Innovative Development of Agrarian Business and Rural Areas : Third International Scientific Conference IDARA – 2023

Impact of Local Factors for Changes on Labor and Farm Number in Bulgaria

Impact of Local Factors for Changes on Labor and Farm Number in Bulgaria
(Impact of Local Factors for Changes on Labor and Farm Number in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Bozhidar Ivanov, Angel Sarov, Daniela Dimitrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Labor relations, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:11-21
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:agriculture; changes; labor; farms; Bulgaria
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of local factors for changes in labor force and farm number in Bulgaria based on the last two censuses conducted in the years 2010 and 2020. The local factors are considered those conditions and prepositions apart from the national and regional causes driving the development and tendencies in the farm structure. The local level in this study is municipality territory, which is adopted as an unit for defining rural and not-rural areas. The evolution of labor worked in Bulgarian agriculture and the number of farms is steadily declining between both censuses, which is a general finding, where is interesting to identify the local differences and particularities. For the sake to analyze the local specifics, the Territorial Shift Share Analysis (TSSA) is applied. The TSSA is an analytical tool built on the basis of Shift Share Analysis (SSA), designed to determine the contribution of local determinants to the changes in the number of agricultural farms and labor force having in mind and estimating the changes driven by national and regional causes. The results show that about 72% of the observed changes ascertained as a decrease in farms in the country can be prescribed to macroeconomic, national influencing causes, about 19% has more regional roots and only about 9% of the decrease in the number of farms can be connected to local characteristics and factors. In the case of the labor force, the structure of the factor influence is similar, as around 69% of the total change in the labor force can be pertained to macroeconomic reasons, 21% can be traced to regional conditions and 10% to local circumstances. This structureis very similar and shows that local factors also contribute to the reduction in the number of farms and the labor force in the Bulgarian agriculture, which means that there is almost no local initiative for complement support of this production. The regional factors also have a certain impact, even though more limited than the macroeconomic and national environment, as it is deemed that as much as the regions differ from each other, the greater is the weight and impact of the regional level to the estimated changes.

Analysis of Main Characteristics and Utilization of Agricultural Land in Serbia and Bulgaria

Analysis of Main Characteristics and Utilization of Agricultural Land in Serbia and Bulgaria
(Analysis of Main Characteristics and Utilization of Agricultural Land in Serbia and Bulgaria)

Author(s):Snežana Radukić, Sonja Jovanović
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Developing nations, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
Page Range:22-30
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:agricultural land; arable land; sustainable development
Summary/Abstract:Land is the most important resource for the sustainable development of agriculture. Optimal use of land for the production of a sufficient amount of food, while simultaneously preserving biodiversity and its quality, is very important within the policy of preserving resources for future generations. Safety in food production represent one of the most important goals of sustainable development consist in actual the 2030 Agenda. We face numerous problems related to land. Degradation due to excessive use of modern agrotechnical means in food production, deforestation, erosion, excessive urbanization, floods are just some of the most common problems in land policy. An important problem is the abandonment of land use for agricultural production and its underutilization. Serbia and Bulgaria have significant areas of agricultural land. The subject of research in this paper is the share of agricultural and arable land in the total land area in Serbia and Bulgaria. The focus of the analysis is the average size of farm land, the percentage of irrigated land, and the production structure on farms, as well as the contribution of agriculture to the realization of added value in the creation of GDP. Agriculture and the food industry play a significant role in creating GDP, employment and exports and reducing the foreign deficit. Bearing in mind that the Republic of Serbia is in the process of joining the European Union, it is necessary to reform the agricultural policy and adapt it to the Common Agricultural Policy. This is one of the most important and demanding reforms in the integration policy process. The entire European model of agricultural development is based on the concept of sustainable development. Agricultural land policy in this process is of great importance and the experiences of EU member countries are important. The results of the research should indicate different experiences and recommendations that can be useful in agricultural land management policy. Land policy measures are aimed at creating optimal conditions for agricultural production while achieving the goals of all dimensions of sustainable development. Strategic approach in land management policy in Bulgaria provides guidelines and an example of good practice for taking measures and activities in the direction of its improvement in the Republic of Serbia. These results are also the basis for examining the causes of insufficient utilization of available natural resources and the balanced development that ensures the production of sufficient quantities of food and the preservation of the environment.

Rural Sustainability in Bulgaria: Multi-Criteria Analysis

Rural Sustainability in Bulgaria: Multi-Criteria Analysis
(Rural Sustainability in Bulgaria: Multi-Criteria Analysis)

Author(s):Mariya Peneva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Developing nations, Accounting - Business Administration, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:31-40
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:sustainable development; environmental sustainability; social sustainability; economic sustainability; sustainable development indicators
Summary/Abstract:Sustainable development is essential for long-term evolution of the society as a whole, considering the future generation as well. It is a key concept of the 21st century reflecting the present and the future of humanity. Within the European Union, it is of primary interest and a fundamental goal. Currently, the European Green Deal serves as a strategic framework for the transition and policy development to accomplish this goal. It recognizes rural areas as important to contribute in terms of land use, biodiversity conservation, economic activity, and prosperity of society. Rural areas are important as a main source of supplies and resources for the society and as a space for living and working. The current challenges, such as economic crises, depopulation, and climate change, may limit their sustainable development. The active rural development policy and its growing role within the European policies supports the processes of adaptation and transformation towards the sustainability goals. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach as achieving sustainability requires considering the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of rural development. It means to consider a range of social, economic, and environmental factors and their interrelationships in order to identify and prioritize sustainable development options for rural areas. Therefore, the multiple criteria analysis of the various aspects of rural development, taking into account different sustainability indicators is a required precondition. This paper assesses rural areas sustainability in Bulgaria based on the multi-criteria analysis exploring the time-related changes of the available Sustainable Development Indicators and comparing them to the observed indicators at the European level. The findings indicate progress in some aspects (ecological based on the analysis of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from agriculture). The study also identified serious barriers in economic and social dimensions analysing the performance of rural economy, the developments in business structures, employment and unemployment rates, and the rural demography (population, migrations and at-risk-of-poverty rate). The paper concludes with recommendations for promoting sustainable development that enhance economic opportunities and improve social demography.

Opportunities for Revitalization of Rural Areas in Poland and Bulgaria after the War in Ukraine

Opportunities for Revitalization of Rural Areas in Poland and Bulgaria after the War in Ukraine
(Opportunities for Revitalization of Rural Areas in Poland and Bulgaria after the War in Ukraine)

Author(s):Daniela Tsvyatkova, Agnieszka Wrzochalska
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Special Historiographies:, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research, Asylum, Refugees, Migration as Policy-fields, Russian war against Ukraine
Page Range:41-50
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:refugees; migration; Ukraine; rural areas
Summary/Abstract:As a result of the armed conflict in Ukraine, nearly a third of Ukrainians have been forcibly displaced from their homes. This is one of the largest displacement crises in the world and in our time. Bulgaria and Poland were among the first EU countries to welcome the migrant wave in the early hours of the war. The aim of this paper is to identify the current problems and certain socio-economic prospects of Ukrainian migrants in Poland and Bulgaria after the start of the military conflict The article also aims to try to answer the question of whether it is possible to revive rural areas in Poland and Bulgaria, given the potential that incoming foreigners (mostly Ukrainian citizens) represent for our countries. To achieve the set goal, the authors use quantitative and qualitative methods, representative official statistical data from the NSI, migration services, non-governmental organizations, results of primary research, office studies, Internet sources etc. The application of the scientific method, as well as the inductive and deductive methods helps to analyze demographic and socioeconomic processes in their dynamic development and highlight their impact on the socio-economic environment in Bulgaria and Poland. The authors reveal the need to make more effective use of the economic and social potential of migrants and the opportunities for rural revitalization in both host countries. The integration of migrant business into the economic environment of Bulgaria and Poland requires not only training of the migrants themselves, but also of the institutions and society as a whole regarding the benefits of this activity. This is definitely an underestimated area with huge potential that is underutilized for the socio-economic development of rural areas and ensuring a normal and peaceful existence for Ukrainian families in the chosen host country.

Environmental Protection Activities in Bulgaria – Comparative Analysis in Regional Aspect

Environmental Protection Activities in Bulgaria – Comparative Analysis in Regional Aspect
(Environmental Protection Activities in Bulgaria – Comparative Analysis in Regional Aspect)

Author(s):Zornitsa Stoyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:51-64
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:environment; planning region; regional differences
Summary/Abstract:Environmental protection activities differ according the specifics of the regions. They lead to optimal use of resources, reduction of climate impact, ensuring security of energy supply, improving the health of ecosystems etc. The aim of the paper is to be prepared a comparative analysis between the planning regions in terms of environmental protection activities and on this basis to be determined the place of each region and to be evaluated the effectiveness of the financial sources used for environmental protection activities. The paper presents literature review of some environmental protection activities. The paper analyzes data related to the environmental protection activities undertaken in the planning regions related to household waste submitted for recycling, waste water discharged from treatment plants, installed renewable energy sources capacities, research and development expenditure, number of buildings financed under the National program for energy efficiency of multifamily residential buildings. Comparative analysis of environmental protection activities by planning regions is prepared in order to be presented the trends of some indicators and to be made a comparison between the regions. On the basis of the data analysis, the comparison between the planning regions for the period 2017 -2021 was made, and they were ranked in three groups – active, moderately active and low active. The analytical part of the paper also includes DEA analysis to be found the most effective region according to the chosen inputs. In all DEA models, the aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of indicators such as tangible fixed assets (TFA) with ecological use, expenditures for research and development and financial resources under the Operational program environment (OPE). These indicators are defined as Inputs. For outputs are chosen generated municipal waste, waste water discharged without treatment, CO2 emissions and destroyed territories. Based on the analysis are made some general conclusions and recommendations for increasing the engagement of the region to carry out environmental protection activities. The South Central and South Western regions are the most active in terms of carrying out activities that lead to environmental protection, the South Eastern and North Eastern regions can be defined as moderately active, and the North Central and North Western regions as low active in terms of environmental protection activities. In order to increase the engagement of the regions to carry out environmental protection activities, various initiatives can be taken, most often related to better understanding of ecological benefits, taking political actions and implementation of regulations in economic sectors related to the environment and natural resources, spreading of good practices.

Innovative Marketing Solutions and Value Creation in Agribusiness: The Case of Slovak Winery

Innovative Marketing Solutions and Value Creation in Agribusiness: The Case of Slovak Winery
(Innovative Marketing Solutions and Value Creation in Agribusiness: The Case of Slovak Winery)

Author(s):Elena Horská, Dana Országhová, Radomíra Hornyák-Gregáňová, Ľudmila Nagyová, Iveta Košovská, Eva Dreveňáková, Dominika Kucbeľová
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Economic policy, Evaluation research, Marketing / Advertising, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:65-72
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:innovative practices; food market; market segmentation; marketing communication; social media
Summary/Abstract:The creation of added value in the agro-sector is an essential part of the strategy of any business entity interested in a competitive position in the food market in a local, national, and international context. In the framework of the European Green Deal, the European food system known as the „Farm to Fork“ strategy, must bring the benefits to the climate, biodiversity, and health of population. One way how to achieve is the way of innovations in terms of technological or marketing progress or value added. The value created in the product creation process can be supported by appropriate innovative practices, with the effective involvement of modern marketing tools and the application of market segmentation. Each market segment and each level of the food system need different added value and innovations are perceived differently. Consumer perception we consider as an important aspect in successful implementation of the „Farm to Fork“ strategy at the level of consumer. Using the example of a Slovak wine producer, we point out the possibilities of using innovative marketing approaches to increase the value of a locally produced product (segmentation, marketing communication, event marketing and using social media). We used Google analytics to evaluate the quality of marketing communication. We chose the period from 01/04/2022 to 31/10/2022 as the monitored period because it is the period when the winery is most active from marketing point of view due to many wine tours and wine tasting that take place in observed period. Moreover, the observed winery, Frtus Winery, is trying to reach a very specific target group (searching for luxury products) within in market segmentation process, so marketing communication and social media must consider this aspect. To increase the value of using social media for marketing communication, we recommend to create a content plan, use of storytelling and story selling, and to create video content. Using video as a marketing tool can be significant to the marketing strategy. Email marketing is not very new, but still interesting tool of digital marketing. The goal of email marketing is to increase customer loyalty to the brand and encourage repeated purchases. The key is keeping emails relevant and interesting. Last, but not least, we mention the marketing position of ambassador as a person who represents company/brand and cooperates with brand continuously. Ambassador can be an expert in certain field or influential figure. They have significant impact on brand reputation and sales.

Impact of Demographic Factors on Economic Activity in Bulgaria's Rural Territories

Impact of Demographic Factors on Economic Activity in Bulgaria's Rural Territories
(Impact of Demographic Factors on Economic Activity in Bulgaria's Rural Territories)

Author(s):Julia Doitchinova, Elitsa Lazarova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Sociology, Economic policy, Developing nations, Demography and human biology, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:73-85
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:demographic processes; economic activity; rural territories
Summary/Abstract:Bulgaria has one of the fastest rates of population decline in the EU and the world. In 2021, the value is observed to be 21.6% lower compared to the value recorded in 2001. Changes in rural areas are even more dynamic and have a negative impact on their development opportunities. This paper aims to examine and analyse the economic activity of the rural population using statistical data obtained from population censuses. The analysis is mainly focused on the interdependencies between economic activity, employment in agriculture and their implications for the rural economy. Correlation and regression analysis were applied to test the research hypotheses. The summary of the obtained results shows that the coefficient of economic activity rises until 2020, but activity is uneven and at different rates in different regions, with the coefficient being lower in villages at the expense of economic activity in cities; • The unemployment rate in Bulgaria has gone through three stages: until 2013, it was in double digits, then it dropped to 4.2 (in 2021), and in 2019, an increase began, which varied greatly by region. The unemployment rate is significantly higher in the villages, with the most significant differences in the younger age groups; • The correlation analysis revealed a weak, positive, and insignificant relationship between the rural population and the coefficient of economic activity, as well as the presence of a medium, positive, and significant relationship between the rural population and the agricultural labour force; According to the regression analysis, Annual work unit has a positive and significant influence on the population in rural areas, indicating that agricultural specialization and automation are still in their early stages in Bulgaria, and the workforce in the industry is structure-determining Demographic processes have a negative impact on rural development. A cyclical pattern emerges wherein a declining local economy and depopulation coexist and mutually reinforce one another. A decline in demographic potential and a lack of human capital may limit investment flow. For these reasons, investing in human capital is regarded as a critical means of reversing unfavourable trends in demographic structures and processes in all countries affected by accelerated aging and depopulation. This includes improving the health-care system, education, and other social services, as well as raising the living standards of rural inhabitants. To achieve this goal, regional demographic policies must be developed that take into account the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of each region.

Territorial Approaches for Sustainable Development and Management of Rural Areas

Territorial Approaches for Sustainable Development and Management of Rural Areas
(Territorial Approaches for Sustainable Development and Management of Rural Areas)

Author(s):Marina Nikolova, Pavlin Bogomilov Pavlov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:86-98
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:territorial approaches; rural areas; sustainable development and management
Summary/Abstract:Territorial approaches are of crucial importance for the sustainable development and management of rural areas. The trend towards consolidating all stakeholders into a comprehensive understanding to enhance the territory's sustainability, and the idea of finding optimal solutions in the pursuit of opportunities for balanced territorial development, is a task with diverse answers depending on the resource potential and activity of local communities. The rural territories in Bulgaria have untapped potential, both in the use and protection of the available resources and their social economic development, as well as in the generation of additional income. Their sustainable development would contribute to achieving a balance between economic, social and environmental growth, as well as significantly improve the quality of life of the local population. The aim of the present study is to identify the integrated territorial approach for sustainable management and development of rural territories in the Republic of Bulgaria. Main groups of activities for achieving balanced territorial development are identified as factors for sustainable development of rural areas. The opinion is defended that an important condition for the integrated approach is for all participants in the process to be interested and successfully combine specific measures suitable for the integration and development of the territory. The implementation of appropriate tools and correct approaches for sustainable rural territory development requires careful analysis and selection of effective measures, depending on the specific characteristics of the location and the initiative of the local community. Although agricultural activity occupies a significant portion of the business in most of these areas, it is imperative to have an adequate policy for the development of additional activities that ensure economic prosperity and a higher standard of living for the local population and their employment. Therefore, in order to achieve three-dimensional sustainability (economic, ecological, social), it is more than necessary to have better interaction and coordination among all participants in the process and a holistic approach to the development and management of each specific territory, in accordance with its specific needs, opportunities, and optimal solutions. Each community can contribute to achieving the goals of sustainable development by 2030, and not only in a narrow scope, but also by contributing to the global challenges that modern society as a whole is facing. The choice of a model for increasing sustainability in the specific territory should be aimed at optimal utilization of regional resources, diversification in the functional use of the territory, optimal diversification of production and economic activities, environmentally friendly business practices and above all at effective interaction between institutions, local administration, business and local communities.

The Role of Agricultural Subsidies in Shaping Young Farmers' Decision-Making in the Greek Agricultural Sector

The Role of Agricultural Subsidies in Shaping Young Farmers' Decision-Making in the Greek Agricultural Sector
(The Role of Agricultural Subsidies in Shaping Young Farmers' Decision-Making in the Greek Agricultural Sector)

Author(s):Zisis Mandanas, Dimitrios Petropoulos
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Economic policy, Developing nations, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:99-106
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:agricultural subsidies; decision-making; financial considerations; policymaking
Summary/Abstract:The Greek agricultural sector is grappling with a dynamic environment characterized by evolving policies, global market forces, and reduced protectionism. To effectively navigate these challenges, a paradigm shift toward a new development philosophy is imperative. This philosophy seeks to address structural issues, enhance technical and economic aspects, and strategically orient production towards crops that capitalize on the Mediterranean region's comparative advantages. This study explores Greek farmers' attitudes, expectations, and satisfaction levels in this evolving landscape, with a particular emphasis on assessing the impact of the Young Farmers 2021 program and demographic factors. Utilizing a questionnaire of 18 closed-ended questions, data were collected from 144 respondents, comprising 76 participants in the Young Farmers 2021 program and 68 non-participants. The survey encompassed inquiries into demographic and social variables and delved into the assessment of attitudes, expectations, and satisfaction levels. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis involving Non-Linear Principal Component Analysis and categorical regression. The examination yielded two discernible factor axes: „Challenges and Diminished Satisfaction“ and „Favorable Perceptions and Optimistic Prospects.“ Remarkably, Young Farmers 2021 program participants exhibited fewer hurdles, higher contentment, and a more sanguine outlook compared to non-participants. These disparities were statistically significant, underscoring the program's substantial influence. Furthermore, demographic attributes emerged as pivotal determinants. A higher level of educational attainment was correlated with diminished difficulties, augmented satisfaction, and more favorable perceptions and expectations. This underscores the pivotal role of educational initiatives in equipping farmers with the necessary acumen and skills to effectively surmount obstacles and cultivate optimism within the agricultural sector. In summary, this study underscores the noteworthy impact of the Young Farmers 2021 program on Greek farmers' attitudes, expectations, and contentment levels. Program involvement was associated with reduced challenges, heightened satisfaction, and a more positive outlook regarding the future of agriculture. Additionally, educational attainment surfaced as a pivotal factor in molding farmers' experiences and outlooks. These insights offer valuable guidance to policymakers and agricultural organizations, facilitating the development of targeted interventions and policies aimed at encouraging program participation and delivering educational resources.

Building a Sustainable Future by Implementing the Green Economy Concept in Bulgaria and Bulgarian Agricultural Sector

Building a Sustainable Future by Implementing the Green Economy Concept in Bulgaria and Bulgarian Agricultural Sector
(Building a Sustainable Future by Implementing the Green Economy Concept in Bulgaria and Bulgarian Agricultural Sector)

Author(s):Albena Miteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, Economic development, Environmental interactions
Page Range:107-115
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:green economy; good practices; sustainable development
Summary/Abstract:The concept of a green economy has gained significant traction as societies worldwide seek to balance economic growth with environmental preservation. Bulgaria, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse natural landscapes, stands at a crucial juncture in its development journey. By capitalizing on the nation's strengths and addressing its challenges, Bulgaria can forge a path toward economic growth while preserving its natural heritage for generations to come. Through collective effort, informed policies, and innovative practices, Bulgaria can serve as a shining example of a country committed to harmonizing economic advancement with environmental stewardship. Embracing a green economy offers Bulgaria the opportunity to foster sustainable growth, reduce environmental degradation, and enhance overall well-being. The transition to a Green economy allows Bulgaria to transform its own economy – from a low-efficiency and resource-intensive one to an economy based on knowledge, digitalization and green growth, generating high added value and guaranteeing long-term sustainability. The green economy concept centers on the integration of economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being. It emphasizes resource efficiency, the minimization of waste, and the shift towards renewable energy sources. A green economy is characterized by sustainable and environmentally friendly practices that promote economic growth while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. A green economy is an economic system that aims to reduce environmental risks and ecological scarcities while promoting sustainable development. It focuses on creating a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being. In the context of agriculture, a green economy involves implementing practices that minimize negative impacts on the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable food production. It encompasses sectors like energy, transportation, industry, and agriculture, among others. The concept revolves around the efficient use of resources, reduction of pollution, and conservation of biodiversity. This approach aims to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, promoting sustainable practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The successful transition to a green economy requires collaboration among government, businesses, and civil society, along with strategic investments and supportive policies. This report delves into the theoretical basis of a green economy, explores its pros and cons, identifies obstacles to its implementation, discusses challenges in the agricultural sector, highlights promising sectors, provides examples of green initiatives in Bulgaria, and on this basis offers guidelines for a more efficient transition.

Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector

Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector
(Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector)

Author(s):Tsvetana Harizanova-Metodieva, Hristina Harizanova-Bartos
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:116-125
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:cluster analysis; districts; agriculture
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of the study is to classify the districts in Bulgaria according to some indicators characterizing the development of the agrarian sector. A cluster analysis (K-means clustering) was performed using the statistical software R and the packages „factoextra“ and „cluster“. The official statistical information of the NSI for 2021 was used for the following indicators: gross value added from Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (GVA); employees under labour contract in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery; average annual wages and salaries of the employees under labour contract in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. It was established that according to the development of the agrarian sector in 2021, the districts in Bulgaria can be classified into 4 clusters. The central point of the cluster with the most favorable values of the indicators in terms of agriculture has the following characteristics: GVA from agriculture – BGN 299 million; persons employed in agriculture – 3644 persons; average gross salary – BGN 15506. This cluster includes the districts Veliko Tarnovo, Ruse, Varna and Dobrich. The central point of the cluster, which ranks second in terms of realized development in the sector in 2021, can be described as follows: GVA – 278 million BGN; persons employed in the agricultural sector – 3857 persons; average annual gross salary – BGN 12032. The cluster unites the following districts: Pleven, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Pazardzhik and Plovdiv. The centroid of the cluster, ranked third in terms of development of the agrarian sector, is characterized by the following values of the considered indicators: GVA from agriculture – BGN 184 million; employed persons in the sector – 1789 persons; average annual salary – BGN 14206. This cluster includes the districts: Montana, Gabrovo, Razgrad, Targovishte, Shumen, Yambol, Sofia – grad and Smolyan. The central point of the cluster, ranked last in terms of realized development in the agrarian sector, has the following characteristics: GVA – BGN 183 million; employed persons – 1595 persons; average gross salary (annual) – BGN 11795. It includes the districts: Vidin, Vratsa, Lovech, Silistra, Sliven, Blagoevgrad, Kyustendil, Pernik, Sofia, Kardzhali and Haskovo. This is the cluster with the most unfavorable development of the agrarian sector during the considered period. Clusters unite districts, some of which are significantly distant from the central point of the cluster to which they belong. The explained variation in the clusters is 73,6%, which is relatively acceptable, but at the same time it also shows that 26,4% of the variation cannot be explained by the presented distribution of the districts by clusters. This also explains the relatively large distance between some districts and the corresponding centroid: these districts show significant differences from the central point, i.e. their classification cannot be considered successful. Such districts are Pernik, Plovdiv, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Smolyan and Shumen. In general, the first and third clusters appear to be the most homogeneous, and the second and fourth are the most heterogeneous.

Agricultural Irrigation – Innovative Solutions

Agricultural Irrigation – Innovative Solutions
(Agricultural Irrigation – Innovative Solutions)

Author(s):Petia Branzova, Annie Dimitrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy
Page Range:126-133
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:technology; agriculture; environment; innovation; irrigating
Summary/Abstract:Bulgaria's good soil and weather conditions increase the potential of agriculture and provide good opportunities for quality and sustainable food production. These can be expanded and further improved through the use of innovation in all agricultural activities. Farm irrigation is essential for the food supply and economic development of many countries. Innovative solutions are needed to improve the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural practices. Innovations in agricultural irrigation are essential for sustainable farm development and reducing water stress in the world. They help farmers to improve their harvests and preserve water resources for future generations. Integrating different water sources such as groundwater, surface water, rainwater and wastewater can provide a more sustainable and reliable source of water for farms. Innovations in agricultural irrigation require training and education for farmers to understand how to use new technologies and methods. Governments and financial institutions can provide support and incentives to invest in innovative irrigation solutions. In recent years, aquaponics has become an innovative study of the aquaculture industry. Aquaponics is an innovation in modern farming, a sustainable micro ecosystem with a controlled environment, combining aquaculture with hydroponics. It is developing at a rapid pace as the need for sustainable food production grows and freshwater and phosphorus supplies decline. Another innovative method to tackle the problem of farm irrigation is aeroponics. It is defined as an aerial water culture system or the science of growing plants without soil or substrate culture. The plant grows in the air with the help of artificial support and no soil or substrate is required to sustain the plant. The roots of the plant are suspended in a closed container in the dark and exposed to the open air to receive nutrient-rich water dispersed through atomizers. The modernisation, rehabilitation and renewal of irrigation systems provides an opportunity to reduce the use of pesticides and fertilisers in line with the Green Deal. It also provides an opportunity for Bulgarian farmers to be competitive with their counterparts in other countries. The effect could be strongest for permanent crops, fruit and vegetable production and livestock farming. The goal of the report is to focus on solutions to the problem of farm irrigation in the country by implementing innovative solutions.

Integrated Reporting – Information Base of Green Business in Serbia

Integrated Reporting – Information Base of Green Business in Serbia
(Integrated Reporting – Information Base of Green Business in Serbia)

Author(s):Tatjana Stevanović, Snežana Radukić, Žarko Popović
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy
Page Range:134-145
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:integrated reporting; environmental performance; green business
Summary/Abstract:Green businesses operate according to green management principles, policies, and practices that improve the quality of life of their customers, employees, the communities in which they operate, and the environment. The path to green business is part of a long-term sustainability strategy. The sustainability of economic activity is identified with respect for the principle of moral justice, which implies the equal right of every person to an appropriate degree of freedom, which does not contradict the freedom of others. Accordingly, it could be stated that the right of the current generation to use resources and the environment must not jeopardize the rights of the next generations. The primary goal of business in today's dynamic environment is to create value for owners. However, the achievement of this goal depends on the achievement of the company's secondary goals, which include creating superior value for customers and ensuring full engagement and motivation of employees, suppliers, and distributors. The connection between the company and other stakeholders is made possible by the wider public, which also has an interest in the company's operations. Therefore, modern companies are focused on creating value for all stakeholders. The interdependence of the company and all stakeholders requires the integration of reports on the financial, environmental, and social performance of the company. In this way, integrated reporting, in addition to financial reporting, also includes a specific form of reporting on sustainable development. Accordingly, the essence of integrated reporting consists in the creation and presentation of financial and non-financial performances, to see the degree of involvement of the concept of sustainable development in the company's operations. International professional organizations and institutions significantly support the process of standardization of integrated reporting, with their framework proposals, guidelines, directives, regulations, protocols, and indicators. Integrated reporting aims to bring together financial reporting on the economic performance of companies with qualitative reports on environmental performance. The basic idea of integrated reporting is to provide an information base on the effects of social and environmental performance and their economic impact on the company. This involves identifying environmental and social costs, benefits, and risks, as well as incorporating their impact on the company's economic performance. According to the above, the paper aims to analyze the disclosure of environmental information within the framework of integrated reporting in the Republic of Serbia. The analysis refers to groups of companies in Serbia, that are included in the National Register of Pollution Sources, with special reference to companies from the sectors of agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The paper will also present the future legal framework in the field of agriculture in the Republic of Serbia, with the goals and activities of The European Green Deal. The bottom line is that it is necessary to support investments in sectors where the Republic of Serbia has comparative advantages (fruit, vegetable, livestock production sectors), improve business management, and provide adequate logistical support.

Institutions and Mandates for Climate Change Adaptation in Bulgarian Rural Areas

Institutions and Mandates for Climate Change Adaptation in Bulgarian Rural Areas
(Institutions and Mandates for Climate Change Adaptation in Bulgarian Rural Areas)

Author(s):Yanka Kazakova-Mateva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
Page Range:146-154
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:climate change governance; adaptation readiness; agriculture
Summary/Abstract:Climate change is undeniably the leading challenge in the 21st century (IPCC 2022). Agriculture is simultaneously a major driver of climate change and is seriously affected by it (EEA, 2019). The adaptation efforts and the level of readiness to adapt to climate change vary between regions, countries and sectors (e.g. agriculture and environment). The overall goal of the research is to assess the level of readiness for climate change adaptation of the agricultural and environmental institutions in Bulgaria. The specific objective of the paper is to analyse their institutional setups and mandates for adapting to climate change in the Bulgarian rural areas. The research findings and results will support the identification of enabling conditions and key barriers to stronger institutional adaptation capacities of the main agricultural and environmental institutions in the country. The assessment is based on documentary analysis of the national climate adaptation strategy and the legal acts, regulating the institutions’ mandates and functions. The methodological approach is motivated by the conceptual model developed by Ford and King (2015) for assessing the climate adaptation readiness by governments at various scales. The focus is on three of their adaptation readiness factors – political leadership on adaptation, institutional organisation for adaptation and adaptation decision making. The results indicate a reactive rather than proactive political leadership on climate adaptation in Bulgaria. The institutional organisation for adaptation suffers serious understaffing in the Ministry of Environment and Water and in the relevance sectoral ministries. The Strategy on Climate Change and Adaptation stated the need for increased capacities and training in sectoral institutions and stakeholders in 2019. In 2023, there is only one environmental institution with an official mandate on climate change – the Climate Policy Department in the Ministry of Environment and Water. Its mandate is on policy development at the global, European and national level addressing both mitigation and adaptation needs; and it is the smallest unit in the ministry in terms of staff numbers. The other environmental institution with a mandate on climate change is the Executive Environmental Agency which monitors the greenhouse gas emissions and the related permits and registers, with no explicit mandate on climate adaptation. As regards the agriculture and rural development institutions, the Rural Development Directorate in the Ministry of Agriculture has a mandate to propose measures addressing climate change needs during the programming of the Common Agricultural Policy Strategic Plan 2023-2027. The identified needs (i.e. introduce climate adapted breeds and plant species) relate to the farming sector and not to the rural areas. Overall, the key weakness of the Bulgarian climate adaptation approach in rural areas is its reactive and ad-hoc basis. It either is driven by EU regulations and requirements or is implemented when project opportunities arise, without systemic planning and ownership of responsibility in the agriculture or environmental institutions.

Bioeconomy – Present and Future

Bioeconomy – Present and Future
(Bioeconomy – Present and Future)

Author(s):Monika Sabeva, Diana Kopeva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:155-162
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:bioeconomy; European Union; sustainability; sustainable development goals
Summary/Abstract:The pressure on ecosystems has intensified as a result of excessive pollution, overexploitation and depletion of natural resources. This imposes the need of a radical change in the existing methods of processing, storage, recycling and disposal of biological resources by establishing sustainable production and consumption models. The need to step up the transition to both clean energy and sustainable, resilient and equitable food systems has never been stronger and clearer. Future implementation of the EU Bioeconomy Action Plan will need to take into account the implications for food and energy prices, as well as the prices of energy-intensive products and global supply chains, and address the resulting additional pressures on natural resources at ecosystem boundaries. Activities in the bioeconomy sectors are especially reliant on healthy ecosystems to ensure a sustained production of biomass, but at the same time activities along the bioeconomy supply chains generate environmental impacts which can damage local and global ecosystems. The bioeconomy is directly related to 11 of all 17 Sustainable Development Goals but though the EU undertakes the steps necessary to achieve sustainability, there is still a wide range of actions to be taken in order to ensure the transition towards bioeconomy and to mitigate and eliminate the negative impacts on the environment. In the study we have focused on three important indicators that give insight about current state and trends in EU and Bulgaria about bioeconomy, respectively employment in the bioeconomy, turnover in bioeconomy, and value added at factor cost in the bioeconomy. The trend in Bulgaria follows that of the EU for those indicators which indicates the continuity of the measures adopted at the EU level and the consistency of the actions at the supranational level. The paper is based on a thorough review of available reports, analysis of official documents as action plans, communications, programs, strategies and data related to bioeconomy at EU level, reviewed in the context of global efforts for achieving sustainability. The main objective of this research is to represent the international efforts aimed at the protection of natural resources and to evaluate the measures taken to stimulate the EU transition towards bioeconomy.

Levels Of Provision of Agroecosystem Services

Levels Of Provision of Agroecosystem Services
(Levels Of Provision of Agroecosystem Services)

Author(s):Kristina Todorova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy
Page Range:163-171
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:agroecosystem services; private contracts
Summary/Abstract:Rural areas are characterised by high biological diversity. Farmers are both direct users of ecosystem services, but on the other hand management of agricultural land affects not only the economic outcome but also has an impact on the condition of agroecosystems. Farm activities and agroecosystems are interlinked. The more conserved and protected the ecosystem functions are, the higher the positive feedback on the farm and the surrounding ecosystems is. The provision of ecosystem services can take different forms – through private contracts, collective contracts, government payments, etc. In Bulgaria at the moment, the most common form of provision is through public payments or through ecological certification of organic products. However, private arrangements can also enhance this provision and secure a win-win scenario for both provider and buyer of ecosystem services. This study shows several case-studies on private arrangements with comparative analysis on several contract features. These examples show different levels of provision of ecosystem services. In some cases, both the efforts and the actual benefit are at the same level, for example an agricultural plot (pollination contracts). In other cases, an actual effort in the form of agri-environmental measure can take place in a certain farm holding, but the actual benefit can be seen somewhere else, for example downstream of a watershed catchment. And in some instances, the actual effort is used to compensate for someone else’s pollution activities (see carbon credit markets). Very often, a farm is a user of ecosystem services, both within and outside its physical boundaries. On the other hand, some ecosystem services require collective action to be effective and meaningful (most often this is the example of biodiversity conservation). There is still a controversy over what is the best form for providing ecosystem services from agriculture – through private contracting or through the traditionally used public provision. The answer is likely to be found in the nature of the ecosystem services themselves. If for an ecosystem service such as crop pollination it is easy to establish a buyer and seller of the service, there are clear benefits for both parties, and the price can be easily determined. For others such as biodiversity, all this is very difficult to be achieved. For this purpose, it is necessary to assess the most important features characterising a contract. The form of the contract is tightly connected with whether the environmental effort of the farmer is measurable or not. For some ecosystem services, like pollination the environmental result is easily monitored and measured. Where in other instances, like the watershed groundwater quality, monitoring is difficult or impossible. Therefore, different ecosystem services pose the need for different contract arrangements.Rural areas are characterised by high biological diversity. Farmers are both direct users of ecosystem services, but on the other hand management of agricultural land affects not only the economic outcome but also has an impact on the condition of agroecosystems. Farm activities and agroecosystems are interlinked. The more conserved and protected the ecosystem functions are, the higher the positive feedback on the farm and the surrounding ecosystems is. The provision of ecosystem services can take different forms – through private contracts, collective contracts, government payments, etc. In Bulgaria at the moment, the most common form of provision is through public payments or through ecological certification of organic products. However, private arrangements can also enhance this provision and secure a win-win scenario for both provider and buyer of ecosystem services. This study shows several case-studies on private arrangements with comparative analysis on several contract features. These examples show different levels of provision of ecosystem services. In some cases, both the efforts and the actual benefit are at the same level, for example an agricultural plot (pollination contracts). In other cases, an actual effort in the form of agri-environmental measure can take place in a certain farm holding, but the actual benefit can be seen somewhere else, for example downstream of a watershed catchment. And in some instances, the actual effort is used to compensate for someone else’s pollution activities (see carbon credit markets). Very often, a farm is a user of ecosystem services, both within and outside its physical boundaries. On the other hand, some ecosystem services require collective action to be effective and meaningful (most often this is the example of biodiversity conservation). There is still a controversy over what is the best form for providing ecosystem services from agriculture – through private contracting or through the traditionally used public provision. The answer is likely to be found in the nature of the ecosystem services themselves. If for an ecosystem service such as crop pollination it is easy to establish a buyer and seller of the service, there are clear benefits for both parties, and the price can be easily determined. For others such as biodiversity, all this is very difficult to be achieved. For this purpose, it is necessary to assess the most important features characterising a contract. The form of the contract is tightly connected with whether the environmental effort of the farmer is measurable or not. For some ecosystem services, like pollination the environmental result is easily monitored and measured. Where in other instances, like the watershed groundwater quality, monitoring is difficult or impossible. Therefore, different ecosystem services pose the need for different contract arrangements.

Personality-Related Determinants of Entrepreneurship in the Light of Own Research in the Agribusiness Sector

Personality-Related Determinants of Entrepreneurship in the Light of Own Research in the Agribusiness Sector
(Personality-Related Determinants of Entrepreneurship in the Light of Own Research in the Agribusiness Sector)

Author(s):Barbara Kiełbasa, Marcin Krzysztof Kopyra
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Evaluation research, Management and complex organizations, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:172-180
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:personal traits; entrepreneurship; business motives
Summary/Abstract:The aim of this article is to identify the personality traits that can characterise entrepreneurial people and to determine what they believe to be important in achieving success. Entrepreneurship is defined very broadly in the literature and researchers consider different approaches to this issue. Certainly, being entrepreneurial is a combination of knowledge, passion, hard work and active learning. What is more, in many studies there are hypotheses indicating a correlation between the possession of certain character traits, or even temperament, and the propensity to start a business. In this article, an analysis of the behavioural and attitude approach to entrepreneurship is undertaken, which means that some personal traits and behaviour of the entrepreneurial person are analysed, as well as their perceptions of the issue. A descriptive-inductive method was used, using simple statistical methods. A survey method was used to obtain empirical data. An online survey form was sent to agribusiness entrepreneurs from Poland, the entrepreneurs were randomly selected. The respondents were primarily active in industries such as fruit, vegetable processing, as well as meat. A total of 57 returns were received between January and March 2023. The questionnaire included questions on personality traits that may be conducive to an entrepreneurial attitude, as well as identifying attitudes towards certain management situations. The respondents rated themselves as extroverted and open-minded, confident in their abilities. Most respondents described themselves as sanguines. A number of scientific studies confirm that sanguines and extroverts are the people who are most successful as entrepreneurs. Considering the statements of the respondents, there was a significant difference in the inconsistency of the responses from those labelled choleric and phlegmatic. The most consistent statements were obtained from sanguinis. Sanguinis were the most likely of all respondents to believe in the strength of their predispositions and character traits. Cholerics, due to their explosive nature and not always good decisions, felt that it was appropriate to monotone external factors, as this was the basis for decision-making. As a result of the survey and the literature review, it can be confirmed that entrepreneurial personality traits play an important role when setting up one's own business and also when continuing to manage it, but also an external situation and business environment play an important role in decision-making process. All these factors should be correlated and a good entrepreneur should be able to use his/her strengths to exploit market opportunities. According to the authors of this article, it is necessary to integrate one's personality traits and aptitudes with market information and ongoing monitoring of the industry to achieve success.

The Cooperatives In Bulgaria – Past and Present

The Cooperatives In Bulgaria – Past and Present
(The Cooperatives In Bulgaria – Past and Present)

Author(s):Todorka Atanassova, Ivanka Stoycheva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Sociology, Management and complex organizations, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:181-192
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:cooperatives; development; regional distribution; sector; income
Summary/Abstract:In Bulgaria, the emergence of modern cooperatives as a social business model dates back to the end of the 19th century. Cooperatives develop over time a variety of specific models based on theirdifferent subject of activity. Given the wide scope of the researched topic, we limit the purpose of the scientific development to the study of the spread of cooperatives in the economic life of Bulgaria, analyzing their characteristics manifested in the current century, looking for a connection with the period of their emergence, in order to explain certain trends in their development. The methodological approach used is based on statistical groupings of a large array of official data on cooperatives registered in the Commercial Register of Bulgaria from 2005 to the current year. Selected indicators reflecting in the development of cooperatives by planning areas, economic sectors, annual revenues, etc. are established. Through the historical analysis, individual moments of the birth of the first Bulgarian cooperatives are revealed. Results: In Bulgaria, cooperatives were first born in the villages to meet the needs of the local population, and then cooperatives appeared in the cities. This process in our country is the opposite of other countries in Europe with a more developed market economy.; Due to the agrarian direction of development of the Bulgarian economy at the end of the 19th century, the first type of cooperatives built were agricultural credit cooperatives in the villages. Years after them, at the beginning of the 20th century, consumer cooperatives appeared, followed by the popular urban banks, as well as some professional cooperatives/associations.; In Bulgaria, the cooperative as a legal organizational form is widespread in almost all economic sectors of the national economy. Its role is dominant, however, in two sectors: A. „Agriculture, forestry and fisheries“ and G. „Trade, repair of cars and motorcycles“; The activity of the Bulgarian cooperatives is low-profit; In regional terms, the largest number of functioning cooperatives is in the South Central region, with a dominant location in the Plovdiv and Haskovo areas for almost all economic sectors, followed by the Southeast region, where the Stara Zagora area has a leading position. In the conditions of modern challenges and heterogeneous problems, the study of cooperatives in Bulgaria must continue and be upgraded in order to find answers to many questions related to their past and future development. Finding an answer to the problematic aspects in their development is important not only to enrich the theory, but also above all to support the cooperative practice in our country.

Scenarios for the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives in Bulgaria until 2027

Scenarios for the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives in Bulgaria until 2027
(Scenarios for the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives in Bulgaria until 2027)

Author(s):Angel Sarov
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Sociology, Policy, planning, forecast and speculation, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:193-199
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:scenarios; agricultural cooperatives; Bulgaria
Summary/Abstract:After Bulgaria's integration into the European Union (EU) in 2007, restructuring processes in agricultural cooperatives continue. One of the main statistical categories, providing information on how cooperative structures are changing and what will be the future direction of development, is the production structure. Despite measures to support farmers' incomes under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU, the number of agricultural cooperatives is decreasing. The purpose of this article is to forecast the main trends in the development of agricultural cooperatives in Bulgaria until 2027. A linear scenario model is applied and the sensitivity of the selected indicators is identified under certain assumptions about changes in the independent variables. The selection of indicators is based on available statistical information. They are proposed with a view to finding the optimal opportunity provided by the data for their inclusion in the established econometric model and the calculation of forecasts (prospective forecasts of the change in cultivated land and the number of cooperatives). According to the model's estimate, agricultural cooperatives will continue to decline until 2027, despite expectations of an overall increase in the utilized agricultural area, arable land and permanent crops in general. When developing the realistic scenario, the experts assume that at the end of 2027, the land structure and the number of agricultural cooperatives existing until 2020 will be preserved. When constructing the pessimistic and optimistic scenario, it is noticeable that the index's range of variation is within 0.35 to 0.76 compared to the base period. The pessimistic scenario for the future of the vineyards has the highest rating. The average ratings of the three scenarios are average (moderate performance) as follows – pessimistic with 0.50, moderate – 0.46, and the highest rating is the optimistic scenario – 0.54. The forecast is to limit permanently grassed areas. With one of the highest ratings is the pessimistic scenario of the lands with vine plantations, which indicates an expectation to continue the existing trend of decreasing vines.

Consumer Perceptions towards Local Products: The Case of Kosovo

Consumer Perceptions towards Local Products: The Case of Kosovo
(Consumer Perceptions towards Local Products: The Case of Kosovo)

Author(s):Ekrem Gjokaj, Diana Kopeva, Sokol Sallahu
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:200-210
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:agricultural products; consumer perceptions; rural development; Kosovo
Summary/Abstract:Kosovo's agricultural development is influenced by favorable policies and attributes relevant to consumer demand. The more we know about the important attributes of the local consumer towards agricultural products, the better policies are designed to support farmers and value chains to adapt to changes in consumer preferences. Empirical insights gleaned from research on consumer preferences for both agricultural products and locally sourced goods offer invaluable evidence. This empirical foundation equips policymakers with the knowledge required to strategize improvements within the national and local food and agricultural systems. It also lays the groundwork for the conceptualization of a forward-thinking, consumer-centric agricultural model that is characterized by innovation, productivity, and responsiveness to consumer expectations. These expectations encompass various facets, such as food availability, ease of access, safety, high quality, taste, and other locally pertinent consumer attributes. The primary aim of this study lies in the comprehensive analysis of consumer preferences concerning local food products. It seeks to delineate the pivotal attributes that guide consumers in their decision-making processes. Additionally, the study aims to identify the informational and institutional gaps that must be addressed to bolster consumer confidence in locally produced food items. In doing so, it aims to provide policymakers with a robust foundation upon which they can construct a visionary concept for a consumer-driven agriculture framework. This framework should stand as an essence of innovation, productivity, and adaptability, aligning closely with consumer expectations regarding food accessibility and simultaneously addressing the unique consumer attributes that hold national relevance. Kosovo's agricultural development is involvedly tied to the interplay of conducive policies and attributes resonating with consumer demands. The study comprehensively explores these essential attributes, and its findings set the stage for crafting policies that offer substantial support to farmers and value chains. This support is vital for their ability to navigate evolving consumer preferences. By conducting research into consumer preferences, we offer empirical evidence that serves as a guiding compass for policymakers in their mission to enhance national and local food and agricultural systems. Furthermore, it ignites the spark of innovation, productivity, and responsiveness in the realm of consumer-driven agriculture. Ultimately, this pursuit aligns the agricultural sector with consumer expectations, ensuring that it thrives in an environment defined by accessibility, safety, quality, taste, and other locally relevant attributes.

Benefits of Managing Food Loss and Waste for Sustainable Rural Development in Indonesia

Benefits of Managing Food Loss and Waste for Sustainable Rural Development in Indonesia
(Benefits of Managing Food Loss and Waste for Sustainable Rural Development in Indonesia)

Author(s):Rosita Widjojo, Csaba Székely
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:211-219
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Food loss and waste (FLW); food recovery; redistribution; sustainable rural development
Summary/Abstract:The reduction of food loss and waste (FLW) has become a global priority under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Reports from the United Nations and FAO reveal alarming statistics, with 13.3 percent of the world’s food lost post-harvest and 17 percent wasted at the consumer level. FLW is a problem found in both industrialized nations like the EU and emerging countries like Indonesia. While EU nations have committed to reducing per capita food waste by 2030, Indonesia has only begun addressing FLW. This paper explores the awareness and management of FLW in Indonesia, focusing on food recovery and redistribution strategies and their potential impact on rural sustainability development. It addresses FLW management through literature review with the aim of raising awareness to the urgency of FLW management and to support the circular economy in Indonesia. FLW is closely associated with consumer behaviour, and lessons from the EU suggests that supporting local farmers and improving the supply chain can help reduce FLW. The role of food recovery and redistribution in reducing FLW in Indonesia highlights the successful practices, emphasizing the transformation of „ugly food“ and the redistribution of excess edibles to combat FLW. Non-profit organizations in Indonesia have emerged to combat FLW by redistributing edible leftovers to those in need. Additionally, FLW recovery practices extend to agriculture, involving the reprocessing of unharvested agricultural products onto animal feed or organic fertilizers. These initiatives not only reduce waste, but also contribute to food security and poverty alleviation, especially in rural areas. The study concludes that addressing FLW in Indonesia can lead to increased food availability and sustainability. It recommends the development of national policies, programs, and partnerships to promote FLW management and the well-being of Indonesian communities. Further research is needed to identify specific challenges and opportunities for implementing food recovery and redistribution initiatives effectively. By taking concrete steps to reduce FLW, Indonesia can enhance food security and simultaneously align itself with the global sustainability agenda.

Social Networks – A Tool for Cooperation of Bulgarian Agricultural Producers

Social Networks – A Tool for Cooperation of Bulgarian Agricultural Producers
(Social Networks – A Tool for Cooperation of Bulgarian Agricultural Producers)

Author(s):Georgi Aleksiev
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Social Informatics, Economic development, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:220-227
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:agriculture; competitiveness; cooperatives; Internet
Summary/Abstract:Bulgarian agriculture has gone through many transformations in the last two decades. The concentration of production and the difficult access of smaller farms to forms of public support led to their unequal competitive position. Some owners of such small farms began to seek support and advice from other producers, exchange experiences and organize joint actions. Social networks are also used for these new forms of cooperation, as a popular tool for building groups and communication between their members. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the models for the application of social networks as a tool for the cooperation of agricultural producers in Bulgaria. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to assess the need for producers to cooperate; to analyze the implemented traditional forms of cooperation in the country, revealing their deficiencies; to consider specific examples of the application of social networks, as a tool for cooperation of producers from the agriculture sector in Bulgaria. Social networks, or social media platforms have been a focus of analysis since their launch and in later years some meta studies and literature reviews have attempted to organize and structure most of the previously done research on the topic (Ali, et al. 2023; Ibrahim, 2022). In these studies, the five main topics of discussion have been: social media, social collaboration, social marketing, social media and crowdfunding, and social media and crowdsourcing. Social media as a tool for crowdsourcing can be used by different stakeholders to share crucial information (Clark, et al., 2023) and in those cases a cooperation among social actors can be built. The negative effects of social media on traditional network-building have also been explored by some authors, that put forward concerns about the differentiation of goals between social media platforms and their userbase, that can lead to degradation of social cohesion (González‐Bailón, et al., 2023). Although being critical, those researchers can’t deny that social media platforms are granting opportunities that would be absent without them. Furthermore, if academics have access to social media analytics tools a more in-depth analysis of information sharing and social impact can be developed (Horng, et al., 2023). The lack of access to such tools for the current research has led to the selection of included observation for the analysis of the application of social networks as a tool for the cooperation of agricultural producers in Bulgaria. Social media interactions remain an understudied topic in the country and its relevance as a cooperation building tool remains to be proven.

Digital Solutions for the Administration of Land Management Processes in the Republic of Bulgaria

Digital Solutions for the Administration of Land Management Processes in the Republic of Bulgaria
(Digital Solutions for the Administration of Land Management Processes in the Republic of Bulgaria)

Author(s):Marina Nikolova, Penka Chernaeva, Petar Chernaev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:228-241
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:digital solutions; land management; process administration; problems; solutions
Summary/Abstract:Due to errors in the administration of processes and delayed digitalization of management processes related to land, as well as a subsidy policy based on outdated data, the confrontation of individual subsectors in the Bulgarian agricultural business is constantly growing. A large part of the information systems, and especially the information, were available at different times to individual economic entities. For the most part, large farmers started the digitalization of their business long before the state administration. The possession of information has created serious advantages. The consolidation of agriculture, and hence all the negative consequences, is also due to this fact. Late implementation of digital solutions for management of agricultural business leads to a decrease in its efficiency. The digitalization of land administration processes by the state has been implemented in slower timeframes, with untimely implementation of effective solutions. Making management decisions „piecemeal“, without connection between individual applications and data, leads to the collection of incomplete and unreliable information, as a result, the agricultural business in Bulgaria has a relatively slow development. It is necessary to build a comprehensive management vision based on information systems and a secure mechanism for control of deviations, and the institutional framework and digital solutions to be synchronized before their design and timely implemented after a thorough analysis, including forecasting the financial economic results of their implementation. At this stage in Bulgaria, digital solutions for control and management by the state are characterized by catch-up, not anticipatory development. The role of the state as an administrator of the relations between owners and users of agricultural land and owning the overall information about the state of the land resource should be a leading one to achieve effective support for access to information and digital solutions. The digitalization of land administration processes by the state is successful and timely when there is a connection between the individual applications and data, and the information collected is complete and reliable.

Condition, Problems and Perspectives Of The Labor Force In Rural Areas Of Bulgaria

Condition, Problems and Perspectives Of The Labor Force In Rural Areas Of Bulgaria
(Condition, Problems and Perspectives Of The Labor Force In Rural Areas Of Bulgaria)

Author(s):Rositza Mikova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Labor relations, Economic policy, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:242-250
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Labor force; aging; unemployment; demographic reproduction; rural areas
Summary/Abstract:The specific features in the socio-economic development of rural areas in Bulgaria are the basis of non-uniform processes and trends in the formation of local labor force contingents. Based on data from the population and housing censuses conducted in 2011 and 2021, the dynamics of the labor force in rural areas of Bulgaria, as well as its structure by age, gender and education, are analyzed in this study. The research aims to outline the regions with the most serious problems with the reproduction of the labor force through a comparative analysis of the potential of the labor force in rural areas, urban areas and the average level for the country. Emphasis is placed on the impact of changes in the age structure of the working-age population (aging) on the general level of activity, as well as the degree of demographic and economic burden on the labor force throughout the study period. The changes in the structure of the labor force in rural areas are examined in detail and the prospects for the reproduction of the labor force in the short term are outlined. Based on the conclusions, some of the problems facing the effective use of the available labor force in rural areas were analyzed and recommendations were formulated regarding the necessary and adequate changes in the demographic policy, to promote the birth rate and retain a young labor force in the local labor markets.

Potential of No-Till Technology for Environmental Protection

Potential of No-Till Technology for Environmental Protection
(Potential of No-Till Technology for Environmental Protection)

Author(s):Anton Blagoev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:251-258
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:No-Till Technology; agricultural practices; environmental impact; agroecological practices; soil erosion
Summary/Abstract:Reducing the negative impact of agricultural practices on the environment is essential. There is a growing need for the use and adoption of environmentally friendly and environmentally sound technologies in agriculture. Encouraging the adoption of agri-environmental practices will increase crop productivity, minimise labour time, improve biological control, reduce erosion, improve soil structure, increase infiltration and water retention properties and achieve environmental sustainability. The wide range of conditions under which the minimum tillage system works successfully worldwide are its economic, social and environmental advantages. No-till technology is often characterised as a means of tilling the soil and growing different crop species with positive environmental externalities. The purpose of this paper is to describe the importance of using the agroecological practice of no-till and its impact on land resources as well as its secondary environmental impacts. A literature review of the author's views related to the definitions of No-till technology is conducted. It is most commonly defined as no-till, minimum tillage or a technology such as planting in soil without prior preparation. The palette of benefits that agroecological practice brings to the soil, the environment, agriculture and farmers is rich, namely: does not disturb soil composition; improves the functions that occur in ecosystems; increases the availability of crop residues. Increased availability of crop residues and cover crops on cropland increases biomass production, with the maximized yield serving to store more C in the soil; improves water conveyance functions, moisture retention, and reduction of surface runoff and erosion, increases heat throughout the soil world; production quantities obtained are comparable to those of intensive tillage; reduces both labor time and the use of fuels and pesticides; minimizes depreciation of the equipment used; reduce investment in purchasing attachments; smaller capacity of the machinery and equipment used; reduce and simplify labour requirements; easy matching with crop rotation and improved nutrient cycling.

The Effect of Grant State Funding on Productivity on the Example of Cooperatives in the South-East Region of Bulgaria

The Effect of Grant State Funding on Productivity on the Example of Cooperatives in the South-East Region of Bulgaria
(The Effect of Grant State Funding on Productivity on the Example of Cooperatives in the South-East Region of Bulgaria)

Author(s):Darina Stoyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics, Agriculture, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:259-266
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:state grant funding; productivity; cooperatives; agricultural sector
Summary/Abstract:The need for state intervention in the agricultural sector is partially explained by the predominantly low incomes realized by agricultural producers. The resources available to them are not sufficient for their full functioning in the market. This leads to the cooperation of individual agricultural producers. Cooperatives are one of the most widely applicable forms of business organization in the agricultural sector. It is believed that their participation in agriculture improves the well-being of a large part of the agricultural producers, and this leads to the overall improvement of the state of the sector. For this, the present study is aimed at investigating the influence of the state on agricultural cooperatives. And more specifically, the purpose of this report is to prove the positive effect of state grant funding on productivity, using the example of agricultural cooperatives in the the South-east region of Bulgaria. In this report, the empirical research is carried out on the basis of panel data for a five-year period (2017-2021). The number of investigated agricultural cooperatives is 79. The applied model in the empirical study is the regression model with fixed effects. Based on the obtained results, this report also proves the positive effect of innovation activity. The more financial resources the agricultural cooperatives allocate for innovation, the higher productivity they realize. Investing in the purchase of fixed tangible assets is proven to have an impact on the productivity of agricultural cooperatives. Also, on the basis of the obtained results, it can be argued that the larger agricultural cooperatives invest more financial resources compared to the smaller ones, therefore their realized productivity is lower.

The Significance of the European Funding Programs for the Region of the Peloponnese

The Significance of the European Funding Programs for the Region of the Peloponnese
(The Significance of the European Funding Programs for the Region of the Peloponnese)

Author(s):Kyriakopoulos N. Georgios, Dimitrios Petropoulos
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, Developing nations, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:267-271
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Peloponnese; European Programs; manufacturing sector
Summary/Abstract:Many national economies rely on the manufacturing industry to improve their productive and their public finance. Moreover, manufacturing companies employ too many human capital, which plays vital role for the sector and the local communities as well. Many studies show that the manufacturing industry is a sector with significant cyclical behaviour. The region of the Peloponnese in Greece received adequate funding during the last years from different European programs. The result was to boost productivity of some sectors in the region, especially the manufacturing, while the infrastructure was improved and new technologies were adapted. The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough analysis of the manufacturing sector in Greece and especially the Peloponnese, and to research the contribution of European funding. Although Greece’ s manufacturing industry has a smaller share in the economy, comparing to the overall european level, it still has a great significance. Especially for the local communities, which find employment in the industry or even boost their public finance via indirect taxes. The significance of the region makes it very attractive for investments in this field. Results showed that not only did the percentage of the manufacturing sector in the Peloponnese increase, but also businesses in the region found significant funding in a turbulent period. The contribution of the European programs is very important, as companies in the region found important funding, when Greece’s public spending was being decrease as part of the public finance collapse. Moreover, they contributed in the increase of the exports, which was also a very important aspect and overall target of the European programs as a whole. The industry was totally modernised, as companies had increased their investments in crucial infrastructure, human expertise and lands to expand their business activities as well. Furthermore, the adoption of the latest technologies, artificial intelligence, big data and new high speed technological infrastructure modernized the manufacturing industry as a whole in the region of the Peloponnese. It was very crucial as many years of underinvestment and cutting in spendings and decrease in public support had left the manufacturing industry at a very immature level. Today, companies are more competitive, they reach the European levels of investments and expenditure, as well as increase their exports to neighbouring countries firstly, and then to other continents of the world as well. On this level, manufacturing industry in the Peloponnese dos reach European standards.

Some Specificities in the Registration Mechanism for Farmers in the Republic of Bulgaria

Some Specificities in the Registration Mechanism for Farmers in the Republic of Bulgaria
(Some Specificities in the Registration Mechanism for Farmers in the Republic of Bulgaria)

Author(s):Valeri Velkovski
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, National Economy, Agriculture, Economic policy, Administrative Law
Page Range:272-278
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:register; registration mechanism; farmer; regulation; status
Summary/Abstract:Pursuant to the norm of Article 7, Paragraph 1 of the Law on Assistance to Agricultural Producers (www.lex.bg) [1], the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry creates and maintains a register of farmers. The registration mechanism is regulated in Ordinance No. 3 of 01.29.1999. [2] to create and maintain a register of farmers (www.lex.bg). Through this registration mechanism, each farmer and each agricultural producer is given the opportunity to obtain the status of a registered agricultural entity, subject to the fulfillment and presence of specific legal conditions. Pursuant to paragraph 1, item 1 of the additional provisions of the Law on Support for Agricultural Producers [1], „Farmers“ are natural and legal persons who produce unprocessed and/or processed plant and/or animal products, and in the sense of point 23 of the additional provisions cited above, „Farmer“ is a farmer within the meaning of Art. 4, paragraph 1, letter „a“ of Regulation (EU) No. 1307/2013 [3]. According to the text of the mentioned Article 4, paragraph 1, item „a“ of Regulation (EU) No. 1307/2013 – Definitions and related provisions, „Farmer“ means a natural or legal person, or a group of natural or legal persons , regardless of the legal status of that group and its members under national law whose holding is within the territorial scope of the treaties. The regulated registration mechanism is characterized by a number of specifics, reflecting both the functions of farmers and agricultural producers according to the cited definitions, as well as the provision in this way of a number of necessary privileges that derive from their registration status.

Farmers' Attitudes towards the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Literature Analysis)

Farmers' Attitudes towards the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Literature Analysis)
(Farmers' Attitudes towards the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Literature Analysis))

Author(s):Lilia Ananieva-Zlateva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Evaluation research, Environmental interactions, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:279-290
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:attitudes; sustainable agricultural practices; conservation practices; pro-environmental behavior; farming
Summary/Abstract:Increasing farmer acceptance and adoption of environmentally friendly agricultural practices is essential to mitigate the negative impacts of agriculture. However, farmers are not a homogeneous group, and their behavior is subject to a complex set of structural, socio-economic, and socio-psychological influences. Human behavior is one of the driving forces for successful agribusiness management. However, it can be the basis of many resource management problems at the same time and is often the component that is not given enough attention when developing management plans. Moreover, the implementation of agricultural strategies relies on the individual behavior. Individual behavior is based on a variety of social, psychological, institutional, and economic factors that must be understood for successful implementation of farm management strategies. This paper reviews a highly specialized literature in the area of farmers' attitudes and intentions to adopt pro-environmental behavior. The aim of this paper is to analyze the application of some of the social psychology theories in the area of adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and to summarize the factors that influence farmers' attitudes towards adoption. This in turn would help to better understand the agricultural unit and the agricultural sector as a whole. The report examines qualitative and quantitative summaries of highly specialized literature studies published in scientific databases such as EBSCO, Science Direct and others. The literature summarizes analyses over the last few decades of farmers' attitudes and intentions towards adopting pro-environmental behaviors, and the factors by which they are influenced. In order to fulfill its objective, the report is based on two main points, which are discussed in detail separately, namely „Theoretical approaches and models for adopting sustainable agricultural practices“, and „Factors influencing attitudes towards the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices“.

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Analysis of Main Characteristics and Utilization of Agricultural Land in Serbia and Bulgaria
(Analysis of Main Characteristics and Utilization of Agricultural Land in Serbia and Bulgaria)

Rural Sustainability in Bulgaria: Multi-Criteria Analysis
(Rural Sustainability in Bulgaria: Multi-Criteria Analysis)

Opportunities for Revitalization of Rural Areas in Poland and Bulgaria after the War in Ukraine
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Impact of Demographic Factors on Economic Activity in Bulgaria's Rural Territories
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Territorial Approaches for Sustainable Development and Management of Rural Areas
(Territorial Approaches for Sustainable Development and Management of Rural Areas)

The Role of Agricultural Subsidies in Shaping Young Farmers' Decision-Making in the Greek Agricultural Sector
(The Role of Agricultural Subsidies in Shaping Young Farmers' Decision-Making in the Greek Agricultural Sector)

Building a Sustainable Future by Implementing the Green Economy Concept in Bulgaria and Bulgarian Agricultural Sector
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Cluster Analysis of Districts in Bulgaria According to the Development of the Agrarian Sector
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Integrated Reporting – Information Base of Green Business in Serbia
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Institutions and Mandates for Climate Change Adaptation in Bulgarian Rural Areas
(Institutions and Mandates for Climate Change Adaptation in Bulgarian Rural Areas)

Bioeconomy – Present and Future
(Bioeconomy – Present and Future)

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(Levels Of Provision of Agroecosystem Services)

Personality-Related Determinants of Entrepreneurship in the Light of Own Research in the Agribusiness Sector
(Personality-Related Determinants of Entrepreneurship in the Light of Own Research in the Agribusiness Sector)

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(The Cooperatives In Bulgaria – Past and Present)

Scenarios for the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives in Bulgaria until 2027
(Scenarios for the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives in Bulgaria until 2027)

Consumer Perceptions towards Local Products: The Case of Kosovo
(Consumer Perceptions towards Local Products: The Case of Kosovo)

Benefits of Managing Food Loss and Waste for Sustainable Rural Development in Indonesia
(Benefits of Managing Food Loss and Waste for Sustainable Rural Development in Indonesia)

Social Networks – A Tool for Cooperation of Bulgarian Agricultural Producers
(Social Networks – A Tool for Cooperation of Bulgarian Agricultural Producers)

Digital Solutions for the Administration of Land Management Processes in the Republic of Bulgaria
(Digital Solutions for the Administration of Land Management Processes in the Republic of Bulgaria)

Condition, Problems and Perspectives Of The Labor Force In Rural Areas Of Bulgaria
(Condition, Problems and Perspectives Of The Labor Force In Rural Areas Of Bulgaria)

Potential of No-Till Technology for Environmental Protection
(Potential of No-Till Technology for Environmental Protection)

The Effect of Grant State Funding on Productivity on the Example of Cooperatives in the South-East Region of Bulgaria
(The Effect of Grant State Funding on Productivity on the Example of Cooperatives in the South-East Region of Bulgaria)

The Significance of the European Funding Programs for the Region of the Peloponnese
(The Significance of the European Funding Programs for the Region of the Peloponnese)

Some Specificities in the Registration Mechanism for Farmers in the Republic of Bulgaria
(Some Specificities in the Registration Mechanism for Farmers in the Republic of Bulgaria)

Farmers' Attitudes towards the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Literature Analysis)
(Farmers' Attitudes towards the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Literature Analysis))