Twenty-five Sides of a Post-communist Mafia State
Twenty-five Sides of a Post-communist Mafia State
Contributor(s): Bálint Magyar (Editor), Júlia Vásárhelyi (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Social Sciences, Political Theory, Sociology, Recent History (1900 till today), Special Historiographies:, Government/Political systems, Political economy, Politics and communication, State/Government and Education, Economic development, Present Times (2010 - today), Post-Communist Transformation, Sociology of Politics
Published by: Central European University Press
Keywords: Hungary;Politics and government;political corruption;dictatorship;Post-communism;21st century;Organized crime—Hungary;—History—21st century;Mafia state;Orbán’s government;FIDESZ;
Summary/Abstract: The twenty-five essays accompany, illustrate and underpin the conceptual framework elaborated in Post-Communist Mafia State (CEU Press, 2016), published in conjunction with this volume. Leading specialists analyze the manifestations of the current political regime in Hungary from twenty-five angles. Topics discussed include the ideology, constitutional issues, social policy, the judiciary, foreign relations, nationalism, media, memory politics, corruption, civil society, education, culture and so on. Beyond the basic features of the economy the domains of taxation, banking system, energy policies and the agriculture are treated in dedicated studies.
The essays are based on detailed empirical investigation about conditions in today’s Hungary. They nevertheless contribute to the exploration of the characteristic features of post-communist authoritarian regimes, shared by an increasing number of countries in Europe and Central Asia.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-615-5513-61-9
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-615-5513-62-6
- Page Count: 674
- Publication Year: 2017
- Language: English
What Should I Call You?
What Should I Call You?
(What Should I Call You?)
- Author(s):Balázs Trencsényi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:3-26
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Hungary;democracy;authoritarian regimes;
- Price: 9.60 €
The Ideological Patchwork of the Mafia State
The Ideological Patchwork of the Mafia State
(The Ideological Patchwork of the Mafia State)
- Author(s):György Csepeli
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Political Sciences, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:27-40
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Hungary;Dictatorship;Fidesz;Autocratic regimes;
- Price: 5.60 €
A “Constitutional” Coup in Hungary between 2010–2014
A “Constitutional” Coup in Hungary between 2010–2014
(A “Constitutional” Coup in Hungary between 2010–2014)
- Author(s):Imre Vörös
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Constitutional Law, Political history, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:41-68
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Constitution; 1989 Hungary;Fundamental Law;Fidesz;Orbán’s government;
- Summary/Abstract:The Fundamental Law, drafted in 2011 and instituted on 1 January 2012, was amended no less than five times over a year and a half.Hungary’s sitting prime minister since 2010 had formulated his intent to stay in power for an extended period of time in his state-of-the-nation speech delivered in Kötcse, as early as 9 September 2009. As well, he expounded the necessity of building a system of political institutions that could guarantee the realization of this plan, practically by establishing a one-party state. His idea of a “central field of power,” especially if designed for the long term, was neither reconcilable with democracy, nor with a multiparty system, let alone with the electoral law which was in force until 2010.
- Price: 11.20 €
Law under the Mafia State
Law under the Mafia State
(Law under the Mafia State)
- Author(s):Zoltán Fleck
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Constitutional Law, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:69-83
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Law;Hungary;Orbán’s government;Mafia state;Totalitarian regime;
- Summary/Abstract:Whether in principle, or on the level of institutional praxis, the rule of lawproscribes mafia-like ways of functioning. Effective barriers in the frameworkprovided by the rule of law deter mafia-style operations from comingto influence decision making, dictating norms, or effecting the formationof political will. It follows from the above that the institutionalization of amafia-like power structure requires a systematic dismantling of the liberalconstitution and constitutional establishment.
- Price: 6.00 €
The Post-communist Mafia State as a Form of Criminal State
The Post-communist Mafia State as a Form of Criminal State
(The Post-communist Mafia State as a Form of Criminal State)
- Author(s):Bálint Magyar
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:85-110
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Orbán’s government;Mafia state;corrupt politicians;corruption;Hungary
- Summary/Abstract:The emerging post-communist criminal states, where the governance bears the features of a criminal organization, can be described as post-communist mafia states. It is nothing less than the privatized form of a parasite state. In this case, the central bodies of the state itself operate in concert as a criminal organization, as the organized upper world.
- Price: 10.40 €
The Circulation of Oligarchs
The Circulation of Oligarchs
(The Circulation of Oligarchs)
- Author(s):András Becker
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:111-128
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Orbán’s government;Felcsút;Orbán family;corruption;
- Summary/Abstract:All attempts to uncover the true wealth of the Orbán family and the origin of this wealth have so far ended with an embarrassing lack of success—whether it be the activity of a parliamentary inquiry commission in 2005 or an audit by the national tax authority two years later.
- Price: 7.20 €
From Local Cliques to Mafia State
From Local Cliques to Mafia State
(From Local Cliques to Mafia State)
- Author(s):Dávid Jancsics
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Social history, Recent History (1900 till today)
- Page Range:129-147
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:corruption;Network culture;Brokers;institutionalized crime;Orbán family;
- Summary/Abstract:Network culture and related informal institutions are widespread phenomena in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The network character suggests that not only two but many interconnected actors participate in informal exchanges and circulate different forms of resources through this widespread social infrastructure. Under the communist shortage economy,informal networks were important survival tools for everyday citizens to“get things done.” The relationship structure of family members, friends,acquaintances, ex-classmates, colleagues, and neighbors provided effective channels to obtain different forms of resources, from travel vouchers through home phones and cars to university admissions. Of course, these types of informal networks existed and still exist all around the world but in communist CEE countries they were more widespread compared to their Western counterparts.
- Price: 7.60 €
Links in the Chain
Links in the Chain
(Links in the Chain)
- Author(s):Zoltán Lakner
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:149-180
- No. of Pages:32
- Summary/Abstract:The conceptual apparatus of the mafia state desires to attain a circumstance when not only “ordinary” corruption dominates the government, and not“simply” the occurrence of state capture has to be taken into account. The essence of the “octopus” is political and economic power that builds onto and within itself. It is not an external interest group that puts the management of the state under its control, but a coterie that acquires it “directly,”with the goal of mobilizing the complete array of assets of the state, from financial resources to legislation, for its private benefit. In this world of legalized corruption, the far-reaching and unquestionable supremacy of the central government takes precedence over the rule of law.
- Price: 12.80 €
The Social Policy of the Mafia State and Its Impact on Social Structure
The Social Policy of the Mafia State and Its Impact on Social Structure
(The Social Policy of the Mafia State and Its Impact on Social Structure)
- Author(s):Balázs Krémer
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:181-231
- No. of Pages:51
- Keywords:social structure in Hungary;Fidesz;income inequality;Income structure;
- Summary/Abstract:The author is trying to prove that although the economic crisis resulted in the polarization of inequality almost everywhere, the dramatic growth of the income gap in Hungary happened differently there than in other countries.
- Price: 20.40 €
The Economic Policy of the Mafia State
The Economic Policy of the Mafia State
(The Economic Policy of the Mafia State)
- Author(s):László Békesi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic policy, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:235-257
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:Mafia state;Orban government; Orban regime;economic poli
- Summary/Abstract:The four-year term of the second Orbán government has ended (Viktor Orbán was prime minister between 1998 and 2002 for the first time, then between 2010 and 2014 for the second time), and following a dominating win in the elections, Orbán’s government can again start the command of a new four-year term with a two-thirds majority in parliament. It is about time for a multifaceted analysis and evaluation of how the Orbán regime operated, what it did, and what it achieved over the last four years.
- Price: 9.20 €
Tributes Paid through Special Taxes
Tributes Paid through Special Taxes
(Tributes Paid through Special Taxes)
- Author(s):Károly Soós
- Language:English
- Subject(s):National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Present Times (2010 - today), Fiscal Politics / Budgeting
- Page Range:259-277
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Hungary; Orbán;Fidesz;Market economy;taxes;mobility;
- Summary/Abstract:Certain economic activities cannot be performed competitively from abroad, or at least not at a reasonable cost. Governments can abuse the low mobility of the companies performing these activities, extracting tribute from them through special taxes. These kinds of special taxes, however,are alien to market economies and are essentially unknown in Western Europe. Yet, Hungarian governments since the mid-2000s have discovered and experimented with the possibilities of tribute extraction. Since 2010,the Fidesz government has put itself into a difficult position with respect to increasing revenue by its odd tax cuts and rejection of appropriate cuts to public spending, and it has made the special tax tributes, which now generate nearly two and a half times more revenue than the standard corporate income tax, a key element of the tax system.
- Price: 7.60 €
Getting Rich as Mission
Getting Rich as Mission
(Getting Rich as Mission)
- Author(s):István Csillag
- Language:English
- Subject(s):National Economy, Economic policy, Economic development, Present Times (2010 - today), Post-Communist Transformation, Public Finances
- Page Range:279-293
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Fidesz;Orbán;corruption;State Property
- Summary/Abstract:The founders of Fidesz seem to have borrowed the lines from the opening sequence of Andrzej Wajda’s 1975 film The Promised Land. The film’s protagonists,three friends who have just finished high school at the dawn of capitalism, symbolically hold hands and declare on a hill towering above the smokestacks of Łódź, notorious for its textile factories: “You have nothing and I have nothing, and we’ve got just enough to set up a factory!”This slogan has guided the activities of the Fidesz founding fathers.The dormitory residents who founded Fidesz and their family members,that is, a circle of friends (the “family”), established a series of companies in 1992 and after a few years vanished with debt owed to the state.
- Price: 6.00 €
The Banks of the Mafia State
The Banks of the Mafia State
(The Banks of the Mafia State)
- Author(s):Éva Várhegyi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today), Post-Communist Transformation, Financial Markets
- Page Range:295-309
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Hungarian Development Bank;Postabank;Fidesz;Orban regime;corruption;bank sector;
- Summary/Abstract:In its first administration, the Orbán government had already recognized the potential opportunities in the banking sector. Out of the possible ways that the government could have managed the near-bankruptcy of Postabank,one was chosen that promised to provide a financial payout as well as a political one: it dismissed the bank’s managers in the summer of 1998 and made a move for its revenue.
- Price: 6.00 €
Utility Price Cuts and Sector-Specific Taxes in Network Industries
Utility Price Cuts and Sector-Specific Taxes in Network Industries
(Utility Price Cuts and Sector-Specific Taxes in Network Industries)
- Author(s):Iván Major
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics, National Economy, Present Times (2010 - today), Public Finances, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:311-322
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Hungary;taxes;Fidesz;Orban;Tobacco Shops;Utility Price Cuts
- Summary/Abstract:The petition opened with the question: “Would you like to pay 10 to 20% less for electricity, gas, water consumption, and sewage treatment?” “Of course,” replied millions of Hungarians. “Are you in favor of the government passing on Hungary’s accumulated debt to banks, telecommunications firms, and commercial networks by levying sector-specific taxes instead of reducing debt with your direct contribution, for instance by hiking value added tax on goods and services?” Once again, the reply was are sounding “Yes.” But if the following were added to the petition: “Do you accept that in the wake of the price cuts and sector-specific taxes suppliers will turn a loss and be compelled to cut staff, stall network development projects and, ultimately, reduce the quality of electricity, gas, water supply,etc.?,” it would spark outrage. Likewise, if suppliers added on more and more charges to cover their losses, broad disgruntlement would certainly ensue. These questions and findings are not mere figments of the imagination,but the current reality in Hungary.
- Price: 4.80 €
Captured by Power
Captured by Power
(Captured by Power)
- Author(s):András Deák
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic history, Political history, Economic policy, Present Times (2010 - today), Public Finances
- Page Range:323-344
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Orban;Putyin;Paks;Nuclear Power;Energy Policy;renewable energy sources.
- Summary/Abstract:At the beginning of January 2014, the agreement signed by Viktor Orbán and Vladimir Putin at a meeting in Moscow elicited considerable public debate. This debate, however, was quite fragmented. It was not so much the cacophony of genres, or the cavalcade of domestic, foreign, or energy policy arguments, or the ideological or visceral viewpoints that were most striking, but rather the unstructured nature of the debate, and the divergent nature of the questions asked by those debating the subject. Two basic questions should be separated at the outset: First, what kind of energy policy options are there, and how well-founded is the Paks expansion plan in a technical sense? Is there a need for it? Second, what aspects guided the government, and within that the premier and his inner circle, in making this decision?
- Price: 8.80 €
Controlled Competition in the Agriculture
Controlled Competition in the Agriculture
(Controlled Competition in the Agriculture)
- Author(s):Pál Juhász
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics, Agriculture, Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:345-369
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Hungary;agriculture;privatization;
- Summary/Abstract:Although, since 2001, the deep liquidity recession that followed the agrarian economy has been avoided and it appears that the wheels are in motion to ensure the constant renewal of farming processes, what is more, since joining the EU the proportion of total income in agriculture is growing, there are serious consequences to the fact that this income and the number of people living from agriculture barely makes up 40% of the income and population of the 1980s. The population of villages was seriously affected by the rationalization of the industry and the rapid growth of productivity: they were the first to become superfluous.
- Price: 10.00 €
Western Social Development with an Eastern Set of Values?
Western Social Development with an Eastern Set of Values?
(Western Social Development with an Eastern Set of Values?)
- Author(s):Márton Kozák
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social history, Social development, Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:373-387
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Social development;Hungary;autokracy
- Summary/Abstract:The Western nature of the region, for the world on this side of the Iron Curtain, was exemplified by Hungary: leading European politicians from Helmut Kohl to Margaret Thatcher visited it then as often as Central Asian dictators do today.
- Price: 6.00 €
“One Camp, One Banner”
“One Camp, One Banner”
(“One Camp, One Banner”)
- Author(s):Krisztián Ungváry
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Present Times (2010 - today), History of Communism
- Page Range:389-419
- No. of Pages:31
- Keywords:Political parties;Hungary;historical memory;reevaluation of history;House of Terror;double-faced policy
- Summary/Abstract:The historical memory of a society reflects its political situation. In the last two and a half decades, the political system radically changed in Hungary,and a reevaluation of the historical past is completely natural after such a change of regime. In a country where after 1945 the (first clandestine,but soon open) dictatorship of the Communist Party made any discussion of the past all but impossible, with the communist view of history being forced on the society, the years of the transition should have brought significant changes in symbolic memory. Yet, looking back on those years, it is surprising how little changed in the first decade after the regime change,and how much a decade later.The failures of the socialist–liberal government, the economic crisis, and the policy of Fidesz are all responsible for the renaissance of extreme rightwing ideas, though not to the same extent. What proved decisive is the elevation of a memory politics that is compatible with Jobbik to the status of state policy—a continuation, in fact, of the slogan “One camp, one banner.”This policy proved to be a success to a certain extent, as today the rightwing interpretation of history dominates in Hungarian society. This politics legitimizes figures who can only be despised in Western Europe. Far from being a temporary phenomenon, the radical shift is more and more marked in Hungary. Similarly to the situation in Poland, a social democratic renaissance is quite unlikely to happen in Hungary any time soon. Neither has the former state party any chance to return to power. As opposed to Poland, however, liberals have no chance either in Hungary—they are not even represented in the parliament any longer. For the time being, only Fidesz is capable of keeping Jobbik at bay. This, however, should not make us forget that there is no clear boundary line between the view of history of the two parties, a fact that is the result of Fidesz’s double-faced policy. Will there be anything to convince voters, fed by dangerous ideological fodder, to use their common sense, and choose a democratic option at the time of crisis and social conflict? The answer to this question is shrouded in obscurity.
- Price: 12.40 €
The Land of an Appropriated God
The Land of an Appropriated God
(The Land of an Appropriated God)
- Author(s):György Gábor
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics and religion, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:421-458
- No. of Pages:38
- Keywords:political career;Orbán;Church – state relations;Hungary;
- Summary/Abstract:In December 2005, Viktor Orbán participated in an Advent conversation with Béla Balás, bishop of Kaposvár and Zoltán Balog, a Calvinist pastor (today Minister of Human Resources), where he talked about his own faith, his commitment to Christianity, his political mission, and also touched on topics like the fear of God, religious life, the relationship between government and Church, and the Church as an absolute standard of values, revealing to the audience his ars poetica as a politician and a leader.
- Price: 15.20 €
Nationalism and Hegemony
Nationalism and Hegemony
(Nationalism and Hegemony)
- Author(s):András Bozóki
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Political behavior, Politics and society, Present Times (2010 - today), Political Essay
- Page Range:459-489
- No. of Pages:31
- Keywords:Orbán regime;Hungary;Cultural policy;nationalism;
- Summary/Abstract:In this chapter the cultural politics of the Orbán regime will be interpreted in the context of the regime as a whole. In post-2010 Hungary, cultural policy cannot be viewed as one of the governmental sectors separable from the prime minister’s concept of power and symbolic politicking. The autocratic worldview and nationalist political culture represented by him are closely related to what his underlings perform under the rubric “cultural policy.” The essence of cultural policy is expressed by the notion of nationalism. This approach does not much tolerate alternative worldviews and artistic expressions; it seeks to achieve hegemony, if not cultural monopoly. Representatives of the regime do not enter debates on cultural and political values—they simply disregard the opposing views and aim to represent their own hegemonic approach which is identified with “the nation.” The cadres appointed as chiefs of a sector act according to the prime minister’s expectations.
- Price: 12.40 €
The Workings of the Media
The Workings of the Media
(The Workings of the Media)
- Author(s):Mária Vásárhelyi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Media studies, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:491-525
- No. of Pages:35
- Keywords:Hungary;Fidesz;Orbán regime;Media;propaganda;
- Summary/Abstract:The media landscape, as it stands today, clearly hinders the formation of a thoroughly informed public opinion. One of key principles of the 1989 political changeover was to dismantle the information monopoly controlled by the regime. A quarter century after the fall of communism, Hungary is once again just a tiny step away from having a new, insulated media monopoly entirely serving the interests and satisfying the expectations of the ruling power.
- Price: 14.00 €
Restoring Servility in the Educational Policy
Restoring Servility in the Educational Policy
(Restoring Servility in the Educational Policy)
- Author(s):Mihály Andor
- Language:English
- Subject(s):State/Government and Education, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:527-558
- No. of Pages:32
- Keywords:Educational Policy;Orban government;Hungary;Public education;
- Summary/Abstract:History has witnessed many revolts of serfs but never a revolt of the farm servants of large agricultural estates. Serfs, whether faring better or worse, were in charge, within certain limits, of their lives on their own lot. Farm servants, on the other hand, owned nothing at all. Even though provided with accommodation and shelter, they had no control over their lives since they were dependent on their landlords’ humanity for their well being.Serfs had the incentive to produce more so as to keep more. If their landlords tightened the rope around their necks, they had the consciousness to rebel. Servants, in contrast, received no more than their food and lodging, however hard they worked. Their resistance did not manifest itself in revolts but in sly individual acts such as punching the ox in the nose to slow it down in the furrows in order to make the work less exerting. At other times, they underhandedly spat or urinated into the landlord’s dish as a way of releasing their frustration. They cheated and thieved whenever they could to squeeze out just a bit more for themselves.
- Price: 12.80 €
The Taming of Civil Society
The Taming of Civil Society
(The Taming of Civil Society)
- Author(s):Ádám Nagy
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:559-574
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:civil society;Hungarian government;Orbán regime;civil organizations;Nonprofit organizationsgime;
- Summary/Abstract:The mafia state employs a multistep domestication methodology. Its first step is the centralization of funding and its control by a procurator. This move is “successful” with the majority of civil groups since they are primarily invested in realizing a given organizational goal rather taking a political stand. Therefore, in accepting the procurator’s response—funding or the promise of it in case of wait lists—they would not voice their discontent with this operational system. If the constrained funding does not suffice to reach its goal, the state deploys the media by, for instance, subjecting the oppositionally oriented civil society actors to communicational pressure. On this level all but those organizations would persist which, of the threefold task of civil society (participation, service, and control) would advocate the ethos of curbing the state’s dominance. Should the communicational pressure prove ineffective, the state will employ coercive means in order to enforce the government’s will, as exemplified by the intervention of the government’s Control Office and the police in the conflict with the NCTA. While the first method has been used more than a few times in the context of the Hungary’s incompletely realized democratic model, the second method’s application has been almost unprecedented. Finally, the deployment of central authority reveals how the octopus, an unequivocally nondemocratic system, works.
- Price: 6.40 €
The Opposition to the Mafia State
The Opposition to the Mafia State
(The Opposition to the Mafia State)
- Author(s):Zoltán Ripp
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:575-609
- No. of Pages:35
- Keywords:Hungary;Mafia state;Orbán’s government;
- Summary/Abstract:The lasting persistence of the political regime that came into being after 2010 required the neutralization of its opposition, that is, integration into the system. In a 2009 speech delivered in Kötcse, Viktor Orbán explained in unambiguous terms the kind of party relations he intended to create in the new regime replacing the democratic republic: The dual party system will end—in the following fifteen to twenty years a central field of power will evolve to define the political landscape. The hegemonic government party will monopolize power and formulate the national agenda to be upheld in a straightforward manner by precluding “unnecessary debates about values.” This hegemonic system maintaining the facade of parliamentarism is not be sustained by doing away with the opposition but by integrating it in a subordinate position, rendering it unsuitable to gain power as a player in a rotational party system.
- Price: 14.00 €
Capitalism After Communism
Capitalism After Communism
(Capitalism After Communism)
- Author(s):Iván Szelényi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Government/Political systems, Comparative politics, Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Present Times (2010 - today), Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:637-649
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:post-communist transformation period;privatization processes;Hungary;Orbán’s government;Eastern Europe;
- Summary/Abstract:It would be plausible to construct a ‘variety of communisms’ theory, categorizing the state-socialist economies not only by region but by historical epoch. China, for example, imitated the Stalinist model in the first years after the Revolution, but by the 1960s the PRC had developed its own unique social and economic institutions. The goulash communism of János Kádár’s Hungary, which took shape after 1956, differed drastically from the classical Soviet model. Nevertheless, during the last decades of state socialism, the communist societies were broadly on a convergence trajectory: the gap between Czechoslovakia or Hungary and the USSR, for instance, narrowed. State ownership of the means of production, the redistributive nature of economic integration and the political monopoly of the Communist Party created a homologous institutional environment. The system largely suppressed the legacies of pre-communist times.
- Price: 5.20 €
Index
Index
(Index)
- Contributor(s):Bálint Magyar (Editor)
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:659-662
- No. of Pages:4
- Price: 4.50 €
List of contributors
List of contributors
(List of contributors)
- Contributor(s):Bálint Magyar (Editor)
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:651-658
- No. of Pages:8
- Price: 4.50 €
