Stjepan Tomašević (1461.-1463.) - slom srednjovjekovnoga Bosanskog Kraljevstva - Zbornik radova
Stjepan Tomašević (1461-1463): Fall of Bosnian Kingdom - Proceedings
Contributor(s): Ante Birin (Editor)
Subject(s): History of Church(es), Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Political history, Social history, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, Military policy, Political behavior, Politics and society, Culture and social structure , 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
Published by: Hrvatski institut za povijest
Keywords: Bosnia; Middle Ages; fall of Bosnia; Ottomans;
Summary/Abstract: On the occasion of the 550th anniversary of the coronation of the last Bosnian king, Stjepan Tomašević, by the papal legates in November 1461 in Jajce, the Croatian Institute of History from Zagreb and the Catholic Faculty of Theology from Sarajevo marked this event in 2011 with a special scientific conference. This event, which soon proved to be a direct prelude to the collapse of the medieval Bosnian Kingdom, was commemorated with the aim of gaining new insights and deepening knowledge about this historiographical topic. Although both Stjepan Tomašević himself and the collapse of the medieval Bosnian Kingdom have been subjects of interest in Croatian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian, and Serbian historiography, as evidenced by numerous previously published works, the mentioned anniversary provided an opportunity for a fresh examination and deepening of understanding of this historical theme. The international scientific conference "Stjepan Tomašević (1461-1463) - The Collapse of the Medieval Bosnian Kingdom," held on November 11th and 12th, 2011 in Jajce, gathered distinguished scholars from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Hungary. Their presentations, collected in this anthology, constitute four comprehensive thematic sections.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-7840-22-8
- Page Count: 297
- Publication Year: 2013
- Language: Croatian
Historiografija o padu Bosanskog Kraljevstva
Historiografija o padu Bosanskog Kraljevstva
(The Fall of the Bosnian Kingdom in Historiography)
- Author(s):Emir O. Filipović
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:11-28
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Bosnian Kingdom; Ottoman Empire; Turks; Stjepan Tomašević;
- Summary/Abstract:The paper presents a short review of historiography examining the Ottoman conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom in 1463, with an emphasis on opinions and evaluations of historians from the Ragusan writers and chroniclers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the modern critical historiography. Since the gradual expansion of the Ottoman Empire in South-Eastern Europe may be viewed as a single process, some historians wanted to draw a parallel between the Bosnian case and the examples of other states that fell under the Ottoman rule during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Even though the grounds for these comparisons are understandable, it is very difficult to learn anything from them. Circumstances to which individual rulers and their states, from the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia to other smaller or larger principalities, were subjected were essentially different. In these comparisons historiography has given a negative evaluation of Bosnia’s struggle and its rulers. Someone had to be responsible for the fall of the Kingdom and the blame was almost exclusively assigned to the last two Bosnian kings. In line with the times in which they lived and contemporary historiographical trends, some historians attributed the quick fall of Bosnia to internal factors, such as conflicts within the state and the complex religious situation including the presence of heretics. The most commonly cited argument was the discord between the nobles and betrayal, even though the latter is mentioned in only one authentic contemporary diplomatic source. The work of these historians served as a basis for the myth of an easy and simple breakdown of the medieval Bosnian state in which the Bogomil betrayal played an important part. Contemporary critical historiography concluded that this myth was created by Bishop Nikola of Modruš, the papal legate in Bosnia, in order to justify his own wrong policy that hastened the unavoidable fall of the Kingdom. Only a small number of historians studying this topic looked at the broader picture and took external as well as internal factors under consideration. This is especially evident in older literature which, inspired by patriotism, ethical values and the concept of hero-ism, paints a more negative image of Bosnia’s fall. If we consider all the available sources, and critically analyze those of Roman and Hungarian origin, we gain the impression of a rapid surge of the Ottoman army into Bosnia, intense fighting under Bobovac and other Bosnian fortresses, strong resistance of the defenders, destruction and mass deportations of population, general panic and emigration towards the Adriatic and the islands.
- Price: 4.90 €
Pad Bosne 1463. prema osmanskim narativnim izvorima
Pad Bosne 1463. prema osmanskim narativnim izvorima
(The 1463 Fall of Bosnia in Ottoman Narrative Sources)
- Author(s):Dino Mujadžević
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:29-45
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:medieval Bosnia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ottoman Empire; narrative sources; historiography; fifteenth century;
- Summary/Abstract:Ottoman narrative sources compose a significant but little explored collection of sources for the study of the fall of Bosnia in 1463. Most historians prefer Western narrative sources that are both more numerous and more accessible, while the Ottoman sources require rare linguistic skills. Ottoman narrative sources present two historical Ottoman traditions about the fall of Bosnia, both founded by individuals who witnessed this historical event and collected testimonies of other participants. The first tradition is represented by Tevārīh-i Āl-i Osmān (The history of the Ottoman dynasty) by the best known early Ottoman historian, Āšıqpāšāzāde. In the following centuries this tradition was regularly used as a source by later historians. Its main features include a simple style, occasionally reminiscent of the oral tradition; poor reliability; and a relatively small number of details. The second tradition is represented by Tarih-i Ebu-l-Feth (The history of the Mohammad the Conqueror) by Dursun-beg. Although this piece is clearly presented, fairly serious and reliable, and contains many interesting details, it had remained little used by later historians until the nineteenth century. Both of these treatises present the fall of Bosnia from the Ottoman state ideological and raison d’état perspective, and they both have as their goal the propaganda of the rising Ottoman Empire. By analyzing in detail these two sources, little known to wider Croatian historiographical circles, the author is attempting to provide a contribution towards better understanding of the history of Croatian and Bosnian territories as well as of the Ottoman Empire.
- Price: 4.90 €
Kraj srednjovjekovnog Bosanskog Kraljevstva u dubrovačkim izvorima
Kraj srednjovjekovnog Bosanskog Kraljevstva u dubrovačkim izvorima
(The End of the Medieval Bosnian Kingdom in Dubrovnik Sources)
- Author(s):Zdenka Janeković Römer
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:47-67
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:fall of Bosnian Kingdom; Stjepan Tomašević; Republic of Dubrovnik; Ottoman Empire;
- Summary/Abstract:The value of Dubrovnik reports about the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom and death of King Stjepan Tomašević for the most part lies in that they record the sources and respond to them from immediate vicinity. Records of Dubrovnik councils and especially of the Senate (Consilium Rogatorum) focus, for the most part, on preparations for defense, lively diplomatic activity and aspiration to achieve a neutral position. To a smaller extent these records contain information on circumstances in Bosnia, response of the Bosnian nobility, attempts of the Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević to organize defence and his quest to gain support of the Hungarian king, Venetians, Skenderbeg and Pope. While Dubrovnik archival documents comprise no direct information about the fall of Bosnia, they provide rich data about the rescuing of the queens Katarina and Mara as well as Bosnian nobility in the Dubrovnik region. In addition to historical data, Dubrovnik chronicles (Anonim, Nikola Ragnina, Tuberon, Razzi, Orbini, Luccari and Gundula) contain commentaries that justify the position of Dubrovnik at the moment of abrupt change in the long-standing relationship with Bosnia. The chroniclers’ opinions diverge but some of their conclusions are shared: they see the cause of the fall of Bosnia in the disproportionate size of the opposing sides, the failure of the Hungarian king and other Christian rulers to provide assistance and discordance among Bosnian nobles arising, for the most part, in religious disagreements. Turkish conquest of Bosnia radically changed the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Dubrovnik. Yet the conditions soon found balance and tensions, conflict and crises notwithstanding, a mode of coexistence was established. Dubrovnik was directly exposed to danger, situated at the very border of the Ottoman Empire, lacking military and naval force to resist Ottoman might and dependent on the freedom of trade. In such a situation it had to lead conciliatory politics. By recognizing the new rule, Dubrovnik retained a continuity of contact with the Bosnian space in which much changed but much remained the same. Old economic and human relations lived on in the new political framework.
- Price: 4.90 €
Južne granice Ugarsko-Hrvatskog Kraljevstva u vrijeme Stjepana Tomaševića
Južne granice Ugarsko-Hrvatskog Kraljevstva u vrijeme Stjepana Tomaševića
(Southern borders of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom during the Reign of Stjepan Tomašević)
- Author(s):Borislav Grgin
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire
- Page Range:69-78
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Stjepan Tomašević; Matthias Corvinus; Bosnia; Ottomans; Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia;
- Summary/Abstract:In this paper the author is attempting to reconstruct complex relations on the southern borders of the late medieval Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom with the neighbouring Kingdom of Bosnia and the Ottomans, during the reign of the last Bosnian medieval king Stjepan (Steven) Tomašević (1461-1463). The main focus is on the politics of the Hungarian-Croatian king Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490) towards Bosnia. The central issue was the relation between Corvinus and Tomašević, in connection with the events preceding the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. Of particular importance in this respect was the role of the papacy and papal legate Nikola Modruški (Nicholas of Modruš). An at-tempt has also been made to address the question whether the attitude of King Matthias towards Tomašević presented an isolated case, according to its features and methods, or it fitted a more general pattern of Matthias’s concepts, ideas, behaviour and principles of royal government. In conclusion, results of the analysis are summarized and an attempt is made to evaluate Matthias’s overall “Bosnian policy” from 1461 to 1463.
- Price: 4.90 €
The Political Background in Hungary of the Campaign of Jajce in 1463
The Political Background in Hungary of the Campaign of Jajce in 1463
(The Political Background in Hungary of the Campaign of Jajce in 1463)
- Author(s):Tamás Pálosfalvy
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire
- Page Range:79-88
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Matthias Corvinus; Jajce; Bosnia; Hungarian Kingdom;
- Summary/Abstract:Following the 1458 accession of the young Matthias Hunyady (Corvinus) to the throne of Hungary-Croatia, the Hungarian public opinion as well as the papacy expected from the king to continue an active anti-Ottoman politics. Yet he had not been coronated and his position was threatened for several reasons. A number of leading barons turned against him in the early 1459 while the Ottoman pressure, culminating in the occupation of Serbia, continued to rise. The success of his Jajce campaign thus represented the first turning point in the reign of Matthias Corvinus. The unsuccessful siege of Zvornik that followed must have convinced the king to question the wisdom of continuing traditional offensive warfare against the Ottomans. This essay examines political-military processes that resulted in the Jajce campaign, Matthias’s plans in Bosnia after the fall of Serbia, political problems after 1459 as well as the slow consolidation of the king’s position that eventually made possible active intervention in Bosnia.
- Price: 4.90 €
The Castle of Jajce in the Organization of the Hungarian Border Defence System under Matthias Corvinus’s
The Castle of Jajce in the Organization of the Hungarian Border Defence System under Matthias Corvinus’s
(The Castle of Jajce in the Organization of the Hungarian Border Defence System under Matthias Corvinus’s)
- Author(s):Richárd Horváth
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Security and defense, Military policy, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:89-98
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Matthias Corvinus; Jajce; anti-Ottoman border defence; Bosnia; Croatia; Hungarian Kingdom;
- Summary/Abstract:This essay explores the history of the castle and Banate of Jajce between 1463 and 1490. Following the fall of Serbia in 1459, Bosnia had become the main target of the Ottoman expansion and, in spring 1463, was occupied by the army of the Mohammed the Conqueror. Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia responded with a counter-attack in the autumn and winter of 1463, in the course of which the army of King Matthias Corvinus captured the castle of Jajce and some other nearby fortifications. The possession of these forts allowed defence from new Ottoman attacks in the following years. Thus the foundations of a new military-administrative unit in the southern part of the Hungarian defence system were laid. The goal of this essay is to discuss the way in which King Matthias organized this area. Particular attention is paid to the administration of Bosnia, from the temporary authority of Ban of Slavonia and real King of Bosnia, Nikola Iločki (1471-1477) to the plans related to Duke Ivaniš Corvinus and finally for Banate of Bosnia/Jajce, in existence until 1527. The essay traces chronologically different forms of the administration. It attempts to follow royal efforts to organize this region in the best possible manner, by bringing it together with extant centres of defence system such as Banate of Slavonia, County of Temes and Principality of Transylvania.
- Price: 4.90 €
Bosanska vlastela u oslobađanju Jajca od Turaka 1463. godine
Bosanska vlastela u oslobađanju Jajca od Turaka 1463. godine
(Bosnian Nobility in the Liberation of Jajce from the Turks in 1463)
- Author(s):Đuro Tošić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Social history, 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:99-108
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Jajce; Bosnia; Hungary; Sava; Turks; Matthias Corvinus; Emeric; Herceg Stefan; Vladislav; Radič and Vučihna Banović; Ivan Čubretić; help; coronation; heritage;
- Summary/Abstract:In the last months of 1463, the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus decided to wrest Bosnia away from the Ottomans. Having crossed the river Sava, he arrived in the vicinity of Jajce, capital of the Bosnian Kingdom and one of the largest forts of the medieval Bosnia. Assisted by the local population, the king and his army occupied the city that for two months had been defended by Turkish forces headed by Jusuf Harambeg. In the meantime, King Matthias’s forces had been strengthened by financial and military contributions of the prominent Bosnian noblemen: Herceg Stefan Vukčić Kosača and his son Vladislav, Radič Banović with his brother Vučihna and nephew Ivan, and Ivan, son of the late Pavao Čubretić from Vrlika. Their help was rewarded with feudal estates in western Bosnia, Hungary and the parish of Vrlika. Thus, with great efforts and against major difficulties, in mid-December 1463 Matthias Corvinus succeeded in occupying the strongly defended fortress of Jajce. Soon afterwards the Hungarian king occupied the fort of Zvečaj and then (according to a letter to the Pope Pius II) another 60 Bosnian forts—though the latter number is most likely exaggerated. Yet his achievements not-withstanding, the cold winter forced the Hungarian to leave Bosnia and return to Hungary. He left the rule over the newly created Banate of Jajce to his loyal commander Emeric Zápolya. In February 1464, King Matthias reached Buda with 400 captured Turks and was crowned with the Crown of St Stephen, which had been returned to him in accordance with the contract with the German emperor.
- Price: 4.90 €
O obitelji bosanskog protukralja Radivoja Ostojića (prilog rasvjetljavanju bračnih veza posljednjih Kotromanića s plemstvom iz dravsko-savskog međurječja)
O obitelji bosanskog protukralja Radivoja Ostojića (prilog rasvjetljavanju bračnih veza posljednjih Kotromanića s plemstvom iz dravsko-savskog međurječja)
(On the Family of the Bosnian Anti-king Radivoj Ostojić: A Contribution to the Study of Marriages between the Last Members of the Kotromanić Dynasty and the Nobility from the Drava-Sava Interamnium)
- Author(s):Stanko Andrić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Political history, Social history, Culture and social structure , 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire
- Page Range:109-132
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Kingdom of Bosnia; house of Kotromanić; Radivoj Ostojić; family of Velika (Velički Velikei); Catherine of Velika; County of Požega; Slavonia; Ottoman;
- Summary/Abstract:The medieval Bosnian dynasty of Kotromanić, which gave the country most if not all of its bans and kings from the mid-thirteenth century on, established matrimonial relations with several high-ranking families from the kingdom of Hungary-Croatia, Bosnia’s northern and western neighbour. Besides the best-known marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of Ban Stephen II, to the Hungarian-Croatian king Louis I the Great, there were four other marriages between the members of the house of Kotromanić and the nobility of baronial rank from Croatia (Šubić of Bribir, Nelipčić of Cetina), Slavonia (Babonić of Vodica) and the eastern part of the Drava-Sava interamnium (Gorjanski/Garai). This paper aims to shed more light on the remaining and probably the least known case of this kind, i. e. the marriage between Radivoj Ostojić, son of King Ostoja and paternal uncle of the last independent king of Bosnia Stephen Tomašević, and Catherine of the family of Velika (Hung. Velike) from Požega county. Radivoj acted as an anti-king during the rule of King Stephen Tvrtko II (1421-1443) and he also claimed the throne at the beginning of the rule of his own brother Stephen Tomaš (1443-1461), until finally renouncing his royal ambitions in 1446. Since he actively entered the public and political sphere as early as in 1431, it is possible that he had been married to an unknown before 1449 when he got engaged to and expected to marry Catherine of Velika. The marriage was laid down in a contract concluded in that year between himself and Catherine’s father Nicholas. Nicholas and his wife Margaret gave their shares in the family estates of Velika and Petnja (Požega county) to Radivoj “of Vranduk” and his fiancée, while Radivoj gave them in return one half of his castle of Sólyomkő or Sokol (in Bosnia’s northern region of Usora). Nicholas did not belong to baronial elite, his family being only locally significant and, as owners of lands and castles, restricted to the county of Požega. He served as a vice-count in the counties of Baranja and Požega when these were administered by John of Korođ (Kórógy), Ban of Mačva. It is possible that Nicholas came into contact with Bosnia’s aristocracy while assisting John of Korođ in his political missions along the southern borders of the kingdom. In the later part of 1449, Radivoj Ostojić and Nicholas of Velika took under mortgage the castle and estate of Ljevač (county of Vrbas) from the members of the family of Nelepec of Dobra Kuća, a Slavonian branch of the prominent Bosnian family of Hrvatinić. Radivoj and Nicholas loaned 2 000 golden florins in cash and lands to the Nelepec family. In 1455 Nicholas of Velika left all of his possessions to his three daughters including Catherine, wife of Radivoj de castello Zalathnak (he did not appear with this designation anywhere else). The only information about Radivoj’s (and probably Catherine’s) children before the fall of Bosnia comes from the Dubrovnik archives, where an unnamed son (and in one case “sons”) of Radivoj were referred to in 1451, 1454 and 1455. The context of these mentions seems to suggest that he was (or they were) still very young, which would make it probable that Catherine was indeed his/their mother. Radivoj’s children (liberi) are also cursorily mentioned in a privilege granted to Radivoj and his family by Pope Pius II in July 1459. This act coincided with a Bosnian legation visiting the pope at Mantua; it is possible that Radivoj himself took part in he mission, shortly after he and his nephew, king’s son Stephen Tomašević, had surrendered the castle of Smederevo to the Ottomans. An important castle on the Danube, Smederevo was the last territorial remnant of the Serbian Despotate. The castle was acquired by the Kotromanić prince along with his appointment as a new despot of Serbia in March 1459. The succession was approved and supervised by the Hungarian-Croatian king Matthias Corvinus, who soon bitterly regretted it and accused the Bosnians of treason and a deal with the Turks.
- Price: 4.90 €
Uloga plemstva s područja današnje Slavonije u obrani Jajačke banovine
Uloga plemstva s područja današnje Slavonije u obrani Jajačke banovine
(The Role of Nobility from the Territory of Modern Slavonia in the Defence of Banate of Jajce)
- Author(s):Marija Karbić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Social history, Military policy, Culture and social structure , 15th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:133-149
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Banate of Jajce; Slavonia; anti-Ottoman wars; Berislavić’s Grabarski; Nikola Gilétfi; Ivan Horvat of Seglak; Ivan Hoberdanac of Slatinik; abbey in Bijela;
- Summary/Abstract:Nobility from the territory of modern Slavonia played a significant role in wars against the Ottomans. As this essay will show, much of their activity was related to Banate of Jajce. Slavonian nobles, with their military units, fought in this area as well as occupied important offices related to the defence of Banate. Thus Franjo Berislavić Grabarski is referred to as Ban of Jajce in 1494 and 1499-1503, while his cousin Ivan held the same office 1511-1513. Another form of contribution to the defence of Jajce by Slavonian nobles was the fortification of towns and building of roads, as well as financial support to the expenses of wars and resistance to the Ottoman attack. This essay also draws the attention to other ways in which Slavonia participated in raising funds for the defence of Bosnia. For instance, around the turn of the sixteenth century bans of Jajce had the income of the abbey in Bijela at their disposal.
- Price: 4.90 €
Knezovi Blagajski i tvrdi grad Blagaj nakon osnutka Jajačke banovine 1464. godine
Knezovi Blagajski i tvrdi grad Blagaj nakon osnutka Jajačke banovine 1464. godine
(The Counts of Blagaj and the Blagaj Castle after the Foundation of Banate of Jajce in 1464)
- Author(s):Hrvoje Kekez
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Architecture, Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, 15th Century, 16th Century, The Ottoman Empire, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:151-177
- No. of Pages:27
- Keywords:castle of Blagaj; Counts of Blagaj; Ottoman wars; Banate of Jajce; late middle ages; fortification architecture;
- Summary/Abstract:The Blagaj castle is situated near the mouth of the River Japra into the River Sana, close to the most important medieval road through the valley of the River Una and leading from the Eastern Adriatic coast to the Pannonian basin. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the castle of Blagaj was the residence of Counts of Blagaj, the descendants of the earlier Babonić counts. While the collapse of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463 foreshadowed Ottoman raids into the Sana valley, it was the foundation of Banate of Jajce that put an end to Ottoman raids for a couple of decades. Nevertheless, historical documents sporadically indicate constant threat of Ottoman raids around the turn of the sixteenth century. This is even more clearly depicted by the remains of the castle of Blagaj that show abundant construction work conducted during the anti-Ottoman defensive wars. In this essay, the author contextualizes the known information about the Ottoman attacks in the Sana valley and the importance and the role of the Blagaj castle in the anti-Ottoman defence system of the castles. Although these buildings are today in poor condition, the ruins of the Blagaj castle indicate a major extension of the castle’s fortification system built after 1503, and the beginning of the deconstruction of the defensive system of Banate of Jajce. A special attention is given to the establishnig of the final Christian (i.e. Croatian) desertion of the Blagaj castle during the 1540s.
- Price: 4.90 €
Ego a puero baptizatus fui et litteras Latinas didici… – prilog proučavanju latinske pismenosti u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni (s posebnim osvrtom na 15. stoljeće)
Ego a puero baptizatus fui et litteras Latinas didici… – prilog proučavanju latinske pismenosti u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni (s posebnim osvrtom na 15. stoljeće)
(Ego a puero baptizatus fui et litteras Latinas didici…: A Contribution to the Study of Latin Writing/Literacy in the Medieval Bosnia with a Special Consideration of the Fifteenth Century)
- Author(s):Tomislav Galović
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Social history, Historical Linguistics, History of Education, 15th Century
- Page Range:179-219
- No. of Pages:41
- Keywords:Bosnia; Middle Ages; literacy; Latin writing; Latin;
- Summary/Abstract:The medieval Bosnian soil provided home to three scripts: Latin, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. The supporting sources include epigraphic, diplomatic and narrative documents. The Cyrillic material is best preserved and the Glagolitic monuments are thought to have preceded the Cyrillic ones. Documents written in Latin script are relatively scarce at least partly because of the breakdown of the medieval order and culture following the Ottoman conquest, yet they occupy a distinct and, in many respects, important place. Their importance is manifested especially in the communication with the outer world. Hence, the main goal of this essay is to depict sources showing the use of the Latin script and to determine the significance of Latin in the courtly-chivalric culture of the Bosnian Middle Ages as well as in the worship and ecclesiastical and monastic communities living in Bosnia before 1463.
- Price: 4.90 €
Crkve i njihovi patroni u srednjm vijeku u Bosni i Hercegovini
Crkve i njihovi patroni u srednjm vijeku u Bosni i Hercegovini
(Churches and their Patrons in the Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Author(s):Andrija Zirdum
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, History of Church(es), Local History / Microhistory, Government/Political systems, Politics and religion, 15th Century
- Page Range:221-233
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:church; patron; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Europe; Middle Age;
- Summary/Abstract:Our study of the position of the Christian religion on the territory of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina is based on medieval sources: canonical visitations, papal bulls, building consents, dispensation of indulgences to churches, royal and aristocratic deeds of gift, results of archaeological research, records of the first two centuries of the Ottoman rule and the latest historiography. We know of 463 churches, three of which show traces of Eastern building traditions. 201 (43.41%) of these churches were dedicated to 46 patron saints. Sixty percent of patrons or 121 churches were dedicated to eight saint protectors: St. Mary (30), St. George (21), St. Peter (14), St. Elijah (13), St. Cross (12), St. John the Baptist (11), St. Michael (10) and St. Martin (10). The number and the distribution of no longer extant churches show that the medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina did not lag behind neighbouring Christian feudal states.
- Price: 4.90 €
Sudbina posmrtnih ostataka kralja Stjepana Tomaševića 1463. – 1888. – 1992. – 1999.
Sudbina posmrtnih ostataka kralja Stjepana Tomaševića 1463. – 1888. – 1992. – 1999.
(The Fate of Posthumous Remains of King Stjepan Tomašević, 1463 –1888 –1992–1999)
- Author(s):Jakša Raguž
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, 15th Century, 19th Century, Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Inter-Ethnic Relations, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:235-282
- No. of Pages:48
- Keywords:King Stjepan Tomašević; posthumous remains; Jajce; “King’s Grave”; Ćiro Truhelka; Habsburgs; Franciscans; Croatian Defence Council; Army of Republika Srpska; Bosnian War of 1992-1995;
- Summary/Abstract:In the course of his lifetime, King Stjepan Tomašević was frequently nothing but a object in political conflicts within and around medieval Bosnia. For this reason his (alleged) posthumous remains became an instrument in political clashes in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The exhumation in 1888 was conducted to prove symbolically the continuity of the rule of Roman Catholic monarchs in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Habsburgs followed the Kotromanićs. In the latest war of 1991-1995, royal remains became an important symbol used and appropriated by the warring sides. Towards the end of the war the skeleton became a motive in serious political and diplomatic conflicts between Croats and Bosniaks that continued into the peacetime. Today the king’s remains continue to provoke occasional fervent polemics between Croats and Bosniaks concerning the ethnic affiliation of the late king, and the related origins of the statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Price: 4.90 €