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ERAZ 2022 / 8 - Knowledge-Based Sustainable Development - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Cover Image

ERAZ 2022 / 8 - Knowledge-Based Sustainable Development - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
ERAZ 2022 / 8 - Knowledge-Based Sustainable Development - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Contributor(s): Vuk Bevanda (Editor)
Subject(s): Economy
ISSN: 2023-5568
Published by: Udruženje ekonomista i menadžera Balkana

Series: ERAZ - International Scientific Conference

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-80194-60-8
  • Page Count: 338
  • Publication Year: 2022
  • Language: English
Analysis of the Mechanism of the Common Organization of the Markets for Agricultural Products in the European Union

Analysis of the Mechanism of the Common Organization of the Markets for Agricultural Products in the European Union
(Analysis of the Mechanism of the Common Organization of the Markets for Agricultural Products in the European Union)

  • Author(s):Krassimira Zagorova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, Marketing / Advertising
  • Page Range:1-7
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:European Agricultural Fund; Market measures providing financial support; Interventions in agricultural markets
  • Summary/Abstract:The Common Organization of the Market for Agricultural Products in the European Union is part of the common agricultural policy, which ensures both stable and predictable markets and resilient purchase prices, which in turn safeguards farmers’ stable earnings and provides constant supply of quality food to consumers. The aim of this study is to analyze the applicability and adaptability of the mechanism of the common organization of markets in the EU, including: its internal aspect, mainly related to interventions in the market for agricultural products, and its external aspect related to the trade with third countries, import and export licenses, refund of part of costs associated with exporting agricultural products produced in the Community, etc. The Common Organization of Markets, as a basis for implementing the EU Common Agricultural Policy, operates within a financial framework periodically updated by the European Commission in order to adequately implement the principle of subsidiarity, allowing EU Member States to play a key role in terms of interventions in the agricultural sector.
Effective Public Administration of Agro-exports in Disruptive Times – The Way to Make Rural Territories Sustainable

Effective Public Administration of Agro-exports in Disruptive Times – The Way to Make Rural Territories Sustainable
(Effective Public Administration of Agro-exports in Disruptive Times – The Way to Make Rural Territories Sustainable)

  • Author(s):Oksana Kiforenko
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Agriculture
  • Page Range:9-15
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Public administration; Agricultural products exports; Sustainable development; Employed population; Ukraine; EU
  • Summary/Abstract:Effective public administration is a key prerequisite for the successful functioning of any sphere of social functioning. Ukraine takes the leading place in the production and exporting of many agricultural items. In the research, special attention is paid to the sustainable development of Ukraine’s rural territories due to the extreme importance of agriculture either for the country’s own population or for its trading partners. The data analysed in the article were taken from the official web page of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. While analysing the agro – exports of Ukraine, “agro” denotes the commodity from the groups I—IV of the Ukrainian Classification of Commodities in Foreign Trade. The timeframe under analysis is nine years – from 2012 to 2020 included. The appropriate statistical software and tools as well as tabular and visualization methods were used to conduct the research and present its results in the article. The research and its results will be interesting and useful for public administration officials, companies’ managers engaged in agriculture and international trade, decision makers, academic community representatives as well as beginners and experienced data analysts.
Is an Export-Led Growth Sustainable for Bulgaria?

Is an Export-Led Growth Sustainable for Bulgaria?
(Is an Export-Led Growth Sustainable for Bulgaria?)

  • Author(s):Victor Yotzov
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy
  • Page Range:17-22
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Bulgaria; Export-led growth; Import-substitution; Domestic demand-driven growth
  • Summary/Abstract:The study considers the main economic growth models from the perspective of their relation to the external sector. It defines the advantages and drawbacks of the export-led model and the import-substitution model and sheds light on the growth constraints ensuing from the balance of payments and the elasticities of imports and exports. It analyses the prerequisites for selection of one or another growth model and comes to the conclusion that Bulgaria will have to implement an export-oriented growth model within a medium-term perspective. In this relation, it makes proposals aimed at improving the country’s foreign trade policy.
Relationship between Exchange Rate and Trade Balance pre and after COVID-19 – Albania Case Study

Relationship between Exchange Rate and Trade Balance pre and after COVID-19 – Albania Case Study
(Relationship between Exchange Rate and Trade Balance pre and after COVID-19 – Albania Case Study)

  • Author(s):Nevila Mehmetaj
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences, National Economy, Financial Markets
  • Page Range:23-30
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Exchange rate; Trade balance; VECM; COVID-19;
  • Summary/Abstract:This study attempts to identify the relationship between the real exchange rate and trade balance in Albania with its major trading partner Italy. Due to the severe lockdown and restrictions policies in response to Covid-19 measures, there were important effects on the evolution of trade. Quarterly data from 2008 to 2022 are used in several econometric methods such as unit root tests, cointegration techniques, Granger test, and vector error correction model (VECM). The main findings of this study are that domestic income and exchange rate show a long-run positive relationship to the trade balances. Devaluation of the domestic currency will improve the trade balance in the long run, consistent with the Marshall-Lerner condition.
A Non-linear Inflation Growth Model

A Non-linear Inflation Growth Model
(A Non-linear Inflation Growth Model)

  • Author(s):Vesna Jablanović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences, National Economy, Financial Markets
  • Page Range:31-36
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Inflation; Growth; Chaos
  • Summary/Abstract:In the short run, the fall in aggregate demand leads to falling output and price level and rising unemployment. In this sense, it is important to use the Phillips curve, i.e., the curve that shows the short-run relationship between inflation and unemployment. This paper creates a relatively simple chaotic inflation rate growth model. Also, this paper examines the inflation rate growth stability in the period 2000-2021 in France, and confirms the existence of the convergent fluctuations of the inflation rate in France in the observed period.
The State and Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic

The State and Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic
(The State and Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic)

  • Author(s):Katarína Kráľová
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:37-42
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Social enterprise; Integration; Disadvantaged groups; Unemployment; Social economy
  • Summary/Abstract:A social enterprise, which is part of the social economy, provides goods and services to the market in an entrepreneurial and innovative way and uses its profits primarily to achieve its social objectives. Social enterprises are also important for the national economy in terms of regional development. Through social enterprises and other social economy actors, the employment of disadvantaged and vulnerable people is promoted, thereby strengthening social, economic and territorial cohesion. The paper is devoted to a quantitative assessment of the state and development of social entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic. It also focuses on the analysis of the development of a number of indicators in the field of unemployment, which reinforce the importance and need for social enterprises in the economy. Then, the paper deals with SWOT analysis, which allows for identifying the basic prerequisites for further development of social entrepreneurship in the Slovak Republic.
Evaluation of Localization Factors for Allocation of Selected Slovak Enterprises

Evaluation of Localization Factors for Allocation of Selected Slovak Enterprises
(Evaluation of Localization Factors for Allocation of Selected Slovak Enterprises)

  • Author(s):Maria Farkašova, DANA ORSZÁGHOVÁ
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Business Economy / Management
  • Page Range:43-50
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Accommodation facility; Facility allocation; Spatial economy; Environment; Infrastructure
  • Summary/Abstract:Localization belongs to the important decision-making processes in the enterprise. The decision on the location of the accommodation facility depends on localization factors, i.e. site-specific characteristics. They represent the basis for the determination of the spatial location of the accommodation facility, especially in the long term. The location of the tourist accommodation facility specifies its economic structure and determines further development. The paper was directed on the recognition, description and evaluation of localization factors that were important in deciding on the location of selected accommodation facilities at the beginning of their activities. Localization factors are divided into these categories: labor, market, land and natural resources, environment, infrastructure, legal, social, and economic conditions. Research data were obtained by questionnaire method and combined interview method. The results of the survey in the final phase showed that entrepreneurs in the field of accommodation and tourist facilities were satisfied with the location of their facility and evaluated their decision as the most correct.
Status and Trends in the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Service and Tourism Sector in the Slovak Republic

Status and Trends in the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Service and Tourism Sector in the Slovak Republic
(Status and Trends in the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Service and Tourism Sector in the Slovak Republic)

  • Author(s):Katarína Kráľová, Jana Sochuľáková, Dagmar Petrušova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Tourism
  • Page Range:51-56
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Tourism; SMEs; Pandemic COVID-19
  • Summary/Abstract:Small and medium-sized enterprises are typical of the tourism sector, they are adaptable and able to meet individual as well as specific consumer demands. This paper analyses the sectoral and regional structure of tourism SMEs (exactly how many of them are in the sector, where they are located and what economic activity they carry out within the tourism sector). The analysis of the structure will provide a sufficient picture of which sectors most SMEs operate in and in which region these SMEs are located. A subsequent comparison of the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods will reveal changes in the status and development of SMEs in the service and tourism sectors in Slovakia. And then statistical methods of forecasting development trends will make it possible to outline the possible future direction of the development of SMEs in Slovakia after the end of the pandemic.
Financial Contagion in Central and Eastern European Capital Markets: The Case of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

Financial Contagion in Central and Eastern European Capital Markets: The Case of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine
(Financial Contagion in Central and Eastern European Capital Markets: The Case of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine)

  • Author(s):Rui Dias, Catarina Revez, Nicole Horta, Paulo Alexandre, Paula Heliodoro
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):National Economy, Financial Markets, Russian war against Ukraine
  • Page Range:57-69
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Contagion effects; Russian-Ukrainian invasion; Portfolio diversification
  • Summary/Abstract:Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24th, 2022, marking a steep escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014 after the Ukrainian Dignity Revolution. The invasion caused Europe’s largest refugee crisis since World War II, with more than 5.5 million Ukrainians leaving the country and a quarter of the population displaced. At the outbreak of war in 2014, Russia annexed Crimea and Russian-backed separatists who participated in the south-eastern Donbas region of Ukraine, starting a regional war there. Considering these events, it is relevant for policymakers and regulators to understand how contagious crises are to take appropriate measures to prevent or contain the side effects. To verify the levels of contagion or interdependencies we use Pindyck and Rotemberg’s t-statistic, as well as Forbes and Rigobon’s t-test, which suggests that we are facing extreme volatility in the capital markets analysed, and financial contagion is very significant. In conclusion, the capital markets analysed mostly show that correlations have increased in this period of uncertainty in the global economy (Russian invasion in Ukraine), evidencing that investors will find it difficult to diversify risk in these markets. The authors believe that the results achieved represent interest for investors seeking opportunities in these stock markets, and for policymakers to undertake institutional reforms to increase stock market efficiency and promote sustainable growth in financial markets. These findings also open room for market regulators to take steps to ensure better information in these regional markets.
Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine on Central and Eastern European Capital Markets

Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine on Central and Eastern European Capital Markets
(Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine on Central and Eastern European Capital Markets)

  • Author(s):Rui Dias, Catarina Revez, Nicole Horta, Paula Heliodoro, Paulo Alexandre
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Financial Markets, Russian war against Ukraine
  • Page Range:71-86
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Contagion effects; Russian-Ukrainian invasion; Portfolio diversification
  • Summary/Abstract:On February 24th, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion against Ukraine, marking a sharp escalation to a conflict that began in 2014. Several analysts have called the invasion the largest military invasion in Europe since World War II. Considering these events this paper aims to test the efficient market hypothesis, in its weak form, in the capital markets of Hungary (BUX), Croatia (CROBEX), Russia (IMOEX), the Czech Republic (PX PRAGUE), Slovenia (SBITOP), and Poland (WIG) over the period from April 25th, 2017, to April 22nd, 2022. The results show that the random walk hypothesis is not supported by the analyzed financial markets in this period with the occurrence of the 2020 global pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The values of the variance ratios are less than unity, implying that the returns are autocorrelated over time and mean-reverting, and no differences between the financial markets have been identified. This has implications for investors, since some returns may be expected, creating arbitrage opportunities and abnormal returns, contrary to the assumptions of random walk and informational efficiency. In conclusion, we believe that investors should eventually exercise some caution, at least while this uncertainty persists, and invest in less risky markets to mitigate risk and improve the efficiency of their portfolios.
The Evolution of the Cryptocurrency Market Is Trending toward Efficiency?

The Evolution of the Cryptocurrency Market Is Trending toward Efficiency?
(The Evolution of the Cryptocurrency Market Is Trending toward Efficiency?)

  • Author(s):Rui Dias, Nicole Horta, Catarina Revez, Paula Heliodoro, Paulo Alexandre
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Financial Markets
  • Page Range:87-94
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Cryptocurrency markets; Efficient market hypothesis; Market efficiency
  • Summary/Abstract:When compared to traditional financial markets, cryptocurrencies were seen as assets with minimal correlations. However, because this continually expanding financial market is marked by substantial volatility and strong price movements over a short period, developing an accurate and reliable forecasting model is deemed crucial for portfolio management and optimization. Given the relevance of cryptocurrencies in the global economy, it is important to determine if Bitcoin (BTC) becomes more predictable as investors adopt more aggressive trading positions. We examine BTC over the period from May 15th, 2021, to April 14th, 2022 (8676-time data), using intraday (hourly) time scales. The results reveal that the random walk hypothesis is rejected at lags of 3 to 16 days, while we see that the BTC market tends toward efficiency (see the evolution between lags of 16 and 2). These findings reveal that, given the uncertainty in the global economy in 2022, namely the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the BTC market shows values of the variance ratios close to unity, implying that it is, apparently, not predictable and that the residuals are not autocorrelated in time. In addition, the results of the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) exponent show that this market does not exhibit characteristics of (in) efficiency in its weak form. In other words, this market does not have persistent and mean-reverting properties, thus validating the results of Wright’s Rankings and Signs variance test.
Information Efficiency in Small and Underdeveloped Financial Market

Information Efficiency in Small and Underdeveloped Financial Market
(Information Efficiency in Small and Underdeveloped Financial Market)

  • Author(s):Kiril Jovanovski, Hristina Tanevska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Financial Markets
  • Page Range:95-100
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Information efficiency; Efficient market hypothesis; Underdeveloped financial market; Weak form of efficiency; Technical analysis
  • Summary/Abstract:Testing the efficient market hypothesis can always bring interesting points regarding the functions of the financial markets. Every investor wants to beat the market, and therefore he is trying to find information that will gain him some privileges. On the other side, the stock exchanges and regulatory agencies are striving to eliminate those information privileges. This is where market efficiency, its theory, and its forms come into question. Until today one can find research on testing the efficiency of different developed markets. However, there are still a lot of gaps in research involving small and underdeveloped markets. This research may put the developing markets on the investment opportunities map of international investors. The purpose of this paper is to show how information efficiency relates to the Macedonian stock market by testing the weak form efficiency, using the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test to observe whether they contain a unit root or not. The results will be used to show the opportunities for adopting a profitable investment strategy using the technical analysis of the Macedonian stock exchange. Additionally, the results show that by using the mouthy price differences one cannot beat the market as the prices are moving with a random walk, which is not the case if investors are analyzing daily price differences.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the Albanian Banking System

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Albanian Banking System
(Corporate Social Responsibility in the Albanian Banking System)

  • Author(s):Blerta Dragusha, Jasmina Lugji
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences, Human Resources in Economy, Business Ethics
  • Page Range:101-108
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Social responsibility; Albanian banking system; Initiatives
  • Summary/Abstract:Corporate social responsibility is a new concept in Eastern Europe and particularly in Albania. Albania came out of the communist regime without any kind of heritage or experience in the field of conception and later in that of applying social policies. But after the ’90-s, the opening of Albania to free trade brought dramatic changes. These changes had their essential influences and on the field of social policies. The paper will make a presentation of the actual level of corporate social responsibility undertaken by each bank operating in Albania. The authors have built some graphs according to the number of initiatives in achieving each of the targets for each Albanian bank by analyzing and addressing the following in more detail each bank. The paper will be closed with some conclusions and recommendations.
Improve Sustainability Reporting through Integrated Reporting: Evidence from Italy

Improve Sustainability Reporting through Integrated Reporting: Evidence from Italy
(Improve Sustainability Reporting through Integrated Reporting: Evidence from Italy)

  • Author(s):Annalisa Baldissera
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences, Business Economy / Management, Human Resources in Economy
  • Page Range:109-116
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Non-financial reporting; Accounting models; Accounting integration
  • Summary/Abstract:This study aims to analyze the connections between integrated reporting (IR) and sustainability reporting (SR), in order to verify whether the IR can contribute to improving the SR prepared according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. In particular, this study considers the topic from the point of view of the SR to understand the benefits that it could obtain from the information disclosed through the IR. To this end, the study analyzes the integrated reports relating to the 2021 financial year of two listed Italian companies operating in the financial sector. The research has highlighted that some areas of sustainability, especially relating to the economic and environmental dimensions, are actually enhanced by integrated reporting, while the information benefits regarding the social dimension are less evident. The study can help indicate the advantages and possible improvements of the connections between SR and IR.
Achieving Disclosure Efficiency Regarding the Climate-Related Issues: A Unique Challenge to the Present-Day Corporate Reporting

Achieving Disclosure Efficiency Regarding the Climate-Related Issues: A Unique Challenge to the Present-Day Corporate Reporting
(Achieving Disclosure Efficiency Regarding the Climate-Related Issues: A Unique Challenge to the Present-Day Corporate Reporting)

  • Author(s):Hristina Oreshkova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Energy and Environmental Studies, Green Transformation
  • Page Range:117-131
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Sustainability; Sustainable development; Climate change; Disclosures on climate-related issues
  • Summary/Abstract:Over the recent decades, climate change has been intensifying. The problems caused by climate change are unique. The process creates an existential threat to humans and other living beings interrelated with another risk arising from the crisis caused by biodiversity deterioration and environmental degradation. The coexisting impacts of both factors on people, biodiversity, economic sectors, and entities pose unprecedented challenges to humankind. The present-day unfavorable impacts of climate change require adequate governmental, and managerial strategies, policies, and activities as well as administrative actions for achieving sustainable, fair, and resilient growth. Phenomena and processes indicating climate change are developing on a global scale. That gives rise to discussions and highlights and justifies the need for meaningful, transparent, and complete climate-related disclosures. The necessity of trustworthy disclosures on climate-related matters and inherent risks and opportunities related to adaptation to climate change and its mitigation is a problem of crucial importance to the article. The relevance of climate-related disclosures as a significant part of present-day corporate reporting proves to be of great significance for achieving disclosure efficiency. The author aims to highlight, discuss and justify the necessity of applying a responsible approach to carry out an adequate disclosure policy and provide meaningful, consistent, and comparable disclosures on climate-related matters, risks and opportunities considered a significant part of present-day corporate reporting, and substantiate why probable benefits for a sustainable future can be expected, not only for the company. The terminology of the research is in the field of financial and non-financial reporting and their regulatory frameworks that are still not fully aligned. Heuristic methods of knowledge – analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive approach, and techniques such as observation, analogy, comparison, and others are applied, for achieving the author’s objective.
Modern Management: The Biggest Challenge of an Era Full of Changes

Modern Management: The Biggest Challenge of an Era Full of Changes
(Modern Management: The Biggest Challenge of an Era Full of Changes)

  • Author(s):Ionela Stanca Petruta, Tudor Tarbujaru
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:133-140
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Modern management; New era; Change; Challenges; Globalization; Contemporary theories
  • Summary/Abstract:The 21st century was marked by countless changes and upheavals around the world that very much revealed a new age. This era of fast, sudden, and omnipresent change has serious implications for our future. In today’s fast-paced world, each organization needs new tools and methods to strengthen its effectiveness. Strong competition in the worldwide marketplace requires organizations to figure out ways to be competitive. Competitive advantage is achieved only by organizations that are ready for extreme changes and employ techniques and concepts of non-stop improvement. In order to obtain a competitive advantage, the context of continuous quick globalization, change, and development drives fresh ideas about the modes of activity and roles of organizations. One of the most crucial human activities is management. Since the beginning of time, when humans formed social organizations to achieve goals and objectives that they could not achieve as individuals, management played a vital role in ensuring that individual efforts were coordinated. What is now happening compels managers to employ more modern, contemporary techniques and manners of management to meet current issues. New management strategies, such as a process-oriented approach, are necessary. Modern management is the foundation for creating a successful, market-competitive organization. To answer these issues, the study will focus on analyzing management theories and particular elements that separate today’s management from previous eras. Therefore, managers in modern businesses must recognize the critical role they play in helping their organizations accomplish their objectives. For this goal to be achieved, it is vital to apply modern achievements and technology in organizational management. Our paper’s purpose is to demonstrate how management has grown up in an ever-changing organizational environment. To solve these challenges, researchers need to broaden and expand their attention to the process approach as a way of enhancing the organization’s management system and developing recommendations for maximizing crucial business processes. These events have had an impact on the organizational world, and it is up to management to refresh, modernize and rise to face the challenges.
SMEs Digital Transformation – Are We Ready?

SMEs Digital Transformation – Are We Ready?
(SMEs Digital Transformation – Are We Ready?)

  • Author(s):Sanja Tišma, Andrea Ruk, Dragana Markanović, Iva Tolić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
  • Page Range:141-151
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Digital transformation; SMEs; VET providers; Knowledge and skills14
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper presents the results of the analysis of the readiness of small and medium enterprises, VET providers, high education institutions and consultancy organizations towards digital and bionic transformation and acquisition of a “bionic status”. The purpose of the paper is to find out which key skills and knowledge are needed for employees in order to be ready for digital transformation. SMEs that were a part of the survey operate in different economic sectors in various countries of the European Union (Spain, Slovenia, Poland, Croatia, Ukraine, Austria, Italy, Germany, Macedonia, Switzerland, Belgium, and Hungary). Other organisations such as public bodies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), universities and technological centres also participated in the survey on digital competences. Key conclusions of the analysis indicate that almost all participants are familiar with the need for digital transformation, but that knowledge about 4.0 technologies is still lacking. The most significant knowledge is in robotics, 3D printing and Cloud Services, big data, and IoT. Blockchain and artificial intelligence are considered less important for digital transformation. However, a strong need for further education and training in all of these areas was expressed.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Engineering Evolution in a Digital World

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Engineering Evolution in a Digital World
(Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Engineering Evolution in a Digital World)

  • Author(s):Grecu Andreea
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
  • Page Range:153-161
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Building Information Modelling (BIM); Digital transformation; Architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry; Operation overheads; Project specifications; Novel approach; Workflow; Delivery
  • Summary/Abstract:Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the foundation of digital transformation in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. This is an instrument helping professionals and students to gain an understanding of technologies that will be crucial to the future industry. In addition, BIM is a tool that improves the efficiency and integration of building designs by integrating architectural knowledge with technical processes. Contractors, architects, and engineers are increasingly utilising virtual technology for long-distance communication. According to Reuters, the worldwide BIM industry is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 14.9 percent from 2018 to 2023. Government mandates for the development and implementation of BIM to improve project efficiency and reduce operations costs are the driving force behind it. BIM was portrayed in specialised literature as a component of the solution for an industry beset by cost and schedule overruns, enabling owners and stakeholders to make knowledgeable decisions based on the real-time information the digital models provide.
The Specific Interrelation between Motivation, Emotions and Sustainable Consumer Behaviour

The Specific Interrelation between Motivation, Emotions and Sustainable Consumer Behaviour
(The Specific Interrelation between Motivation, Emotions and Sustainable Consumer Behaviour)

  • Author(s):Nadejda Dimova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:163-169
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Motivation; Emotions; Consumer behaviour; Sustainability; Marketing; Sustainable marketing
  • Summary/Abstract:The changes brought about by COVID-19 and digitalisation do not eradicate the genuine problems associated with sustainable consumer behaviour and achieving sustainable development in general. Consumer motivation and emotions are closely intertwined with achieving sustainable consumer behaviour. The research interest was sparked by the interrelation between motivation, emotions and sustainable consumer behaviour. It is specific and determines the extent to which consumers want and are motivated to consume sustainably and in parallel with what emotions they experience in the overall consumer decision-making process and their consumer journey. The research methodology includes presenting the relationship between the individual elements in the purchase, presenting different types of motivation that affect sustainable consumer behaviour, clarifying the different types of emotions in sustainable consumer behaviour and focusing on happiness as a leading emotion to achieve sustainable consumption. It is to the benefit of the readers to recognise the importance of the interrelation between emotions, motivation and sustainable consumer behaviour and build perfect strategies based on it.
Sports-Related Nutrition Marketing and Its Performance Impact on Athletes in the Republic of North Macedonia

Sports-Related Nutrition Marketing and Its Performance Impact on Athletes in the Republic of North Macedonia
(Sports-Related Nutrition Marketing and Its Performance Impact on Athletes in the Republic of North Macedonia)

  • Author(s):Gjorgjina Sherovska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Sports Studies, Marketing / Advertising
  • Page Range:171-180
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Sport; Sports nutrition; Athletes; Sports marketing; Performance
  • Summary/Abstract:Nutrition is increasingly recognized as a key component of optimal sporting performance, with both the science and practice of sports nutrition developing rapidly. The sports nutrition market has witnessed robust growth in the past few years; it is gaining pace due to the increase in health awareness among the population, new product development, the rapid increase in urbanization, and growth in a number of sales outlets, health clubs, fitness centers and gyms. Athletes use a range of nutritional and diet strategies to improve sports performance. Nutrition plans need to be personalized to the individual athlete to take into account the specificity and uniqueness of the event, performance goals, practical challenges, food preferences, and responses to various strategies. A key factor is the related marketing used to reach the core aim of the athletes for specific sports nutrition so they can meet their energy and nutrient requirements, whether that is speed, endurance, recovery, or strength. The marketing strategies in the sports nutrition industry are wide. Companies understand the power of sports endorse¬ment, the trending on social media, and after all the factors of advertisement, through the different marketing communication channels impacting the athletes’ behavior for the final decision-making process of purchasing the product. In this paper the purpose is to investigate the effect of sport-related nutritional marketing as a communication strategy reaching athletes, and, its second relationship, the effect of the marketed sport-related nutritional products impact on athlete’s performance, from the athlete’s aspect. The importance of this paper is to examine a new topic of a connection between sports nutritional marketing and the eventual performance effect on a particular sub-category of athletes because very little research is being conducted on this topic of interest. The research framework used in this paper will help to guide future research and improve marketing communication strategies with great insight on what are the key methods to reach out to short and distance athletes from a marketing point of view, as well as the key factors that make marketed sport nutritional products impact on athlete’s performance.
Exploratory Analysis of the Promotional Activities of Krishna-Conscious Communities in Europe

Exploratory Analysis of the Promotional Activities of Krishna-Conscious Communities in Europe
(Exploratory Analysis of the Promotional Activities of Krishna-Conscious Communities in Europe)

  • Author(s):Krisztina Bence Kiss, Orsolya Szigeti
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Marketing / Advertising, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:181-190
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Religion; Religious behavior; Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change; Consumer behavior; Krishna consciousness
  • Summary/Abstract:Marketing religions have been studied frequently in the past decades, however, there are still areas less covered by the literature. Krishna-conscious communities are considered as one of the most successful new religious movements is terms of marketing in the past decades. This research studies the promotion tools applied by the Krishna-conscious communities in Europe with the involvement of seven rural communities in six countries, where quantitative research was carried out to discover the initial means of encountering the religion and the exposure to the different promotion tools applied in the further phases of communication. The research results have shown that traditional tools of promoting Krishna Consciousness still have huge importance when people meet the religion for the first time, but in keeping longer term contact, media may be applied efficiently as well, but there is still space for improvement in the promotion tool portfolio.
Development of 21st Century Skills in Croatia’s Higher Education System

Development of 21st Century Skills in Croatia’s Higher Education System
(Development of 21st Century Skills in Croatia’s Higher Education System)

  • Author(s):Dinka Dedukić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Higher Education , Human Resources in Economy
  • Page Range:191-201
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:21st century competencies; 21st century skills; Higher education; Labour market
  • Summary/Abstract:Social and economic developments of the 21st century require education systems that enable young people to acquire knowledge, skills, and competencies which, upon completion of their studies, would work in their favour and allow them to actively participate in the globalised and competitive labour market. Although the low employment rate is often caused by economic factors, one should also account for the interpersonal factors that may help individuals increase their chances of finding a job. Job seekers nowadays need to possess competencies known as 21st-century skills. This study included an assessment of the 21st-century skills acquired during academic studies. Creativity, innovation, communication in foreign languages, and practical application of knowledge were found to be the most poorly developed competencies, whereas the ability to work in a team, learn, and manage information were among the best-developed competencies.
Changes in the Educational Structure of the Workforce in Slovakia and Its Regions

Changes in the Educational Structure of the Workforce in Slovakia and Its Regions
(Changes in the Educational Structure of the Workforce in Slovakia and Its Regions)

  • Author(s):Jana Masárová, Eva Koišová, Monika Gullerová
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Adult Education, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:203-209
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Workforce; Educational attainment; Tertiary education; Gross Domestic Product; Slovak Republic
  • Summary/Abstract:Educational attainment plays a critical role in everybody’s employment options. Education determines human development, and affects the economic development of countries. For this reason, the educational structure of the population has long been considered an important indicator of the overall maturity and development of the country. In connection with technical progress and the use of advanced technologies, the demands for tertiary education attainment in the workforce are growing. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate changes in the structure of the workforce in terms of educational attainment in the Slovak Republic and to find the relationship between the educational attainment and economic performance of the regions of the Slovak Republic. The educational attainment of the workforce in the Slovak Republic is developing positively. However, significant regional differences have been identified, and it is possible to see a big gap between the Region of Bratislava and the remaining Slovak regions. In recent years, there has been a marked improvement in the educational attainment of the workforce in the Region of Košice. Tertiary education attainment of the workforce has an impact on the creation of regional gross domestic product per capita.
Human Resources Development in the Solution of Regional Disparities in Slovakia

Human Resources Development in the Solution of Regional Disparities in Slovakia
(Human Resources Development in the Solution of Regional Disparities in Slovakia)

  • Author(s):Vojtech Kollar, Silvia Matušova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:211-225
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Human resources; Trends; Education and training; Regional disparities; Research and development
  • Summary/Abstract:Different historical, geographical, socio-economic and social conditions have led to the situation that the regions in Slovakia are equipped with different start-up capital, different quality of human potential and various infrastructures and therefore they develop accordingly. Regional disparities are understood as differences in the degree of socio-economic development of regions, which is uneven. The problem of regional disparities cannot be seen only as economic differences between regions, as there are also significant intraregional differences within a region. In the regional context, education and training of youth and adults are directly linked to employment, social security, economic and social development. Insufficient education and training of individuals reduce their employment opportunities, limit their responsible approach to work and life, worsens living conditions, increases social risks, and may deteriorate their health. The level of educational attainment is also related to the level of innovation performance and the competitiveness of regions. A special area is represented by the preparation of capacities for the sector of research and development. The regional differences could be seen in the location of universities preparing graduates for research and development as well as the placement of research and development institutions. The main aim of the paper will be to point out how human resources could be deployed in the solution of regional disparities in Slovakia.
Relationship between Ethics, Rule of Law and State Leadership

Relationship between Ethics, Rule of Law and State Leadership
(Relationship between Ethics, Rule of Law and State Leadership)

  • Author(s):Larisa Vasileska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Governance, Business Ethics
  • Page Range:227-233
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Leadership; Integrity; Ethics; Moral norms; Rule of law; Codes of conduct
  • Summary/Abstract:The study of what is ethically good and bad, as well as what is morally correct and wrong, is known as ethics, also known as moral philosophy. A moral value system or theory is commonly used to refer to any system or theory of moral values or principles. Individuals who lead ethically act in accordance with a set of principles and values that the majority recognizes as a sound foundation for the common good. Integrity, respect, trust, fairness, transparency, and honesty are among them. Integrity is a crucial determinant of trust and a crucial concept for an understanding of governance. Ethics and state leadership policies should be focused on eliminating corruption and establishing strong ethical standards, which will serve to strengthen the credibility and legitimacy of people participating in state decision-making while also protecting the public interest. This paper will analyze the role of personal ethics in leadership and how ethics helps people become more effective leaders. Understanding ethics, integrity, and motivation in order to act as a role model and build a plan of action for state leadership will be discussed, as well as the value of excellent leadership.
Barriers to the Development of Tourism Product Based on Authentic Gastronomy in Rural Areas

Barriers to the Development of Tourism Product Based on Authentic Gastronomy in Rural Areas
(Barriers to the Development of Tourism Product Based on Authentic Gastronomy in Rural Areas)

  • Author(s):Jelena Đurkin Badurina, Manuela Klapan
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, Tourism
  • Page Range:235-239
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Tourism development; Rural areas; Gastronomy tourism; Stakeholders
  • Summary/Abstract:Food tourism in rural areas can be considered a sustainable source of benefits for the local community, but only if it is developed in line with the potentials, interests and capacities of respective host community. Authentic gastronomy of rural areas is considered highly desirable by tourism demand, but there are some barriers to its development that need to be taken into account. This paper is conceptually examining the main challenges of establishing efficient local food networks in rural areas, for the purpose of the development of authentic gastronomy tourism offer. Barriers, identified from the analysis of scientific literature, are elaborated and discussed within the framework of rural areas. Findings, apart from general challenges of tourism development in rural areas, specially emphasise the importance of careful alignment of interests and expectations of all direct and indirect stakeholders in the process of development of authentic gastronomy in rural areas.
Concept and Measurement of Memorable Tourism Experience

Concept and Measurement of Memorable Tourism Experience
(Concept and Measurement of Memorable Tourism Experience)

  • Author(s):Dora Rašan, Denis Prevošek, Karmela Višković
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Tourism, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:241-252
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:Experience economy; MTE model; Memorable tourism experience; Destination memorable experience; Memorable gastronomic experience; Systematic quantitative approach
  • Summary/Abstract:In the last twenty years scholars and practitioners have shown interest in exploring the concept of tourist experience from different perspectives. However, therefore less attention has been paid to the research on the tourist experience with special emphasis on the concept of memorable experience (MTE). Starting from the above, the purpose of this paper is to present a detailed and systematic quantitative research review aimed at identifying new trends in MTE research and reducing the existing gaps in the experience economy literature. For the purposes of this research, 47 studies on MTE published between 2010 and 2021 were analyzed according to the year of publication, geographic coverage, publication source and forms of tourism. The results of this study suggest that the largest number of studies of MTE were conducted in 2019 (21.28%) in Asia (56.81%) and published in the journal Anatolia (10.64%). Further analysis revealed that the largest number of research were carried out in the context of destination and gastronomic tourism. Therefore, only for these two forms of tourism, the causal relationship of different variables was analyzed, thus gaining an insight into their measurement instruments. In measuring the destination memorable tourism experience the MTE model is the most common one, while in measuring gastronomic tourism the most frequently applied dimensions are novelty, food quality, service environment and atmosphere. From a management perspective, the findings of this study offer practical implications for measuring MTE, especially in the context of destination and gastronomic tourism. Based on the analyzed data, tourism providers can get an insight into the tested and valid instrumentation that can allow them to determine strengths and weaknesses in the existing elements of their offer always focusing on the possibilities for long-term improvement of the whole service.
Memorable Sensory Experience in Restaurant: A State-Of-The-Art Review

Memorable Sensory Experience in Restaurant: A State-Of-The-Art Review
(Memorable Sensory Experience in Restaurant: A State-Of-The-Art Review)

  • Author(s):Dora Rašan, Karmela Višković, Denis Prevošek
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:253-262
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Experience economy; Memorable restaurant experience; Sensory perception; Systematic quantitative approach
  • Summary/Abstract:The restaurant industry is no longer expected to provide only high food and service quality but to stimulate the senses that will contribute to creating a memorable experience for restaurant guests. Thus, sensory senses play an increasingly important role for restaurateurs, especially in the context of nurturing long-term relationships with guests. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate studies that dealt with a memorable sensory experience of restaurant guests. The findings of this study indicate that the largest number of studies was published in 2019 (24%) in Asia (36%). Furthermore, scientific experts included all five sensory components in only 32% of the studies examining guests about their memorable restaurant experiences. The contribution of this research is reflected in determining the presence of sensory perception in the literature related to gastronomy. The results of this research enable the awareness of restaurateurs and scientific experts about the importance of examining the sensory perception of restaurant guests.
The Famous Dealu Mare – Wine Route

The Famous Dealu Mare – Wine Route
(The Famous Dealu Mare – Wine Route)

  • Author(s):Camelia Slave, Carmen Mihaela Man
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, Tourism
  • Page Range:263-268
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Wine; Wine route; Vineyards; Maps
  • Summary/Abstract:Wine tourism in the local vineyards is a new notion today. This tourism is starting to become an alternative to the late autumn holidays - you visit wineries, cellars, churches, everything is concentrated on a distance of only 60 kilometers. In the middle of the road between Bucharest and Brasov, on the border between Prahova and Buzau counties lies the homeland of red wine – “Dealu Mare”/ “Big Hill” vineyards. It has thousands of hectares of vineyards, eight famous wineries, and mansions that belonged to the old boyar families, some renovated and recently entered the tourist circuit, others in ruins, but just as spectacular. There are also 17th-century monasteries and themed museums that recreate the atmosphere of the houses in the area.
The Wine Routes in France

The Wine Routes in France
(The Wine Routes in France)

  • Author(s):Carmen Mihaela Man, Camelia Slave
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, Tourism
  • Page Range:269-275
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Viticulture; Wine route; Vineyards; Wine tourism
  • Summary/Abstract:Wine is much more than a simple agricultural product or a vague raw material that is traded on the markets of London or Chicago. Wine accompanies, enhances, completes and sometimes sublimates our table. However, it cannot be confined to the gastronomy sector alone because it is much more than that. Wine has a cultural, historical and heritage dimension, it also occupies a decisive place in the economic and social fields. France and wine... A long story that has caused a lot of “ink to flow”. It was the Greeks who, around 600 BC. AD, planted the first vines in southern Gaul. From the 2nd century BC. AD, the Romans and then the Gallo-Romans gradually developed wine production throughout the territory of present-day France. During the Middle Ages and the centuries that followed, the wines were perfected. This movement resulted in the emergence of very different beverages, which current producers continue to improve.
The Right to the Personality of Older Persons and Their Freedom in Relation to the Administration

The Right to the Personality of Older Persons and Their Freedom in Relation to the Administration
(The Right to the Personality of Older Persons and Their Freedom in Relation to the Administration)

  • Author(s):Vanesa Sanchez Bellesteros
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Public Administration, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:277-288
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:Freedom; Old age; Law; Digital divide
  • Summary/Abstract:New technologies offer a world of possibilities in all areas of citizens’ lives, so the Administration, therefore, has not been excluded from their integration. However, the implementation of ICTs poses a great challenge caused by the inexcusable need to provide technological, economic, and training resources (digital skills) that are required for their effective operation. That is why the rights of citizens must remain unscathed before its implementation, overcoming any obstacle that arises and even maintaining the freedom to use or not, and much more so if they are vulnerable citizens, either due to their age or lack of means.
Changes in the Electricity Market in the Republic of North Macedonia and Its Compliance with European Regulations, Characteristics and Official Data on the Macedonian Regulated Market for the Period 2019-2021

Changes in the Electricity Market in the Republic of North Macedonia and Its Compliance with European Regulations, Characteristics and Official Data on the Macedonian Regulated Market for the Period 2019-2021
(Changes in the Electricity Market in the Republic of North Macedonia and Its Compliance with European Regulations, Characteristics and Official Data on the Macedonian Regulated Market for the Period 2019-2021)

  • Author(s):Serjoza Markov
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Energy and Environmental Studies, Environmental and Energy policy
  • Page Range:289-298
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Electricity market; North Macedonia; European regulations
  • Summary/Abstract:First and foremost, the main inspiration for the specific problem in this paper are the changes in the electricity market of the Republic of North Macedonia (in the text as - “RSM”) and its compliance with European regulations, elaborating the characteristics and official data on the Macedonian regulated market. By summarizing all the theoretical and empirical aspects, the answers to the arising questions are provided through the analysis of the legal framework, the condition and the participants in the electricity-regulated market in the country in the analyzed period of three years (2019-2021). Also, the results and conclusions of the research shall be achieved via comprehensive analysis and by finding the answers to the posed questions through the theoretical analysis, the inductive and deductive methods, whereas the techniques utilized shall be: official data and reports of the Regulatory Commission of energetic and water services of RSM, questionnaires, interviews and observations as well. The main conclusion is that the changes in the regulated market are under the influence of the changed Macedonian regulations, the process of harmonization with the European regulations and the current developments related to the energy market globally. In this paper, the goal is achieved through the elaboration of changes in the legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia and its implementation in the past few years, emphasizing the effects on the liberalization of the electricity market.
Classification of Environmental Administrative Acts in the Czech Legislation

Classification of Environmental Administrative Acts in the Czech Legislation
(Classification of Environmental Administrative Acts in the Czech Legislation)

  • Author(s):Dominik Židek
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Environmental and Energy policy, Administrative Law
  • Page Range:299-306
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Environmental administrative acts; Public construction law; Preservation of sustainable development; Development of the territory; Classification
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper aims to provide an essential characterisation and classification of environmental administrative acts regulated by law in the Czech Republic, which are related to public construction law, affect the procedural procedures of public construction law, and thus fundamentally determine the final form of construction activities in the Czech Republic. The paper is based on the premise that the results of the procedural procedures of public construction law are always influenced, at least indirectly, by environmental law regulations and administrative acts regulated by these regulations. In the paper, the author will make a primary classification of environmental administrative acts, will deal with the different types of environmental administrative acts, emphasise their importance for the preservation of sustainable development in the development of the territory, and will demonstrate the importance of this environmental legal regulation in the Czech Republic on specific examples.
Water Quality Status in the Erzeni River, Albania over the Period 2014–2019 and Prospective Towards the Achievements of EU WFD Objectives in Its Basin

Water Quality Status in the Erzeni River, Albania over the Period 2014–2019 and Prospective Towards the Achievements of EU WFD Objectives in Its Basin
(Water Quality Status in the Erzeni River, Albania over the Period 2014–2019 and Prospective Towards the Achievements of EU WFD Objectives in Its Basin)

  • Author(s):Erjola Keci, Vanela Prifti
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Energy and Environmental Studies, Environmental and Energy policy
  • Page Range:307-316
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Water quality; EU Water Framework Directive; Monitoring acquis
  • Summary/Abstract:Erzeni River flows through two of the most developed regions of Albania: Tirana and Durrës. Due to the concerns about potential pollution resulting from increased human activities in its basin the major driving forces and pressures were identified and the quality of the river’s water was assessed based on an evaluation of physicochemical parameters based on monitoring data over the period 2014 – 2019. Based on data analysis, the evaluation of the overall water quality status has been carried out. The assessment of the physicochemical parameters measured, and the use of the Water Quality Standards methodology show a deterioration of water quality, however, this remains moderately good. A more precise quantification of pressures and consequent evaluation of impacts, though feasible, requires significant amounts of good quality data, much of which is not currently collected in Albania. Significant improvements in data collection and coordination between competent authorities will be required as part of future measures.
Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Design Science Research Approach

Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Design Science Research Approach
(Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Design Science Research Approach)

  • Author(s):Clara Silveira, Leonilde Reis
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):ICT Information and Communications Technologies
  • Page Range:317-328
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Artefact; Sustainability dimensions; Sustainable development goals; Software process; Methodology
  • Summary/Abstract:In the current global context, with so many challenges to be faced, it is important to see people’s increased interest in sustainability issues as an opportunity for change. Sustainable Software Engineering, as a recent research area, incorporates sustainability principles and dimensions in the software development process. On the other hand, the Design Science Research methodology has become a well-received research paradigm in Information Systems in general and in Software Engineering in particular. The paper presents a Sustainable Software Engineering approach integrated into the Design Science Research methodology. The concepts of sustainability in software development, namely the principles of the Karlskrona Manifesto, the principles of Green Software Engineering and the Sustainable Development Goals are integrated into the approach. Preliminary results from applying the approach indicate that the iterative process of the Design Science Research methodology allows for the integration of multidisciplinary sustainability artefacts during the software process.
Person with Schizophrenia and Negative Symptoms in COVID-19 Era: A New Evolution for Treatments and Economy

Person with Schizophrenia and Negative Symptoms in COVID-19 Era: A New Evolution for Treatments and Economy
(Person with Schizophrenia and Negative Symptoms in COVID-19 Era: A New Evolution for Treatments and Economy)

  • Author(s):Barbara Galbusera
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
  • Page Range:325-331
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Schizophrenia; COVID-19; Education
  • Summary/Abstract:In the last two years, the COVID-19 pandemic has become part of people’s lives, including those diagnosed with schizophrenia. Many have also exacerbated negative symptoms of the disease such as anxiety, increased hallucinations, and depressive symptoms. To overcome the illness, the wishes of the patients were investigated. Subsequently, starting from the personalism philosophy point of view, for a little group of the Day Care Service, a program (that has integrated pedagogical interventions, educational groups, psycho-educational interventions, social skills training and telephone support) has been created to decrease the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and improve the psychophysical well-being of each patient. This research shows that it is possible to introduce a clinical-pedagogy perspective for the care of schizophrenia patients and to mitigate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Agroterrorism as a Threat to Modern Society

Agroterrorism as a Threat to Modern Society
(Agroterrorism as a Threat to Modern Society)

  • Author(s):Boris Bursać, Andrija Blanuša
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Agriculture, Studies in violence and power
  • Page Range:333-338
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Terrorism; Agroterrorism; Bioterrorism; Modern society
  • Summary/Abstract:There is no country, no inhabited territory on the globe that is immune to terrorism. Although the roots of terrorism go back a long way, terrorism is a product of the modern age, and its causes and motives are different. Therefore, the authors identify terrorism as a world problem, because as a manifestation in one environment, it never isolates itself, but spreads very quickly to other areas. In this paper, a new, somewhat intimidating form of terrorism, better known as agroterrorism, is analyzed in detail. This paper aims to explain more precisely this new, modern form of terrorism, to make a clear distinction between the concepts of bioterrorism and agroterrorism, as well as to assess potential threats and consequences of agroterrorist attacks.
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