Abstract:The problem of distribution of ceramic artefacts with a higher proportion of decorative component was treated with the help of standard procedures of typological, stylistic and relief analyses, using natural scientific and documentation methods which have yielded new knowledge of production and distribution of high and late medieval stove tile goods and building and decorative ceramics. The research was focused on objects made from fired clay with the aim to determine the geographic origin of raw material used for their production. The crafts that worked with this raw material shared the same sources in the place of their activity, but the production procedures used with morphologically variable ceramic wares were different, which was reflected in a specific processing of the “clays” used.