L'udáci a komunisti: Súperi? Spojenci? Protivníci?
The Ľudáci and the Communists: Rivals? Allies? Opponents?
Contributor(s): Xénia Šuchová (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Special Historiographies:, Security and defense, History of Communism
Published by: Historický ústav SAV
Keywords: Slovakia; Czechoslovakia; history; communism; politics; diplomacy; economy; 20th century; interwar period; WWII; 60s; Christianity; trade unions; Slovak People’s Party; nationalism;
Summary/Abstract: Vznik Československa r. 1918 zastihol Slovensko uprostred procesu premeny z tradičnej na modernú občiansku spoločnosť. Narážali v ňom na seba dve protichodné tendencie: tiahnutie ku konzervativizmu sa odrážalo vo vysokej miere religiozity; modernizačná tendencia sa - okrem iných relevantných znakov - prejavila v prudkej, až agresívnej dynamike politického a verejného života. Obe poznačili aj „zžívanie sa“ domáceho obyvateľstva s vyspelejším a „modernejším“ českým národným elementom v novom spoločnom štáte. V podmienkach hospodárskeho liberalizmu a parlamentnej demokracie, vyznačujúcej sa na jednej strane rozsiahlymi ústavnými právami a slobodami, na druhej strane recipovanými zákonmi rakúsko-uhorskej monarchie, tento prechod nemohol byť priamočiary ani bezbolestný. Prežitá „Veľká vojna“ pustošivo vtrhla do myslí ľudí, narušila, ba prevrátila dovtedajší hodnotový systém a otriasla či aspoň spochybnila predtým nesporné autority: štát a cirkev. Spolu s pretrvávajúcou sociálnou a nacionálnou frustráciou „ľudových“ vrstiev, s ich neschopnosťou pochopiť objektívne príčiny a neochotou vyrovnať sa s pozíciou nerovnoprávneho článku v novom štátnom zväzku, bola aj kríza tradičných hodnôt živnou pôdou pre politický extrémizus - pravý aj ľavý. Zápas s nimi, trvajúci celé medzivojnové obdobie, československú demokraciu oslaboval, až napokon, vyčerpaná a opustená spojencami, podľahla zahraničnej agresii. V polohe dobovej ľudáckej resp. komunistickej rétoriky sú odpovede na otázky položené v titule zborníka pomerne jednoduché a priamočiare; v propagačných brožúrach, politických a verejných prejavoch, straníckej tlači atd. obe hnutia jednoznačne vystupujú ako programoví nepriatelia, nezmieriteľní ideoví protivníci. Na verejných zhromaždeniach organizovaných jednou či druhou stranou sa ich aktivisti navzájom potierali nevyberanými slovnými invektívami, medzi militantnými stúpencami oboch hnutí dochádzalo ku krvavým zrážkam. Naopak, tzv. „štátotvorná“ propaganda v nich rada videla otvorených či skrytých spojencov: pri podkopávaní „československej národnej a štátnej jednoty“, pri torpédovaní základov ústavnej demokracie a spochybňovaní samotnej existencie štátu, pri (domnelej či skutočnej) službe cudzím mocnostiam. Hoci obavy boli namieste, argumentácia vládnych strán bola často až bizarná, no aj kontra-produktívna, pretože skôr zahmlievala ako ozrejmovala nebezpečné spoločné črty pravej a ľavej opozície - symptómy totalitných ašpirácií, rozpoznateľné už od samého začiatku: príchylnosť k autoritatívnym či diktátorským zahraničným vzorom, k ich geopolitickým predstavám a akceptovanie nedemokratického, násilného „rozťatia“ latentných vnútorných problémov. Pri konfrontácii s prameňmi neverejnej povahy sa ukazuje, že skutočnosť bola oveľa zložitejšia a že vz^'ah ľudákov a komunistov bol v priebehu času značne premenlivý. Napriek príležitostným vzájomným „oťukávaniam“ a individuálnym straníckym „prebehlíkom“ tu rozhodne nešlo o spoluprácu v opozícii, hoci podobná, účelovo protivládna rétorika k takejto interpretácii akoby ponúkala. Možno potvrdiť, že od začiatku boli rivalmi: vo volebnej agitácii súperili o priazeň tých istých, t. j. najnižších a nižších stredných sociálnych vrstiev, ťažko zasiahnutých dôsledkami vojny a povojnového rozvratu, krízou tradičných hodnôt, v ďalších rokoch najviac postihnutých dopadom transformácie, modernizácie a racionalizácie a krízového vývoja hospodárstva. Je však zrejmé, že ich vzájomný pomer nemožno spoľahlivo určiť bez prihliadnutia k „tretiemu na ihrisku“. Tým boli tzv. „centralistické“ - občianske aj socialistické - koaličné strany, ktoré formovali a určovali charakter demokratického politického systému. Nefungoval bez chýb a rozhodne poskytoval dostatok dôvodov ako aj príležitostí pre nekompromisnú oponentúru. Spoločným úhlavným protivníkom oboch hnutí, ktoré sa etablovali na jeho pravom resp. ľavom okraji, bol liberalizmus, v ktorom videli základný princíp československej demokracie. Pritom komunistické hnutie v ČSR, a najmä v jej východných častiach, možno prinajmenšom od polovice 20. rokov minulého storočia oprávnene charakterizovať ako ľavý politický extrém, vzhľadom na otvorenú deklaráciu cieľov a prostriedkov: likvidovať pluralitný politický systém, zvrhnúť parlamentnú demokraciu cestou socialistickej revolúcie a nahradiť ju „diktatúrou proletariátu“. Jednoznačná kvalifikácia ľudáckeho autonomistického hnutia ako pravicového extrému však nemá pre medzivojnové obdobie opodstatnenie. Z hľadiska straníckopolitického spektra sa HSĽS deklarovala predovšetkým ako kresťanská, konzervatívna a národná strana a v oficiálnych vyhláseniach rešpektovala, i keď s rastúcimi výhradami, existujúci demokratický systém a režim. Na politickom spektrograme obsadzovala počas celého dvadsaťročia miesto od stredu doprava, i keď od samého začiatku v sebe zahŕňala aj extrémistické zložky, ktoré mali ambíciu aj skrytý potenciál v „priaznivých podmienkach“ ovládnuť celú stranu. Ak politickú stranu charakterizuje okrem programu a organizačnej štruktúry vôľa súperiť o politickú moc, potom táto vôľa nechýbala ani ľudákom, ani komunistom. Kým však ľudová strana počas trvania predmníchovskej republiky čoraz vehementnejšie a agresívnejšie presadzovala svoj nárok na väčší podiel na moci, komunistická strana od samého začiatku cielene smerovala k prevzatiu absolútne celej moci v štáte a k jej podriadeniu potrebám „proletárskej revolúcie“; nech už to aktuálna taktická línia otvorene priznávala alebo, naopak, zastierala. Do novej roviny sa vzťah ľudákov a komunistov dostal po vyhlásení autonómie Slovenska 6. októbra 1938, odkedy HSĽS závratným tempom uskutočňovala demontáž československej demokracie, smerovala k monopolu politickej moci na Slovensku a završovala svoju vnútornú fašizáciu. Predchá-dzajúce spoločné postavenie legálnej parlamentnej opozície sa už prvými opatreniami autoritatívneho Tisovho ľudáckeho režimu zásadne zmenilo na protiklad medzi štáto-stranou a ilegálnym subjektom, vytlačeným mimo politického systému. Narastajúca perzekúcia komunistov po zániku druhej ČSR a počas trvania vojnovej Slovenskej republiky, v ktorej pro-nacistické Tukovo krídlo neustále posilňovalo mocenské pozície a presadzovalo totalitný charakter štátu, je zmapovanou (no aj deformovanou) témou. Neprebádaná je dosiaľ otázka vzájomnej infiltrácie ľudáckeho straníckeho a štátneho aparátu bývalými komunistami a naopak, ilegálnych komunistických a odbojových štruktúr ľudákmi. Takisto novou príležitosťou je skúmanie totalitných praktík a agitačno- propagačných techník „získavania“ národne saturovanej spoločnosti pre proklamované „národné“ ciele ľudákov, v konfrontácii s praktikami a technikami uplatňovanými komunistami po druhej svetovej vojne, v mene „socialistických“ cieľov, na ceste k monopolu moci a po jej uchopení. Na tomto poli doterajší výskum pokročil najviac, vďaka dlhodobej spoločenskej objednávke a záujmu na odhaľovaní zločinov komunizmu. Porovnávaciu rovinu vzájomných vzťahov ľudákov a komunistov tu poskytuje jednak známa činnosti retribučných súdov a bezpečnostných orgánov pri „vyhľadávaní“ a potieraní „zahraničných fašistov a ich domácich pomáhačov“, jednak tiež novo otvorená otázka „dlhých tieňov“ ľudáckej minulosti nad a vo vnútri totalitnej komunistickej strany po februárovom prevrate r.1948. Základ publikácie Ľudáci a komunisti: Súperi? Spojenci? Protivníci? tvoria vystúpenia prednesené na rovnomennej vedeckej konferencii v Banskej Bystrici v dňoch 30.11.-1.12. 2005, ktorú usporiadalo tamojšie pracovisko Historického ústavu Slovenskej akadémie vied v spolupráci s Katedrou histórie Fakulty humanitných vied Univerzity Mateja Bela. Otázku „styčných plôch“ fenoménov ľudáctva a (boľševického) komu¬nizmu slovenská historiografia - pod ideologickou kuratelou vládnucej strany - v minulosti buď celkom obchádzala alebo neprijateľne deformovala. No aj v zmenených spoločensko-politických podmienkach ju dlhší čas nechávala na okraji bádateľského záujmu a prenechávala jej interpretovanie viac či menej zaujatej publicistike. Publikované príspevky, prepracované do podoby vedeckých štúdií a vybavené poznámkovým aparátom, odkazujúcim na zásadné, dosiaľ nepublikované pramene, tak prinášajú množstvo nových poznatkov a otvárajú celkom netradičné pohľady na problematiku. Viacerí autori tu predstavili výsledky svojho najnovšieho výskumu v rámci spoločne riešeného projektu Vedeckej grantovej agentúry SAV č. 2/4183/24 „Radikálny socializmus a komunizmus na Slovensku v rokoch 1918 -1989. Spoločnosť medzi demokraciou a totalitou“. Záverečné slovo prof. Zdeňka Kárníka bilancuje výsledky takmer päťročnej spolupráce českých a slovenských historikov na široko koncipovanom projekte Grantovej agentúry Akadémie vied Českej republiky č. A8063101 „KSČ a radikálni socialismus v Československu 1918 -1989“. Podujatie sa sústredilo na analýzu a komparáciu oboch politických hnutí, ich programov, pôsobenia a ich vzájomných vz^'ahov v meniacom sa spoločensko- politickom kontexte, ako bolo naznačené vyššie: -ako strán operujúcich na pravom resp. ľavom okraji politického spektra predmníchovskej Československej republiky, súčasne využívajúcich a zneuží¬vajúcich systém parlamentnej demokracie; -vo vzájomne obrátených roliach totalitnej štáto-strany a perzekvovaného ilegálneho politického subjektu, aké zaujímali v podmienkach ľudáckeho režimu počas druhej svetovej vojny, resp. v povojnovom období na ceste komunistov k totalitnej moci a po jej ovládnutí vo februári 1948. Autori statí v predstavovanej publikácii netvoria názorovo jednoliaty celok, ani neuplatňujú rovnaké metodologické prístupy. Ponúkajú analytické sondy do jednotlivých oblastí, umožňujúce skôr komparáciu stanovísk oboch strán než syntetizujúci celospoločenský pohľad, čo napokon zodpovedá novosti otvorenej problematiky. Pokiaľ niektoré čiastkové závery pôsobia provokujúco - potom to tak má byť: zmyslom a cieľom publikácie je pozvať širokú historickú obec k argumentovanej diskusii o nadhodených otázkach.
- Print-ISBN-10: 80-89046-38-X
- Page Count: 197
- Publication Year: 2006
- Language: Slovak
Úvod
Úvod
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Xénia Šuchová
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Editorial
- Page Range:5-8
- No. of Pages:4
- Summary/Abstract:Vznik Československa r. 1918 zastihol Slovensko uprostred procesu premeny z tradičnej na modernú občiansku spoločnosť. Narážali v ňom na seba dve protichodné tendencie: tiahnutie ku konzervativizmu sa odrážalo vo vysokej miere religiozity; modernizačná tendencia sa - okrem iných relevantných znakov -prejavila v prudkej, až agresívnej dynamike politického a verejného života. Obe poznačili aj „zžívanie sa“ domáceho obyvateľstva s vyspelejším a „modernejším“ českým národným elementom v novom spoločnom štáte. V podmienkach hospodárskeho liberalizmu a parlamentnej demokracie, vyznačujúcej sa na jednej strane rozsiahlymi ústavnými právami a slobodami, na druhej strane recipovanými zákonmi rakúsko-uhorskej monarchie, tento prechod nemohol byť priamočiary ani bezbolestný.
Socialistická ideológia v konfrontácii s religióznym slovenským prostredím v prvej štvrtine 20. storočia (Politizácia kresťanskej tradície a sakralizácia socialistickej vízie)
Socialistická ideológia v konfrontácii s religióznym slovenským prostredím v prvej štvrtine 20. storočia (Politizácia kresťanskej tradície a sakralizácia socialistickej vízie)
(Socialist Ideology in Confrontation with the Religious Slovak Environment in the First Quarter of the 20th Century)
- Author(s):Juraj Benko
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), History of Communism
- Page Range:9-23
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Socialism; Communism; Socialist Ideology; Slovakia;
- Summary/Abstract:Ideologies of Socialism (Communism) and political Catholicism participated markedly in the political discourse of interwar Slovakia. Their political representations – the Social Democratic (or Communist) Party and the People´s Party – operated here as stable components of the political and public spheres. After the Republic came into existence in 1918, both ideological movements strove to reassert themselves as mass political parties in order to shape the political identity of the population by means of their own particular discourse. However, their aspirations were both stimulated and restrained by the cultural background of the Slovak, still partially urban, partially rural, society. Such an environment was held over by traditionalism and strong religiosity. The first part of the paper discusses the confrontation and conflict between the Socialist ideology and the political Catholicism both in general and at a concrete political (discursive) level. The second part is an analysis of the specific relation of the Socialist ideology to Christianity, church and religiosity in theory and praxis, and the ways of coping with this phenomenon in the Slovak society in the first quarter of the 20th century.
„Heslo autonómie alebo právo na odtrhnutie?“ (Komunistické ponímanie národnostnej a „slovenskej“ otázky do polovice 20. rokov)
„Heslo autonómie alebo právo na odtrhnutie?“ (Komunistické ponímanie národnostnej a „slovenskej“ otázky do polovice 20. rokov)
(“Autonomy vs. the Right to Separation?” (The Communist concept of the national and the so-called “Slovak” questions in the first half of the 1920s))
- Author(s):Xénia Šuchová
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Governance, Nationalism Studies, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Identity of Collectives
- Page Range:24-52
- No. of Pages:29
- Keywords:Slovakia; Autonomy; Separation; Right to Separation; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia;
- Summary/Abstract:The article deals with the ambiguous concept of the national and the specifically “Slovak“ questions as applied by the Czechoslovak Communists in the first half of the 1920s. Two contradictory concepts – the Austro-Marxist slogan of cultural and territorial autonomy within a multinational state and the Bolshevist claim to national self-determination leading to the separation from such a state – were followed by different streams of the former “Marxist Left“ and, later, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC). Since the Party´s activities were legal within the framework of parliamentary democracy, the search for some kind of autonomous application of the Communist International resolutions on national policy, which were binding for the Party, was marked with sharp factional struggles. On the one hand, the faction of Slovak “Communists-Nationalists“ (Slovak: “nacionálni komunisti”), belonging to the radical Left, challenged the concept of cultural autonomy and broad local self-government formulated by the moderate leaders of the Communist Party. On the other hand, it faced the slogan of full political autonomy voiced by the Slovak People's Party in accordance with the Pittsburgh Agreement. The Resolution on the National Question adopted by the 5th Congress of the Communist International held in 1924 eliminated all differences. As a result, the uniform ”revolutionary” solution to the national question was definitely imposed upon the CPC´s policy by the Executive of the Communist International in 1925.
Komunisti, ľudáci a maďarská iredenta
Komunisti, ľudáci a maďarská iredenta
(The Communists, Autonomists and the Hungarian Irredentists)
- Author(s):Maroš Hertel
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Governance, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
- Page Range:53-60
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Slovakia; Hungarian Irredentists; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia;
- Summary/Abstract:At first sight, concepts concerning the position of Slovakia at the international scene after WW I proposed by the Communists, the Autonomists (Slovak: ľudáci) or the Hungarian Irredentists may not seem interrelated. Nevertheless, a deeper study into these proposals reveals certain points of contact among them. It is because they wanted to attain the same goal but suggested different ways to do so. First of all, they called for the abolishment of the status quo produced by the coming-into-existence of the Czechoslovak Republic. Whilst the Autonomists, represented by the Slovak People´s Party, demanded equality between the Czechs and the Slovaks in their own common state, the Irredentists desired to restore the status ante the year 1918, and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia forwarded a novel solution to the national question in terms of proletarian internationalism. The activity of Irredentists resulted in contacts of the representatives of these three concepts.
Pozemková reforma v politike dominantných politických strán na Slovensku v období 1.ČSR (s ťažiskom v 20. rokoch)
Pozemková reforma v politike dominantných politických strán na Slovensku v období 1.ČSR (s ťažiskom v 20. rokoch)
(Land Reform in the Policy of the Leading Political Parties in Slovakia in the 1st Czechoslovak Republic with a Special Focus on the 1920s)
- Author(s):Pavol Martuliak
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Agriculture, Economic history, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
- Page Range:61-75
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Land Reform; First Czechoslovak Republic; Slovakia; Agrarian Policy; Slovak People's Party; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia;
- Summary/Abstract:In the First Czechoslovak Republic, Slovakia remained its backward agrarian part because of its less developed economic structure. The Slovak agriculture suffered from unequal distribution of land, which caused the “hunger for land” among the poorest farmers – a majority of the Slovak population. The land reform, expected to solve this problem, was carried out according to laws issued by the Parliament, usually in agreement with the Agrarian Party’s policy. The study briefly outlines the development and results of the reform. It also shows the relations and political attitudes of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to the land reform and its accomplishment in Slovakia. The focus is on the 1920s.
Kresťanské odbory v spolupráci a konfrontácii s komunistickými odbormi
Kresťanské odbory v spolupráci a konfrontácii s komunistickými odbormi
(Christian Trade Unions in Cooperation and Confrontation with the Communist Trade Unions)
- Author(s):Milan Katuninec
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, Economic history, Recent History (1900 till today), History of Communism
- Page Range:76-87
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:First Czechoslovak Republic; Slovakia; Christian trade unions; Christian Social Trade Union Association of Workers;
- Summary/Abstract:When the First Czechoslovak Republic came into existence, favourable conditions made way to founding trade unions in Slovakia. The rise of Christian trade unions was viewed not only as an effort to solve the workers´ status according to the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum but also as materialization of Christian political parties´ interests. Since several political parties presented themselves as Christian ones, several Christian trade unions operated in Slovakia. The Christian Social Trade Union Association of Workers turned into the most important trade union organization in Slovakia when Rudolf Čavojský became Chief Secretary in autumn 1923. Čavojský also deserves credit for the participation of the Association in concluding collective agreements and strengthening its position among trade unions. Although the study concentrates on cooperation and confrontation between the Christian and the Communist trade unions from 1939 on, it also briefly deals with the period when the Christian trade unions held the monopoly position in Slovakia.
Limity púsobení ľuďáckého odborového hnutí ve 30.letech
Limity púsobení ľuďáckého odborového hnutí ve 30.letech
(Limited Effects of Slovak People’s Party Trade Unions in the 1930´s)
- Author(s):Jakub Rákosník
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Economic history, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), History of Communism
- Page Range:88-101
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Christian Social Trade Union Association of Workers; Slovak Christian Socialists; Slovak People’s Party;
- Summary/Abstract:This article is concerned with the position of Christian Socialist trade unions interrelated with Hlinka´s Slovak People’s Party within the Czechoslovak Labour movement in the 1930´s. During this period, the Slovak Christian Socialist trade unions were relatively weak and the growth of their membership was relatively slow in comparison with their rivals. Their weakness was caused by a number of both structural and political factors. The most important one stemmed from the structure of population which, in comparison with the Czech lands, showed fewer employees. So, their success was dependent on nationalism of Hlinka’s Slovak People´s Party and its trade union central. Another cause of their weakness was in their main rivals (Social Democratic and Communist unions), able to operate throughout the country. Moreover, the Communists managed to effectively use the Nationalist rhetoric and the Czech radical Nationalist trade unions (National Democratic) ran their organizations in Slovakia with relative success. Unlike their rivals, the Slovak Christian Socialist trade unions neither had nor wanted to have their organisations in the Czech lands. Furthermore, the Christian Socialist trade unions did not seem to be able to undermine the firm position of the left-wing political parties held in major factories in Slovakia at that time. They gained power only after the prohibition of other trade unions in 1939.
Postoj HSĽS k podpisu československo-sovietskej zmluvy z roku 1935
Postoj HSĽS k podpisu československo-sovietskej zmluvy z roku 1935
(Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party’s Attitude to the Czechoslovak-Soviet Treaty of 1935)
- Author(s):Róbert Arpáš
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), History of Communism
- Page Range:102-107
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Slovak People´s Party; Czechoslovak-Soviet Treaty of 1935;
- Summary/Abstract:From 1922 on, the Czechoslovak-Soviet diplomatic relations were modified by the Provisional Treaty which, however, did not represent the de iure status. The situation changed in the 1930s in the context of international political affairs. After the diplomatic de iure recognition of the Soviet Union by Czechoslovakia on 9 June 1934, the new Czechoslovak-Soviet Treaty – now a treaty between allies – was signed on 16 May 1935. The orientation of the Czechoslovak foreign policy towards Moscow was refused by Hlinka’s Slovak People´s Party (HSPP). They doubted the possibility of identifying the Soviet Union with a role of the peace actor and internationally responsible partner. It feared that the agreement was only the first step to the goal of Communists – the world revolution, proletarian dictatorship and government of the Soviets in Europe. The Party carefully observed and critically commented on the deepening of the relationship between Prague and Moscow. Instead of the orientation towards Moscow, they preferred a close co-operation with the Catholic and Slavic Warsaw. But Poland regarded Czechoslovakia as a regional competitor and was not interested in a correct relationship. The HSPP was not able to recognize the real aims of Poland at the international scene and to produce their own realistic concept of foreign policy.
Československo-sovietske spojenectvo z pohľadu mladoľudáckeho Nástupu
Československo-sovietske spojenectvo z pohľadu mladoľudáckeho Nástupu
(The Czechoslovak-Soviet Alliance from the Standpoint of the Nástup Fortnightly)
- Author(s):Milan Zemko
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), History of Communism
- Page Range:108-117
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Czechoslovak-Soviet Alliance; The Ascent of the Young Slovak Autonomist Generation; Slovak People's Party;
- Summary/Abstract:The fortnightly paper called Nástup mladej slovenskej autonomistickej generácie (“The Ascent of the Young Slovak Autonomist Generation”, abbreviated to Nástup – Ascent, issued in 1933- 1940), lead by the Ján and Ferdinand Ďurčanský brothers, stood like Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, on the right wing of the political spectrum in the First Czechoslovak Republic and unambiguously rejected the ideas and practice of the Soviet Communism, the Third International and the domestic Communist Party. This was also why Nástup was principally against any kind of alliance between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union as it considered both that country and the world Communist movement controlled by Moscow Bolsheviks as subversive not only of the Christian (Catholic) faith and morality but also of the social system respecting Christian values. Moreover, they refused the so-called Jewish-Bolshevik roots of Communism and the Soviet Union. At the same time, Nástup doubted the credibility and potential of the Soviet Union as an ally of Czechoslovakia because of political trials going on in Moscow, officially justified by the alleged treason of the tried Soviet politicians and soldiers.
Ilegálna KSS vo vzťahu k HSĽS, HG a HM v rokoch 1939-1943
Ilegálna KSS vo vzťahu k HSĽS, HG a HM v rokoch 1939-1943
(The Relations of the Illegal Communist Party of Slovakia to Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, Hlinka's Guard and Hlinka's Youth in 1939-1943)
- Author(s):Karol Fremal
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
- Page Range:118-129
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Slovak People's Party; Communist Party; Slovakia; Slovak National Uprising;
- Summary/Abstract:During World War II, Hlinka´s Slovak People's Party (HSPP) and the Communist Party were opponents, trying to politically eliminate each other as the most powerful enemy and rival. After taking over the power in Slovakia on 6 October 1938, the first steps of HSPP were to put the Communist Party and its organizations and associations under ban. After the Slovak National Uprising broke up, the Slovak National Council, which had incorporated representatives of the Communist Party, used its first resolution issued on 1 September 1945 for getting rid of HSPP and the regime it represented. After the 1945 liberation, activities of this political party and its mass organizations were not restored. The study analyses and clarifies the relationship between these rivals in 1939-1943, i.e. in the first period of Slovak Resistance movement and in the period of relative consolidation of the Slovak state´s regime.
Prvé máje v režimovej tlači 1939 -1944
Prvé máje v režimovej tlači 1939 -1944
(May Day Festivals in the Slovak Regime's Press in 1939-1943)
- Author(s):Marína Zavacká
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Customs / Folklore, Media studies, Recent History (1900 till today), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
- Page Range:130-136
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:The First of May; Slovak Regime's Press in 1939-1943;
- Summary/Abstract:The First of May has remained rooted in the public memory as an exclusively “Communist holiday”. In an attempt to distinguish one-self from the previous totalitarian regime, the Communist power not only neglected but even censored the Socialist dimension of its predecessor. The wartime regime was continuously labelled as “reactionary”, “conservative” and “right-wing”. The post-1989 historiography has focused on the description of both regimes, partially in comparative studies (e.g. the concepts of totalitarianism). It has approached them as two regimes produced by two distinct sets of individuals and embedded in two different sources of ideology and power (the U.S.S.R. and Germany). There are almost no hints to mutual connections and even support, to the adoption and “inheritance” of rhetoric, rituals, programmes and activists. Dealing with the wartime May Day rituals, the study exploits period papers as an interesting source of political and medial discourse which echoed in public celebrations during the following forty years.
Vzťah komunistickej strany Slovenska a politického katolicizmu na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 -1947
Vzťah komunistickej strany Slovenska a politického katolicizmu na Slovensku v rokoch 1945 -1947
(The relation between the Communist Party of Slovakia and the political Catholicism in Slovakia in 1945-1947)
- Author(s):Marek Syrný
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Christian Theology and Religion, Recent History (1900 till today), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
- Page Range:137-153
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS); Democratic Party (DP); Slovakia; political Catholicism;
- Summary/Abstract:After World War II, only two political parties – the Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) and the Democratic Party (DP) – were legal. After the War, it was impossible for the political Catholicism, compromised by the participation in the totalitarian regime of the First Slovak Republic and collaboration with the Nazi Germany, to be represented by its own political party. Shortly after the 1945 Liberation, both the DP and the CPS made attempts to integrate noncompromised Catholic politicians. The relatively good relationship between the CPS and the political Catholicism lasted until the Church educational system was nationalized. This act of carried out by the CPS was strongly contested and the Catholic politicians decided to initiate the process of forming a Catholic political party. Their decision was later supported by the CPS because such a party seemed to be an appropriate instrument for weakening the influence of the Democratic Party. But after the political Catholicism got integrated into the DP, the Communists responded with constant attacks directed against the Party. In autumn 1947, the pressure culminated in an event referred to as the conspiracy against the State. As a result, the leading representatives of the political Catholicism and politicians of the DP were accused by the State Police influenced by the CPS of collaborating with illegal groups. That was why some Catholic politicians demanded consensus with and moderate policy towards the CPS.
Biela légia ako forma protikomunistickej rezistencie na Slovensku (K otázke vzniku a jej pôsobeniu na Slovensku)
Biela légia ako forma protikomunistickej rezistencie na Slovensku (K otázke vzniku a jej pôsobeniu na Slovensku)
(The White Legion as a Form of the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia: The establishment and activities of the Legion in Slovakia)
- Author(s):Vladimír Varinský
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Military history, Recent History (1900 till today), Security and defense, History of Communism
- Page Range:154-168
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia; White Legion;
- Summary/Abstract:This study analyses the origin of the idea to organize the anti-Communist resistance through the so called White Legion. It compares the goals of the founders of the White Legion Transmitter with the actual achievements of the resistance movement in practice. This analysis is backed against documentary evidence related to the suppression of the White Legion in Slovakia by the State Security forces. The study also attempts to assess the role of these forces in the process of establishing and planting the White Legion in Slovakia.
„Ľudácke tiene“ v Komunistickej strane Slovenska (a nad ňou) po roku 1948
„Ľudácke tiene“ v Komunistickej strane Slovenska (a nad ňou) po roku 1948
(The “Shadows of Hlinka´s Party” inside and outside the Communist Party of Slovakia after 1948)
- Author(s):Jan Pešek
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:169-180
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Slovak People´s Party; Communist Party of Slovakia;
- Summary/Abstract:Two “shadows of Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party” seem to have harassed the Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) after the turnover in February 1948, when it became the governing party. They both emerged from the country´s recent history – the period of the Slovak Republic in 1939-1945 and, to a certain extent, the course of events in 1945-1948. The first “shadow” standing over the Party was the so-called “Bourgeois Nationalism”. Its manifestations began to be compared to the “spirit of Hlinka´s Party“ (“spirit of Ľudáctvo”) to such an extent that these two were taken for identical phenomena. The second shadow gathered directly inside the CPS from those members who had behind them the “past” as members of Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party, the Hlinka Guard, the Hlinka Youth or the Hlinka Guard Emergency Units. Whilst the first “shadow” was only devised to be purposefully implanted from outside into the then political situation, the second one was borne directly inside the Party ranks, and so objectively existent. Being deformed under the pressure of the permanent campaign against the “Bourgeois Nationalism and the spirit of „Ľudáctvo”, it took on a dangerous shape. Both of the “shadows” retreated only at the beginning of the 1960s (more precisely at the end of 1963) when the leaders of the regime were compelled to re-evaluate the accusations, seemingly unshakeable up to that time, and rehabilitate the so-called Slovak Bourgeois Nationalists.
Tzv. „slovenský buržoázny nacionalizmus“ v politike KSČ po XX. zjazde KSSZ (1956 -1960)
Tzv. „slovenský buržoázny nacionalizmus“ v politike KSČ po XX. zjazde KSSZ (1956 -1960)
(The “Slovak Bourgeois Nationalism” and the Policy of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia after the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956-1960))
- Author(s):Mária Rusková
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today), Nationalism Studies, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:181-192
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956-1960); Slovak Bourgeois Nationalism;
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of this study is to show methods used by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC) after 1956 to keep the vision of threat from the “Slovak Bourgeois Nationalism”. The reasons why the CPC did not intend to rehabilitate the people accused of “Slovak Bourgeois Nationalism” were ideological, political, and personal (the desire to hold power). The ideological and political reasons may be explained by the fear that to renounce the “Slovak Bourgeois Nationalism” means to completely renounce the “Slovak Nationalism”. It should be pointed out that the “Bourgeois Nationalism” was an important tool for the Communists in conducting their power policy. The feeling of insecurity concerning the maintenance of power beset the CPS in 1956 in relation with the situation in Hungary and Poland. The personal reasons were dominated by the fear of losing positions, which concerned mainly Novotný, Široký, Bacílek and others. The official causes of the existence of and direct pressure on the “Bourgeois Nationalists” were removed after 1956. However, the situation changed only little because the official Communist propaganda on the threat from the “Slovak Bourgeois Nationalism” survived in Czechoslovakia till the end of the 1960s.
Studium politických extrémú na Slovensku a grantový projekt „KSČ a radikálni socialismus v Československu 1918 -1989“
Studium politických extrémú na Slovensku a grantový projekt „KSČ a radikálni socialismus v Československu 1918 -1989“
(Studies in Political Extremes in Slovakia and the Grant Project on “The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and Radical Socialism in Czechoslovakia in 1918-1989“)
- Author(s):Zdeněk Kárník
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), History of Communism
- Page Range:193-196
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; Radical Socialism in Czechoslovakia in 1918-1989;
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of this research paper is not to study the key topics constituting the main theme. Instead, the focus will be on the functioning of political extremes in the Czech lands and in Slovakia. Moreover, extremist ideologies imported from other countries (Ruthenia, Czech lands, Hungary) will not be discussed, either, despite the fact that Bolshevism and Fascism did exist as transnational phenomena. The fact that Communism played a greater role in Slovakia than in the Czech lands is important and must be taken into consideration when social conditions are being analyzed. The problem of Fascism in Slovakia appears to be even more interesting especially when the extent of its influence on the Slovak population is examined. It is highly satisfactory that the Slovak historiography has made great progress over the last few years to find answers to some of these difficult questions. Much of this advance is due to the fact that the Slovak historiography has succeeded in overcoming its former provincial level.
Autori príspevkov
Autori príspevkov
(Article authors)
- Author(s):Author Not Specified
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life
- Page Range:197-197
- No. of Pages:1