Decentralizimi Fiskal dhe Transferimi i Granteve në Vendet në Tranzicion: Një Perspektivë Kritike
Fiscal Decentralisation and Grant Transfers In Transition Countries: A Critcal Perspective
Contributor(s): Željko Šević (Editor), Ilirjan Lipi (Editor)
Subject(s): Government/Political systems, Developing nations, Public Finances
Published by: ASET Albanian Socio - Economic Think - Tank
Keywords: Fiscal Decentralisation; Grants Transfer; Finance Supervision
Summary/Abstract: Transition is the term used as a synonym for the situation in which the world economy was, transformation from socialism to capitalism. The initial transition focus has been the economic transition, the change of the right-of-ownership regime and the liberalization of the economy. The primary focus was decentralization, because the former socialist states were completely centralized. Decentralization was necessary in order to begin transformation and modernization. The transition process, in itself, has not been easy. The Baltic States and Central European countries are considered as "more advanced transition countries / economies" that have done much to reform their economies and have successfully completed the transition through a democratic society over law enforcement and respecting human, individual and collective rights. All of these countries are already members of the European Union since 1 May 2004. The situation is somewhat different in the Balkans (South East Europe) and in Central Europe, but some of these countries (for example, Croatia) have made more progress towards integration into the EU.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-99956-34-55-1
- Page Count: 318
- Publication Year: 2009
- Language: Albanian
Decentralizimi: Çështje të transfertave ndërqeveritare dhe kooperimi fiskal
Decentralizimi: Çështje të transfertave ndërqeveritare dhe kooperimi fiskal
(Decentralization: Issues of Intergovernmental Transfers and Fiscal Co-operation)
- Author(s):Željko Šević
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:11-28
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Transition; Decentralization; Political Decentralization; Fiscal Decentralization
- Summary/Abstract:The end of the 1980s was marked by the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, symbolically indicated by the fall of the Berlin Wall. The former communist countries then entered the process that later became known as transition (see the literature in Ńević, 1999). This term attempts to capture the fact that the process would lead to the complete transformation of the (former) socialist regime, in contrast to the “reforms” often initiated in socialist countries that had failed to bring about change, and that they did not highlight the main flaw of socialism (see: Ńević, 1999). Transition was understood as a social change that had many dimensions: economic, political, social, etc.
Decentralizimi Fiskal në Republikën Çeke: Çështjet Aktuale dhe Problemet
Decentralizimi Fiskal në Republikën Çeke: Çështjet Aktuale dhe Problemet
(Fiscal Decentralization in the Czech Republic: Current Issues and Problems)
- Author(s):Phillip J. Bryson, Gary C. Cornia
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Economy, Developing nations, Public Finances
- Page Range:29-48
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Fiscal Decentralisation in the Czech Republic; Property Tax; Grants
- Summary/Abstract:The Czech Republic's economic and fiscal transition to a market-oriented and decentralized economy, as well as progress in achieving local self-government, have been notable. These achievements have placed the Czech Republic on the list of countries aspiring to be part of the European Union. This is the second time that the Czechs have come close to membership as a modern democracy. At the end of World War I, Bohemia and Moravia were no longer part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. By then, they had secured limited self-government and had embarked on a path toward industrial development. When the Empire dissolved in 1918, Slovakia joined Bohemia and Moravia to form the Federal State of Czechoslovakia. This first and temporary experiment in federalism gave the new federation an opportunity to experiment with democracy and begin a tradition of local self-government.
Decentralizimi fiskal në Poloni
Decentralizimi fiskal në Poloni
(Fiscal Decentralization in Poland)
- Author(s):Bartlomiej Gurba
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Developing nations, Economic development, Public Finances
- Page Range:49-87
- No. of Pages:39
- Keywords:Political Decentralization; Administrative Decentralization; Fiscal Decentralization
- Summary/Abstract:This paper describes two reforms of the intergovernmental fiscal system in Poland, which took place during the last decade. The 1991 decentralization reform aimed at self-government at the local level, while the 1998 reform targeted the regional and intermediate levels. The framework for this analysis is the definition of the concept of decentralization and the classification of its three dimensions according to Rondinelli (1981). The aim of this paper is to find out how deep fiscal decentralization is in Poland, i.e. the first dimension, and whether it is satisfactorily combined with the other two dimensions - political and administrative decentralization. According to Rondinelli, decentralization is a transfer of authority and responsibilities for public functions from the central government to lower forms of government that have a high degree of independence. Rondinelli distinguishes between three types of decentralization: political decentralization, administrative decentralization and fiscal decentralization.
Transferta e granteve në Financat e Qeverisjes Lokale në Poloni
Transferta e granteve në Financat e Qeverisjes Lokale në Poloni
(Grants Transfer to Local Government Finance in Poland)
- Author(s):Piotr Bury, Paweł Swianiewicz
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Government/Political systems, Public Finances
- Page Range:89-108
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Grant Transfer; Equalization Grants;
- Summary/Abstract:Local government reform was one of the main priorities of the first post-communist government, which was formed in September 1989. The 1990 reform included elected local government in municipalities, while the higher levels continued to be managed by the state administration. At the end of 1998, the government decided to change the territorial organization of the state and establish a new (higher) level of local government. As a result of this process, there are now three levels of territorial government: almost 2,500 municipalities, 315 counties (plus 65 cities with county status) and 16 regions. Self-government is the only form of public administration for the two levels: municipalities and counties. At the regional level, there is a dual structure - on the one hand, elected self-government, and on the other - a governor (wojewoda), appointed by the Prime Minister, with his/her administrative apparatus.
Roli i obligacioneve komunale si një burim i pagueshëm për të financuar njësitë territoriale vetë-qeverisëse
Roli i obligacioneve komunale si një burim i pagueshëm për të financuar njësitë territoriale vetë-qeverisëse
(The role of Municipal Bonds as a source of finance to finance Self-Governing territorial units)
- Author(s):Maria Jastrzębska
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:109-117
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Political Transition; Economic Transition; Public Finances in Poland
- Summary/Abstract:In the late 1980s, shortly before the start of the transition period, two levels of public administration (local and regional) operated, but both were controlled by the state. The system was considered to be too centralized and costly and on the other hand was neither efficient nor creative for local and regional representatives. The process of political and economic transition, which began in 1989, was a major challenge for the revival of local autonomy. One of the strategic goals of the local government reform in 1990 was the implementation of the decentralization of state power.
Transferimi i Granteve dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Lituani
Transferimi i Granteve dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Lituani
(Grants Transfer and Financial Oversight in Lithuania)
- Author(s):Mark Chandler
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:119-138
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Local Administration; Local Government; Grants
- Summary/Abstract:Lithuanian local government operates in a rapidly changing environment. The structure of Lithuanian local government finances is also under constant review. Over the ten years of transition, changes have been made to the number of levels of local government, the number of municipalities, the taxes used to finance local government, and the types of grants paid by the state to municipalities. These changes continue to this day, with a rather radical reorganization of municipal funds in 2002. Lithuania is a country of 3.5 million inhabitants, a size similar to Ireland. Its current government is composed of a center-left coalition of Social Democrats and Social Liberals, and the next parliamentary elections are due in 2004. All major parties in Lithuania are committed to the goals of EU and NATO membership.
Transfertat e Granteve dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Estoni
Transfertat e Granteve dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Estoni
(Grants Transfers and Financial Supervision in Estonia)
- Author(s):Annika Jaansoo, Eliko Pedastsaar
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:139-160
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Local Government; The Grant System;
- Summary/Abstract:The values of local government are based on the system of government that developed after Estonia’s first independence in 1918, and most of them were rediscovered and reestablished (along with legal principles) on the eve of the post-communist transition. The reform of local government (LG) in Estonia began when some radical politicians declared their vision of Estonia as a fully independent state. On 8 August 1989, the Supreme Council adopted the Local Government Reform Act, and on 10 November, the new Local Government Act was adopted. This was the first step that challenged the old regime and promoted the development of democratic institutions in Estonia.
Transferta grant dhe Supervizioni i Financave në Letoni
Transferta grant dhe Supervizioni i Financave në Letoni
(Grant Transfer and Finance Supervision in Latvia)
- Author(s):Mudite Priede, Solvita Klapare
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:161-191
- No. of Pages:31
- Keywords:Local self-government; The grant system; Financial Supervision;
- Summary/Abstract:The citizens of the Republic of Latvia have implemented public state power through the highest decision-making institution – their Parliament, elected through direct elections, and district councils formed by self-government units. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia, the Parliament creates the highest executive state power – it approves the Council of Ministers consisting of the Prime Minister and ministers.
Transfertat e Granteve dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Bullgari: Parime dhe Praktikë
Transfertat e Granteve dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Bullgari: Parime dhe Praktikë
(Grants Transfers and Financial Oversight in Bulgaria: Principles and Practice)
- Author(s):Svetlana Alexandrova
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Governance, Public Administration, Public Finances
- Page Range:193-210
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Fiscal Decentralization; Local Public Administration; Local Finances; Financial Oversight;
- Summary/Abstract:The development of local democracy requires financial, legislative and territorial administration conditions. The transformation of the regional and local structure is a change first of all in the local institutional structure and then in the behavior of administrators and in the role of civil society.
Grantet e Transferueshme dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Rumani: Fokus mbi Reformat Kryesore të Prezantuara nga Ligji i Financave Publike
Grantet e Transferueshme dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Rumani: Fokus mbi Reformat Kryesore të Prezantuara nga Ligji i Financave Publike
(Transferable Grants and Financial Oversight in Romania: Focus on Key Reforms Introduced by the Law on Public Finances)
- Author(s):Clare Romanik, Francis Conway
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Governance, Post-Communist Transformation, Public Finances
- Page Range:211-227
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Local Government; Economic Development; Local Tax; The Grant System
- Summary/Abstract:The basic structure of local government in Romania is defined by the Constitution, under which local public administration shall be carried out “in administrative territorial units ... based on the principles of local autonomy and decentralization of public services”. Each administrative unit is organized as a legal person and has all the rights, obligations and functions defined by the laws of Romania. The two levels of local government in Romania are the County Council and the Local Council, with divisions in municipalities, cities and communes. There is no real or presumed hierarchical relationship between the two levels of local government. The Municipality of Bucharest has a special status and function from both the municipal and the city perspective.
Sistemi Financiar i Sektorit Publik në Bjellorusi: Problemet e mbi-centralizimit
Sistemi Financiar i Sektorit Publik në Bjellorusi: Problemet e mbi-centralizimit
(Public Sector Finance System in Belarus: Problems of over-centralization)
- Author(s):Željko Šević, Pliskevich Leonida
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Public Administration, Public Law, Public Finances
- Page Range:229-240
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Public Sector; The Public Financial System; Over-centralization
- Summary/Abstract:The Republic of Belarus is still a highly centralized state, despite the fact that some financial decentralization reforms have been implemented since 1997. For a long time, the central government has concentrated everything in its hands and controls almost the entire society. The country has a very brutal presidential regime, according to the “Executive President” model, where the president is officially the Head of State and at the same time the head of the executive branch. The Republic of Belarus is also called a “presidential state”, in which the President has the power of executive power, in addition to being officially the Head of State.
Mardhëniet Ndërqeveritare Financiare në Armeni
Mardhëniet Ndërqeveritare Financiare në Armeni
(Financial Intergovernmental Relations in Armenia)
- Author(s):David Tumanyan
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:241-255
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Intergovernmental Financial Relations; Local Self-government; Local Budget;
- Summary/Abstract:For countries in transition, it is extremely important to find an acceptable governance model. After determining the levels of governance, the next issue is to clarify intergovernmental relations. Then, we have various aspects, where, among others, financial relations occupy a special place. Each country creates its own type of intergovernmental financial relations, but, in general, they try to eliminate regional differences and ensure sustainable development. Intergovernmental financial relations in Armenia are not complicated. At the time when Armenia was a unique country, they did not depend on a simple government structure. The Law on the Budget System and the decisions of the Government of Armenia clearly defined intergovernmental financial relations.
Grantet e Transferueshme dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Kirgistan
Grantet e Transferueshme dhe Mbikëqyrja Financiare në Kirgistan
(Transferable Grants and Financial Oversight in Kyrgyzstan)
- Author(s):Nazira Tiuliundieva
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation, Public Finances
- Page Range:257-276
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Local Self-government; Local Administration; The Legal System;
- Summary/Abstract:The Kyrgyz government has made great progress in stabilizing the economy and reforming various sectors. Thanks to the support of the World Bank, the Public Sector Resource Management Adjustment Program (PSRMAC) has been adopted and steps have been taken in the 1997 budget to implement various elements of the reforms.
Decentralizimi dhe regullimet strukturore në Hungari
Decentralizimi dhe regullimet strukturore në Hungari
(Decentralization and Structural Adjustments in Hungary)
- Author(s):József Hegedűs
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:277-303
- No. of Pages:27
- Keywords:Decentralization; Local Government; Local Tax; The Structure of Grants
- Summary/Abstract:Hungary has undergone a radical structural change following the collapse of the socialist bloc in Central and Eastern Europe. Two basic processes dominated the transition: privatization and decentralization. The Hungarian experience has shown that political decentralization of the state sector can make a significant contribution to efficient economic adjustments in a recession, in transition. Local governments under fiscal pressure, enjoying a wide autonomy of expenditure, have chosen the level and form of public service provision that resulted in major advantages at the macro level, as well as at the micro level.
Pasojat e paparashikueshme buxhetore te decentralizimit: Karakteristikat e Pergjithshme dhe Specifikat
Pasojat e paparashikueshme buxhetore te decentralizimit: Karakteristikat e Pergjithshme dhe Specifikat
(Unpredictable budgetary consequences of decentralization: General Characteristics and Specifications)
- Author(s):Herrington J. Bryce
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:305-318
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Decentralization; Local Self-government; Local Budget
- Summary/Abstract:Many areas in Eastern Europe have moved rapidly towards privatization and local self-government. Today, the formal transition is almost complete in many areas, but the problems of adaptation to the new economic order are troubling. First and foremost, a common problem facing local public administrators throughout Eastern Europe is finding ways to make these concepts work.
