A History Of The Croats: The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries (vol. 2)
A History Of The Croats: The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries (vol. 2)
Contributor(s): Zdenko Radelić (Editor), Nikica Barić (Editor), Gordan Ravančić (Editor)
Subject(s): National Economy, Agriculture, Economic history, Military history, Political history, Social history, Recent History (1900 till today), Croatian Literature, South Slavic Languages, Government/Political systems, History of Education, 19th Century, History of Communism, Socio-Economic Research, Peace and Conflict Studies, Transport / Logistics, History of Art
Published by: Hrvatski institut za povijest
Keywords: History; Croats; nineteenth century; twentieth century;
Summary/Abstract: There are very few books on Croatian history in English, especially those covering the entire history of Croatia and the Croats from prehistory to the present day. For this reason, the researchers at the Croatian Institute of History, the largest and most important historiographical institution in the Republic of Croatia, decided to write a history according to the best academic standards, i.e. objectively and impartially described, and explain the most important processes, events, movements, organizations, political parties, and individuals in Croatian history that significantly influenced its course. The many centuries of Croatian presence in this area at the crossroads of Central and South-Eastern Europe have been crucially determined by the constant interaction of Croats with their immediate and more distant neighbours. It is equally important to keep in mind that the supreme political (state) centre of the Croats and the Croatian state was not always within the Croatian ethnic and political area. Consequently, the political, social, and economic development of the Croats was often influenced by external factors, so it is sometimes difficult for the uninitiated reader to understand the main historical factors and causes that have unquestionably shaped Croatian history until the present day.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-8335-24-2
- Page Count: 494
- Publication Year: 2022
- Language: English
CROATIAN POPULATION AND SOCIETY IN THE 19TH CENTURY
CROATIAN POPULATION AND SOCIETY IN THE 19TH CENTURY
(CROATIAN POPULATION AND SOCIETY IN THE 19TH CENTURY)
- Author(s):Arijana Kolak Bošnjak, Robert Skenderović
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Social history, Culture and social structure , Demography and human biology, 19th Century
- Page Range:9-22
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Croatian population; 19th century; Croatian lands; demography;
- Summary/Abstract:After the collapse of Napoleon’s rule and the Congress of Vienna, at which a new map of Europe was drawn, the Croatian lands found themselves within the Habsburg Monarchy, but not united: Croatia and Slavonia (Banal Croatia or civil Croatia and Slavonia) were part of the Kingdom of Hungary, while Istria and Dalmatia were an inte-gral part of the Austrian lands. The Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier was under the direct military administration of Vienna and was finally integrated with Croatia and Slavonia only in 1881. Until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918, the Croatian lands remained divided between the Austrian and Hungarian parts of the Monarchy.
- Price: 15.00 €
CROATIAN ECONOMY IN THE 19TH CENTURY
CROATIAN ECONOMY IN THE 19TH CENTURY
(CROATIAN ECONOMY IN THE 19TH CENTURY)
- Author(s):Milan Vrbanus
- Language:English
- Subject(s):National Economy, Agriculture, Economic history, 19th Century, Socio-Economic Research, Transport / Logistics
- Page Range:23-40
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:19th century; Croatian economy; agriculture; animal husbandry; trade;
- Summary/Abstract:During the 19th century, Croatia was an agrarian country with a predominantly agricultural population, which in Banal Croatia made up more than three quarters of the total number of inhabitants at the turn of the 20th century, with a gradual increase in craftsmen and other occupations. The situation was similar in Istria and Dalmatia. The preconditions for the development of agriculture in Banal Croatia were quite poor in the 19th century. Although arable land accounted for more than half of all land suitable for cultivation, it was unevenly distributed, so most of it was in Slavonia, and the least in Lika and Gorski Kotar. In all these areas, there were good preconditions for forest exploitation and development of wood industry. Agriculture was especially weak in Istria and Dalmatia, where there was a noticeable lack of arable land, which was also of poorer quality, affected by frequent and prolonged droughts.
- Price: 15.00 €
PRELIMINARY STAGE OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL
PRELIMINARY STAGE OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL
(PRELIMINARY STAGE OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL)
- Author(s):Vlasta Švoger
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Economic history, Political history, Social history, South Slavic Languages, History of Education, Sociology of Religion, History of Art
- Page Range:41-66
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Croatian national revival; religious life; 19th century; political development; Croatian language;
- Summary/Abstract:Napoleon’s conquests tailored a new map of Europe, and after his defeat a new European order had to be created. This was achieved at the Congress of Vienna, which lasted from September 1814 to June 1815. It was attended by as many as 64 delegations from various European countries, led mostly by foreign ministers. The most prominent participants were the foreign ministers of the European superpowers of Great Britain, Prussia, France, and the Habsburg Monarchy, as well as the Russian Minister of State. One of the key figures guiding the decisions of the Congress was the Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Klemens Lothar Wenzel Metternich. The main goals of the Congress were to restore rulers and states on the principle of legitimacy where possible, rewarding the victors, and to ensure peace. All states that had contributed to Napoleon’s final defeat made territorial gains. At the Congress of Vienna, the Habsburg Monarchy (Austrian Empire) confirmed its rule over the Lombard-Venetian Kingdom, and the Habsburg dynasty maintained its influence in other Italian states through its side branches. Dalmatia and the Croatian regions south of the Sava, and the Slovene provinces that had been under Napoleon’s rule, were restored to the Monarchy.
- Price: 15.00 €
UNDER THE CRESCENT AND THE STAR: THE ILLYRIAN MOVEMENT
UNDER THE CRESCENT AND THE STAR: THE ILLYRIAN MOVEMENT
(UNDER THE CRESCENT AND THE STAR: THE ILLYRIAN MOVEMENT)
- Author(s):Vlasta Švoger
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, Cultural history, Music, Architecture, Visual Arts, Political history, Croatian Literature, South Slavic Languages, History of Education, 19th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:67-90
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Croatian revival movement; Novine Horvatzke; political conflicts; Illyrian movement;
- Summary/Abstract:The beginning of the publication of Novine Horvatzke (January 6, 1835) and its weekly literary supplement Danicza Horvatzka, Slavonzka y Dalmatinzka (whose owner and official editor was Ljudevit Gaj) marked the entry into the most intensive phase of the Croatian national revival. It coincided with the stronger efforts of the Hungarians to limit Croatian autonomy with the imposition of the Hungarian language, and with intense competition between the Hungarian and Croatian honorati in agrarian and commercial affairs. These circumstances encouraged the involvement of Croatian noble-men and wealthier citizens in the revival movement. At the beginning of the movement, there were two social programmes. One of them was a conservative program based on Drašković’s Disertatia, which foresaw a gradual modification of the feudal system with the aim of preserving it. The second, barely known to the public at first, was a bourgeois-liberal programme to abolish the feudal system while preserving the economic strength of the nobility. At first, it was mainly advocated by the citizenry, and by 1848 it was at least partially accepted by the nobility.
- Price: 15.00 €
CROATIA IN THE “SPRING OF THE NATIONS”
CROATIA IN THE “SPRING OF THE NATIONS”
(CROATIA IN THE “SPRING OF THE NATIONS”)
- Author(s):Vlasta Švoger
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Political history, Government/Political systems, International relations/trade, Political behavior, 19th Century, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:91-110
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:1848; Croatian political movements; Dalmatia; Istria; Croatian-Hungarian conflict; Croatian Sabor;
- Summary/Abstract:The unstable economic situation with frequent financial crises in developed European countries, years of crop failure, and famine among the lower classes, a widespread dissatisfaction with the political situation, the strengthening of national movements, and the spread of liberal ideas created fertile ground for a new wave of unrests in Europe. The first revolutionary sparks ignited in January 1848 in Palermo, and in February in Paris. In the following weeks, they escalated into a revolutionary fire that engulfed much of Europe. The revolutionary turmoil was especially strong in France, the German and Italian lands, and in the Austrian Empire. Different social strata took part in the revolutionary movements, and their core consisted of the citizenry, craftsmen and merchants, workers and peasants, students, and in some places the nobility (for example, the petty and middle nobility in Hungary). Therefore, their goals were also different. Nevertheless, in most countries the main goals of revolutionary movements imbued with liberal and national spirit were the enactment of a constitution (except in France, which had one), i.e. the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, electoral reforms, expansion of the suffrage, abolition of the feudal order (in the countries east of the Elbe, which still had it), introduction of civil rights and freedoms, and creation of unified nation-states.
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THE AGE OF NEO-ABSOLUTISM
THE AGE OF NEO-ABSOLUTISM
(THE AGE OF NEO-ABSOLUTISM)
- Author(s):Zrinko Novosel, Vlasta Švoger
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Political history, Government/Political systems, History of Education, 19th Century
- Page Range:111-130
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Absolutism; Habsburg monarchy; Croatia; modernisation; educational system; culture; science;
- Summary/Abstract:When the Austrian and Russian armies suppressed the Hungarian revolution with joint forces, both the Hungarians and the nations that had remained faithful to the Habsburg dynasty during the revolutionary turmoil of 1848/49 suffered a similar fate. The government in Vienna began to implement reforms in the administration, judiciary, and other areas of public life with the aim of modernizing the country and creating a single centralized state, which was accompanied by Germanization. Of the achievements of the revolution of 1848, only the abolition of the feudal system, equality before the law, and universal taxation remained in force. Words of the eminent Croatian politician, writer, and natural scientist Ljudevit Vukotinović, published in 1851 in his booklet Godina 1850 u Hèrvatskoj i Slavoniji (The Year 1850 in Croatia and Slavonia), can be cited as an illustration of how the Croats experienced Viennese centralization, which proved to be only the first step towards absolutism...
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TOWARDS DUALISM (1861-1868)
TOWARDS DUALISM (1861-1868)
(TOWARDS DUALISM (1861-1868))
- Author(s):Jasna Turkalj, Branko Ostajmer
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Governance, Political history, Government/Political systems, Higher Education , History of Education, 19th Century
- Page Range:131-154
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:dualism; Constitutionalism; political parties; Croatian Sabor; Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts;
- Summary/Abstract:The fall of absolutism and the restoration of the constitutional order in Austria and Hungary brought a revival of political life in Croatia as well, and in the following period, especially in 1860/61, modern Croatian political parties and ideologies emerged that would define Croatian political life over the next few decades. The basic difference between these parties was their attitude towards resolving the Croatian national question, i.e. the position of Croatia with regard to Vienna and Pest, which was to be the main subject of discussion in the “great” Croatian Sabor of 1861.
- Price: 15.00 €
CONSOLIDATION OF THE DUALISTIC SYSTEM
CONSOLIDATION OF THE DUALISTIC SYSTEM
(CONSOLIDATION OF THE DUALISTIC SYSTEM)
- Author(s):Dinko Župan, Branko Ostajmer
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Higher Education , History of Education, State/Government and Education, 19th Century
- Page Range:155-174
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Croatian-Hungarian settlement; political history; Ban Ladislav Pejačević; National revival; Dalmatia; Istria; Educational reforms;
- Summary/Abstract:Voting on the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement in the Croatian Sabor marked the beginning of the half-century struggle of Croatian politicians against the Settlement. Only in a small part of the political and general public, especially where the unionist idea had deeper roots (Slavonia being the best example), the Settlement was enthusiastically hailed as the renewal of the ancient union with Hungary. Most of the political public was filled with indignation at the final result of the negotiations, especially the two opposition parties – Strossmayer’s National Party and Starčević’s and Kvaternik’s Party of Rights.
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CROATIA UNDER KÁROLY KHUEN-HÉDERVÁRY
CROATIA UNDER KÁROLY KHUEN-HÉDERVÁRY
(CROATIA UNDER KÁROLY KHUEN-HÉDERVÁRY)
- Author(s):Dinko Župan, Branko Ostajmer
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Governance, Political history, Government/Political systems, History of Education, 19th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:175-194
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:1883; National movements; Split; culture; art; science;
- Summary/Abstract:A new crisis in the Croatian-Hungarian relations broke out in 1883 and resulted in the resignation of Ladislav Pejačević from the post of the Croatian Ban. Like his predecessor Mažuranić, Pejačević clashed with the Hungarian government in Budapest, this time the reason being the imposition of the Hungarian language in the Croatian territory. In the summer of 1883, bilingual Croatian-Hungarian inscriptions were placed at the financial offices in Croatia and Slavonia, and in relation to the Financial Administration in Zagreb provoked anti-Hungarian protests that spread beyond Zagreb, although their echo was weak in Slavonia and Osijek. In the text of the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement, Pejačević saw no basis for bilingual signs to be placed anywhere, not even in public offices, and he refused to give in to Hungarian pressure, preferring to resign on August 24, 1883.
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POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1903-1914
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1903-1914
(POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1903-1914)
- Author(s):Stjepan Matković
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Comparative politics, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
- Page Range:195-218
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:political history; Croatian politics; Jelica Jugova; Uhlans; Frano Supilo;
- Summary/Abstract:The transition from the 19th to the 20th century saw a series of changes in the political life of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, which heralded the arrival of a new era. Despite the restrictions imposed by the dualistic structure of Austria-Hungary and the fragmentation of the Croatian lands, the period of economic growth, changes in the social structure of the population, and the need to reassess the position of Croatia within the Monarchy accelerated a number of processes. In the field of politics, there was room for the emergence of new parties and other political organizations, which created a multi-party scene with participants of various profiles. However, the key determinants from the earlier period were still obvious. The revised Croatian-Hungarian Settlement was still seen by the opposition leaders as a major obstacle to achieving the aspiration of financial autonomy and territorial unification. The Croatian lands remained divided, whereby the separation of Dalmatia from the northern territories was considered as particularly problematic. Despite the constitution using the term Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, the opposition’s appeals for reintegration were persistently rejected. Nevertheless, after prolonged efforts, the process of demilitarization and unification of the former Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier with Banal Croatia was successfully completed. Thus, the Militärgrenze ceased to be an instrument of Vienna’s imperial policy. The new administrative regulation organically reconnected it with its natural environment.
- Price: 15.00 €
WORLD WAR I
WORLD WAR I
(WORLD WAR I)
- Author(s):Stjepan Matković
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Military policy, Political behavior, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Inter-Ethnic Relations, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:219-243
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:World War I; Political scene in Croatia before WW I; Yugoslav question; Yugoslav Committee; Finis Croatiae;
- Summary/Abstract:Early in May 1914, when official news about Archduke Francis Ferdinand’s military manoeuvres in Bosnia appeared in the Croatian newspapers, no one could have guessed that the tragedy of World War I was imminent. Although tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia had been growing since the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Balkan turmoil, few were predicting an escalation of the conflict in a domino effect. Assassination of the Crown Prince and his wife Sofia on June 28, 1914, in the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, led to the outbreak of a war in which the political map of Europe would be redrawn. The struggle for European supremacy between two blocs of states brought to the fore major military and foreign policy is-sues, in which smaller nations without their independent states had to demonstrate their ability to survive. In Croatia, the political public unanimously condemned the terrorist act of the Yugoslav revolutionaries gathered in the organization Young Bosnia (Mlada Bosna). It was committed on Vidovdan, a significant religious holiday for the Eastern Orthodox Serbs commemorating the notorious defeat of medieval Serbia in a conflict with the Ottoman Empire in Kosovo and symbolizing hope in revenge. Further developments were expected, in which the Croats could not play a significant role due to the underrepresentation of the Croatian elite in the leading positions in Austro-Hungarian key institutions: the governments of both countries, various ministries from foreign affairs to public finances, and the army.
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BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS (1918-1941)
BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS (1918-1941)
(BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS (1918-1941))
- Author(s):Mario Jareb, Hrvoje Čapo
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, History of Church(es), Governance, Economic history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Politics and religion, History of Education, Nationalism Studies, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Inter-Ethnic Relations, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:245-300
- No. of Pages:56
- Keywords:The Stete of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; Creation of Yugoslavia; Treaty of Rapallo; Italian administration; Stjepan Radić; Croatian Peasant Party; Economic history; Cultural history; Education;
- Summary/Abstract:Between the two world wars, the Croatian society developed in a multinational state under the rule of the Serbian royal dynasty of Karađorđević. The newly created Yugoslavia was, as Robert Gerwarth has observed in his book The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923 (p. 14) a “‘multi-national empire in miniature’, but ‘with reversed ethnic hierarchies’ than the failed Austro-Hungary Monarchy.” There are several reasons why the State of SCS united with the Kingdom of Serbia, the key ones being the military-political goals of Serbia and Italy. The Kingdom of Serbia announced at the very beginning of the war that it would fight to achieve this goal and the Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić understood unification as expanding the territory and creating a Greater Serbia. Furthermore, a group of Croatian, Slovenian, and Serbian politicians who had been working abroad as the Yugoslav Committee since 1915 advocated South Slavic unification. This group vehemently opposed the provisions of the secret Treaty of London of 1915, which promised Italy the Eastern Adriatic with a majority Croat population in exchange for entering the war on the side of the Entente. Finally, in the weakened Austro-Hungarian monarchy, a Yugoslav club of Croatian and Slovenian politicians who advocated a trialistic arrangement of the Monarchy was active from 1917. The Kingdom of Serbia had an international reputation and position that exceeded the influence of the Yugoslav Committee with which it negotiated the draft of the future state. The most specific result of their cooperation was the Corfu Declaration of July 1917, by which Nikola Pašić on behalf of Serbia and Ante Trumbić on behalf of the Yugoslav Committee confirmed that the new state would be based on the principles of equality and freedom of choice – only the instruments ensuring the protection of the citizens of the State of SCS were not envisaged. The state of SCS was basically an unacknowledged state formed on the ruins of the Habsburg Monarchy, as it was only recognized by the Kingdom of Serbia. It was clear that it was only a transitional solution towards unification with Serbia.
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WORLD WAR II
WORLD WAR II
(WORLD WAR II)
- Author(s):Nikica Barić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History of Church(es), Economic history, Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Politics and religion, Comparative politics, Nationalism Studies, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:301-328
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Ustasha movement; Independent State of Croatia; NDH; Partisan movement; Communist party of Yugoslavia/Croatia; HSS; Catholic Church;
- Summary/Abstract:When Hitler decided to invade Yugoslavia and destroy it as a state, his representatives contacted the largest Croatian political party – the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). The Germans wanted the party’s leader, Vladko Maček, to head the new, independent Croatia after the break-up of Yugoslavia. But Maček rejected the proposal. Then the Ger-mans turned to the Ustasha organization in Croatia and its leader Slavko Kvaternik declared the independent Croatia on April 10, 1941, the same day when the German army entered Zagreb. The Kingdom of Italy had previously supported the Ustasha organization, but after the assassination of the Yugoslav King Alexander Karađorđević in Marseille in 1934, organized by the Ustashas, the Italians restricted the activities of the Ustasha organization in their territory. In the circumstances of preparations for the attack on Yugoslavia, the Italians organized the passage of several hundred Ustashas led by Ante Pavelić to Croatia.
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HUMAN LOSSES DURING WORLD WAR II
HUMAN LOSSES DURING WORLD WAR II
(HUMAN LOSSES DURING WORLD WAR II)
- Author(s):Marica Karakas Obradov, Martina Grahek Ravančić, Vladimir Geiger, Zdenko Radelić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:329-340
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:World War II; human losses; Yugoslavia; Croatia; NDH army; Jasenovac camp; People's Liberation Army;
- Summary/Abstract:The duration and intensity of warfare in Yugoslavia and the Independent State of Croatia, the presence of significant occupation forces of the German Reich, Italy, and Hungary, and the activities of NDH Army, the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (the Chetniks), and the People’s Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia / Yugoslav Army resulted in direct conflicts between the warring parties, which led to severe human losses among the soldiers and civilians alike. The irreconcilable ideologies and political and military interests in the armed conflict and the civil war multiplied the casulaties.
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IN SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA 1945-1990
IN SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA 1945-1990
(IN SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA 1945-1990)
- Author(s):Zdenko Radelić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, History of Church(es), National Economy, Economic history, Political history, Labor relations, Economic policy, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Politics and religion, Politics and society, History of Education, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Socio-Economic Research, Politics of History/Memory
- Page Range:341-422
- No. of Pages:82
- Keywords:Socialist Yugoslavia; 1945-1990; Communist regime; social revolution; agrarian policy; Unitarism; social conditions; education;
- Summary/Abstract:The KPJ publicly advocated democracy, private property, a just solution to the social and national issues, and freedom and equality for all nations in Yugoslavia. Its leaders claimed that the goal of the partisan movement was liberation and popular democracy. However, contrary to the declared nationwide breadth of the People’s Liberation Movement, the KPJ held the army, the security apparatus, and the propaganda. The agreement between Josip Broz Tito and Ivan Šubašić that the citizens of Yugoslavia would be the ones to decide on the state system after the war was an important precondition for the international recognition of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (Demokratska Federalna Jugoslavija, DFJ) by the Allied powers. But the monopoly over the partisan movement enabled the Communists to create the preconditions for imposing their dictatorship. Thus, the KPJ used the struggle for the liberation of Yugoslavia – in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina also for the overthrow of the NDH – and for resolving the national question to seize power and carry out the Communist revolution. It also meant abolishing all other parties and introducing a dictatorship. Part of the HSS leadership and its president Vladko Maček fled the country just before the partisans arrived in Zagreb in 1945. The HSS operated abroad under Maček’s leadership until his death in 1964 in the United States, when he was replaced by the party’s vice president, Juraj Krnjević. August Košutić, the party’s secretary, remained in the country, where after trying to cooperate with the Communists and join the partisans he was interned and completely marginalized by the new government. In addition to the HSS, there were individuals, parties, and organizations from the Ustasha movement who were politically active in exile, including Ante Pavelić, who died in 1959 in Spain of wounds obtained in an assassination attempt.
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THE HOMELAND WAR
THE HOMELAND WAR
(THE HOMELAND WAR)
- Author(s):Davor Marijan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Military policy, Political behavior, Comparative politics, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Inter-Ethnic Relations, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:423-446
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:The Homeland War; Serbian rebellion; Croatia; JNA; UN peace operation; War in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Summary/Abstract:Croatia began the transition from Communism to democracy on May 30, 1990, when the first multi-party Parliament was constituted. The amendments to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH), adopted on July 25, cleansed the system of socialist legal terminology. Franjo Tuđman, President of the SRH Presidency, became the President of the Republic of Croatia and the main figure in Croatian politics. The process of constituting a new government was completed on December 22, 1990 with the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia. Croatia was defined as “the national state of the Croatian people and the state of members of other peoples and minorities, who are its citizens: Serbs, Muslims, Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, and others, who are guaranteed equality with Croatian citizens and the realization of their national rights in accordance with the democratic norms” of the United Nations and “the countries of the free world.” In relation to the 1974 Constitution, which was drafted in such a way that Croatia was “equally divided” between Croats and Serbs, the difference was in the listing of other peoples and nationalities, which relativized the earlier division. The attitude towards Yugoslavia was determined by the view that “the Republic of Croatia remains part of the SFRY until a new agreement between the Yugoslav republics is reached, or until the Parliament of the Republic of Croatia decides otherwise.”
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CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
(CONCLUSION)
- Author(s):Zdenko Radelić, Vlasta Švoger
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Economic history, Military history, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Government/Political systems, Political behavior, 19th Century, History of Communism, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:447-462
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Croatia; economy; culture; war; Yugoslavia; Communism; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy;
- Summary/Abstract:For centuries, the Croatian lands have been at the crossroads of traffic routes and different civilizational frameworks – Mediterranean, Western European, and Eurasian. The consequence of this position in a contact zone was that the Croatian society in the 19th century was multiethnic and multireligious, multilingual and subjected to different cultural influences. Croats made up just over 70% of the population, Serbs a little less than 25%, and Italians, Germans, and Hungarians were the most numerous of other ethnic communities. Affiliation with the Catholic and Orthodox churches roughly coincided with these percentages, while the share of Protestants and Jews was slightly higher than 1% of the population. Until 1847, the official language was Latin, which was then replaced by Croatian. German was very widespread as a language of commerce and every-day communication of the higher social strata in Croatia and Slavonia, while in Istria and Dalmatia Italian was the language of administration, the judiciary, secondary education, and communication among the higher strata of the society. In the second half of the 19th century, its role was gradually taken over by the Croatian language. The lower social strata, largely illiterate, spoke Croatian. Croatia and Slavonia were strongly influenced by the Austro-German cultural circle, and towards the end of the century cultural influences from other Western European countries were increasingly felt. In Istria and Dalmatia, which in the previous centuries had been under the rule of Venice, retained a strong Venetian and Italian cultural influence. In the border areas towards the Ottoman Empire, there was a rather limited cultural influence of the neighbours south of the Sava among the lower social strata.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(BIBLIOGRAPHY)
- Author(s):Not Specified Author
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Bibliography
- Page Range:463-474
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Bibliography; History Of The Croats; 19th-20th century;