Zapomniani książęta? Sułkowscy w XVIII–XX wieku
Forgotten princes? The Sulkowski family in the eighteenth-twentieth century
Contributor(s): Dariusz Nawrot (Editor), Grzegorz Madej (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Cultural history, Political history, Social history, Modern Age, Recent History (1900 till today), 18th Century, 19th Century
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Summary/Abstract: The following chapters of the work have been devoted to the fate of the representatives of different lines of the Sułkowskis from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Adam Perłakowski outlined not only the subsequent stages of Aleksander Józef Sułkowski's political career, but also the source of economic power that allowed maintaining the family's splendour in the next generations. Jiří Brňovják, in turn, presented heraldic studies on the coats of arms and titles that had been bestowed upon Prince Aleksander Józef by Maria Teresa. Michał Zwierzykowski discussed the strategy of building the position of the family that was adopted by Prince August Sułkowski, and which enabled him and his brothers to receive the highest honours in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Grzegorz Madej presented the figure of Prince Franciszek Sułkowski, and juxtaposed two inventories of the Bielsko castle from 1786 and 1804, which facilitated getting to know the scope of the reconstruction of the prince's residence. Dariusz Nawrot recalled events in the life of Prince Jan Nepomucen Sułkowski during his greatest activity, when he aspired to play the role of the leader of the Polish uprising in New Silesia in 1807. Dawid Madziar presented the occurring at the same time beginnings of the military career of Prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski, who was the organizer and a colonel of the 1st (9th) Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army in 1806 and 1807. In turn, Jarosław Czubaty recalled the figure of Antoni Paweł Sułkowski in the context of the circumstances surrounding his resignation from the position of the Supreme Commander in 1813. Miha Preinfalk presented the figure of Jožef Baron Dietrich, the source of his fortune and the circumstances surrounding the marriage of the Baron’s daughter with Prince Sułkowski. Piotr Kenig described the military careers of the consecutive family members in the Habsburg army. Jakub Krajewski presented the husbandry of the Princes’ forests in Bielsko and in the neighbourhood from the 18th to the early 20th century. Mojca Rjavec described the history of the line of the Sułkowski family connected with Bresternica near Maribor. Grażyna Sokół written an account of the complicated history of the Princes’ archives, which are invaluable for researching into the history of the Sułkowski family (From the introduction).
Series: Historia
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8012-922-1
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8012-921-4
- Page Count: 248
- Publication Year: 2016
- Language: Czech, Polish, Slovenian
Aleksander Józef Sułkowski – u źródeł potęgi rodu
Aleksander Józef Sułkowski – u źródeł potęgi rodu
(Aleksander Józef Sułkowski – the sources of the power of the family)
- Author(s):Adam Perłakowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:13-27
- No. of Pages:15
- Summary/Abstract:The figure of Aleksander Józef Sułkowski, which continues to be controversial to this day due to both the unexplained circumstances of the beginnings of his career as wellas due to his dismissal in 1738, is crucial for the understanding of the role which theSułkowski family played in the subsequent period in the Poland-wide and in the localarena (Wielkopolska). It will not be a gross exaggeration to say that without AleksanderJózef the Sułkowski family would not rise to the height of their power. Taking advantage ofthe favour and even the friendship of Augustus III of Poland, Aleksander Józef Sułkowskiwas able to establish a solid economic and political foundation which was then used byhis successors. Even Aleksander Józef ’s dismissal and departure from the Dresden courtfailed to undo all his achievements. Even though he began losing political influence hedid not lose the economic base of his family, but he even augmented it considerably. Itis owing to these factors that A. J. Sułkowski’s sons and grandsons were able to continuetheir brilliant careers in the Polish-Lithuanian Republic and beyond.
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Heraldika Alexandra Josefa Sułkowského. Vizualizace titulárního vzestupu polského magnáta ve světle říšských a českých panovnických privilegií
Heraldika Alexandra Josefa Sułkowského. Vizualizace titulárního vzestupu polského magnáta ve světle říšských a českých panovnických privilegií
(Aleksander Józef Sułkowski’s heraldry. The representation of the titular advancement of a Polish magnate in the light of imperial and royal privileges)
- Author(s):Jiří Brňovják
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:29-50
- No. of Pages:22
- Summary/Abstract:The present study is devoted to the heraldic aspects of the social career of a Polish nobleman, Aleksander Józef Sułkowski (1695–1762). For his considerable contribution attainment of the Polish crown Friedrich August II ensured that in 1733 an imperial title of a count was conferred to Sułkowski by Friedrich August II and that the former’s family coat of arms was promoted. Sułkowski’s further advancement in titular ranks was realised in the environment of the Habsburg monarchy where at the beginning of 1752 he purchased the free Upper Silesian estate of Bielsko. Owing to the considerable assistance of the seller, Friedrich Wilhelm, the count of Haugwitz, the head of the directorium in publicis et cameralibus, and the marked support of the Viennese court, which looked after its own foreign policy interests, he was promoted soon after the purchase of Bielsko to the rank of a Silesian prince. At the same time Sułkowski was promoted by the Bohemian queen, Maria Theresa, to the rank of a Bohemian prince and he received an analogous imperial title from her husband, emperor Franz I Stefan. Both instances of promotion referred exclusively to Sułkowski and his primogenital line of inheritance, whose representatives constituted contemporary owners of Bielsko. In 1752 he managed to experience the promotion of Bielsko to the status of a principality, which ensured him and his primogenital descendants the status of a Silesian prince. The Bohemian privilegium further extended the princely title to all legal descendants of Sułkowski, similarly as in the case of the imperial privilegium, which was issued at the same time. Without doubt Sułkowski’s social advancement was fundamentally motivated by the pursuit of the highest social position that could be attained in the contemporary aristocratic community of the Habsburg monarchy. The purpose of this was to ensure the potential advancement of Sułkowski’s eldest son, August Kazimierz, in the highest diplomatic and bureaucratic spheres of the Habsburgs. The conferring of a Bohemian and imperial princely title is accounted for by the content of the 1747 agreement between the Bohemian queen, Maria Theresa and emperor Franz I Stefan about the mutual conferring of Bohemian and imperial knighthood to those people who were Bohemian and imperial subjects at the same time. Although Sułkowski endeavoured primarily to gain Bohemian knighthood for the sake of the advancement of the Bielsko estate, the ensuring of such advancement entailed the analogous attainment of an imperial title. The legal and formal framework of Sułkowski’s imperial and Bohemian titular advancement manifested itself very clearly in the change of his family coat of arms. Its foundation was the Sulima coat of arms, which was an imperial count’s privilege of the year 1733 extended by the count’s coronet in the centre. The black eagle was additionally wrapped by a crancelin, which may be unequivocally interpreted as a derivative of an emblem of a Saxon principality. At least since 1734 Sułkowski began to publicly use a variant of the coat of arms with the complete Saxon emblem. Both may be seen as a clear expression of Karl VI’s as well as of Kurfürst Friedrich Augustus II’s grace. Sułkowski’s coat of arms underwent further radical changes on the occasion of the princely advancement of 1752. The original blazon now had a new background divided into four quarters, whose figures symbolically referred to the issuers of both princely acts – the Bohemian queen and the emperor. Again, the point was about the derivative of landed emblems, which could be used only by landowners. At the top of the coat of arms there was princely headgear, coupled with a traditional princely mantle. Since 1754 this princely blazon was used by all of A. J. Sułkowski’s descendants, whereas the variant with the Saxon emblem on the eagle’s breast in the centre continued to be used. The princely title of the Bohemian privilegium of 1754 was no longer represented in any way in the heraldic composition of Sułkowski’s coat of arms. The princely advancement of Sułkowski’s coat of arms was relatively rare in the context of the heraldry of new Bohemian and imperial knights, for as the princely title was conferred, the estate coat of arms was not promoted, but only peculiarly corrected or improved. Sułkowski’s princely coat of arms does not contain references to the the potential symbolism of Bielsko, the Piast past of this dominion and the municipal symbolism of the city of Bielsko as its capital. The latter aspect was not a commonoccurrence during the conferring of knighthood in the Bohemian lands or in the Empire atall. The double transformation of Sułkowski’s coat of arms and the fact that it is publicallydisplayed reminds us to this day about the extraordinary social position which Sułkowskiattained during his lifetime – first at the Dresden and then at the Viennese court in the contemporary and in the broader framework of the Central European aristocratic community.
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August Sułkowski i strategia budowy pozycji rodu . Od książąt na Bielsku do senatorów Rzeczypospolitej
August Sułkowski i strategia budowy pozycji rodu . Od książąt na Bielsku do senatorów Rzeczypospolitej
(August Sułkowski – the strategy for the establishment of the position of the family. From princes in Bielsko to senators of the Polish Republic)
- Author(s):Michał Zwierzykowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:51-67
- No. of Pages:17
- Summary/Abstract:Among the many examples of careers within families of magnates of the Polish Republic in the second half of the 18th century the Sułkowski family without doubt deserves particular attention. At the same time this family furnished an example of using strategiesand activities which were typical of other families but also it is an extraordinary case. The history of the four Sułkowski brothers, the sons of a Saxon minister who was powerful for a brief period of time and who fell from the grace of the court were inextricably linked with the career and the fall of their father. The father instilled into his sons inordinate ambitions, and at the same time he laid on them the great burden of his parvenu background and the consequences of his fall from royal grace. These factors were to determine the numerous activities engaged by the second generation of the family during Stanisław August’s reign and they were to be the source of their numerous failures. Without doubt among the minister’s children the most important role was played by his eldest son – August Sułkowski.
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Inwentaryzacja bielskiego zamku po śmierci księcia Aleksandra Józefa Sułkowskiego w 1804 roku
Inwentaryzacja bielskiego zamku po śmierci księcia Aleksandra Józefa Sułkowskiego w 1804 roku
(The stock of the Bielsko castle after the death of prince Aleksander Józef Sułkowski in 1804)
- Author(s):Grzegorz Madej
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:69-87
- No. of Pages:19
- Summary/Abstract:Over the course of centuries the Bielsko castle was subject to numerous transformations. The final considerable alterations of its form were introduced by the Sułkowski princes, who ruled the demesnes at the Biała River in the years 1752–1945. The first representative of the family who introduced significant architectural changes in the castle was Franciszek Sułkowski (1733–1812), the fourth Bielsko prince. Immediately after assuming the fidei commissum of Bielsko in 1786, the new owner set about extending his seat. A comparison of two stocks that were taken in 1786 and in 1804, respectively, presents the differences in the structure before and after modernisation. The first of these stocks was taken after the death of the princely brother, August (1729–1786), and the second one was taken after the death of Franciszek’s eldest son, Aleksander Józef (1775–1804), who at that time was the administrator of the family estate. The stock that was taken in 1804 constitutes a significant supplement to the knowledge about the princely castle that was gained until thattime. The castle was remodelled in the late 18th century, and its image until that time wasfamiliar to us only owing to the earliest panorama of Bielsko that was created by SamuelJohanny. According to the aforementioned document, prince Franciszek constructed a third floor in the eastern and northern wings, thus gaining a dozen or so new rooms. The document also confirms that at that time a great stand-alone castle chapel existed there. What is also important, the stock indicates that on the first floor of the Bielsko castle Franciszek established the principal section, known as the piano nobile. The eight rooms of this section featured parquet floors. It is most likely that the billiards room was the hub of the cultural life in the castle. Among the more interesting chambers one may distinguish also the following ones: the hairdresser’s room, the yellow room, the green room, the rock room and the Conservatorio. The latter held numerous objects, including the famous armorial service of the Sułkowski family that was created in the Meissen workshop in the years 1735–1738. The stock that was taken in 1804 presents the interior of the Bielsko castle that was set in the Classicistic manner that was de rigueur at that time, featuring green and grey hues that were fashionable at that time. We may merely conjecture that the interior was modelled after the pattern of Viennese palaces. In conclusion, one must assume that Sułkowski drew inspiration from the Danube capital of the Habsburgs, where he spent a great deal of his life with his family after 1786.
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Jan Nepomucen Sułkowski w powstaniu na Nowym Śląsku w 1807 roku
Jan Nepomucen Sułkowski w powstaniu na Nowym Śląsku w 1807 roku
(Jan Nepomucen Sułkowski in the uprising in New Silesia in 1807)
- Author(s):Dariusz Nawrot
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:89-111
- No. of Pages:23
- Summary/Abstract:Napoleon’s entry to the lands of the Prussian partition in 1806 and the outbreak of the Polish uprising, also in the so-called New Silesia, attracted the attention of prince JanNepomucen Sułkowski of Bielsko. The prince hoped that the Polish uprising which wasgaining momentum would be an opportunity for him to play the role of one of the organisersof Polish armed forces. He hoped that this task would be rendered easier by theappeal generated by the name which was borne by his kinsman and General Bonaparte’saide-de-camp. However, he did not have at his disposal the financial means which wouldenable him to put up a cavalry regiment. Although he indeed reached Napoleon himselfand gained the General’s approval of his plans, the attempts at prompt organisation ofa regiment and the purveyance of appropriate accoutrements brought about the campaignsagainst Upper Silesia and the Schlacht at Mysłowice, whose consequences were dire for the prince. Michał Pruszak, who was dissatisfied with the collaboration with the prince, used them against the latter. As was the case with many ambitious leaders of the uprising of 1806, he wanted to enhance his position by putting up his own regiment. This endeavour was beyond Pruszak’s financial possibilities, therefore he put his trust in Jan Nepomucen, who could ensure, as it seemed, the appropriate funds and the support of Napoleon himself. The accusations which were raised at that time constitute the reason why historiography continues to furnish a false image of Jan Nepomucen Sułkowski who became a part of Napoleon’s history during the war of 1806-1807 by manifesting adventurism. Such an image was not true, and the most important thing is the fact that prince Jan Nepomucen Sułkowski came down in history as the only magnate from Silesia and Moravia who took the side of the emperor of the French.
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Początki kariery wojskowej księcia Antoniego Pawła Sułkowskiego
Początki kariery wojskowej księcia Antoniego Pawła Sułkowskiego
(The beginnings of Antoni Paweł Sułkowski’s military career)
- Author(s):Dawid Madziar
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:113-130
- No. of Pages:18
- Summary/Abstract:The Napoleonic period was the period when turbulent political and military careers were made. In the substitute of Polish statehood that was constituted by the Duchy of Warsaw, established by Napoleon, along with the reconstruction of the Polish Army there appeared the opportunity of starting a career in the army. The most brilliant career in the Polish Army of the Napoleonic period was made by prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski, whichbegan in 1806 when he was promoted to the rank of a colonel. In order to understand the factors which influenced this turn of events, one must examine prince Sułkowski’s attitude during the campaign of 1807 in Pomerania. During the campaign of 1807 the young Sułkowski became the leader of the 1st infantry regiment that he established himself and that became a part of the Poznań division, commanded by General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski. Pomerania, which saw the most bitter fighting, was the theatre of war for this division. Prince Sułkowski, who was the leader of his regiment, participated in the battles in Tczew, Gdańsk and Kołobrzeg, manifesting considerable valour. His dedication was recognised both by Polish and French supervisors. Despite the praise that was lavished on prince Sułkowski, the campaign failed to satisfy his great ambition to be nominated a general at such a young age – 22. However, the military campaigns in which prince Sułkowski participated as the leader of his regiment, constituted the initial stage of his career which was to develop very rapidly. In 1810 Antoni Paweł Sułkowski received nomination to become a brigadier general, and in 1813 he was nominated a major general. Thus he became the youngest person in this rank inthe Duchy of Warsaw.
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Honor czy defetyzm? Dylematy Antoniego Pawła Sułkowskiego na tle wyborów Polaków w 1813 roku
Honor czy defetyzm? Dylematy Antoniego Pawła Sułkowskiego na tle wyborów Polaków w 1813 roku
(Honour or defeatism? Antoni Paweł Sułkowski’s dilemmas in the context of the decisions of Poles made in 1813)
- Author(s):Jarosław Czubaty
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:131-142
- No. of Pages:12
- Summary/Abstract:The article is devoted to a dramatic part of prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski’s life. In October 1813, during the retreat of the Great Army after the defeat at Leipzig, the general who was young at that time was suggested by his more experienced colleagues as the candidate to become the commander in chief of the remnants of the Polish army which followed Napoleon to France. Under their influence Sułkowski, who assumed command, promised the officers and the soldiers that the Polish corps would accompany the emperor to the border of France and then would abstain from further activities and return to the countrythat was occupied by the Russians. A few days later, after an improvised meeting with Polish officers, Napoleon convinced them that the Polish raison d’être requires them to continue their struggle alongside him. Sułkowski, who did not intend to break his word of honour, resigned and turned himself over as a private person to Napoleon’s enemies. Sułkowski’s decision, which was analysed in the context of similar decisions made in 1813, constitutes a starting point for consideration of the norms and principles of conduct in public life embraced by the Poles at the end of the Napoleonic period.
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Jožef baron Dietrich in njegove povezave z rodbino Sulkowski
Jožef baron Dietrich in njegove povezave z rodbino Sulkowski
(Baron Josef Dietrich and his connections with the Sułkowski family)
- Author(s):Miha Preinfalk
- Language:Slovenian
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:143-163
- No. of Pages:21
- Summary/Abstract:The rise of the Dietrich family began in the mid-18th century and has its origins in transport services for the imperial army. Peter Dietrich was acknowledged for his serviceswith the noble title of „Dietrichsberg”. At the beginning of the 19th century the familybusiness was taken over by his great-nephew Josef Dietrich (1780–1855) who during theNapoleonic wars managed to significantly expand it also to other parts of Central Europe.The wealth gathered through this activity and his patriotism brought Dietrich a (Hungarian)baronial title in 1824. In his attempt to improve the social reputation of his familyhe tried to represent his ancestors as members of a much older and well-known noblefamily of Barons Dietrich-Landsee and to a certain extent he was successful in his effort.Josef Dietrich invested his money in real estate. He owned estates in Lower Austria,in Eastern Hungary (present-day Romania), but also in Carniola (present-day Slovenia).He possessed a palace in Matzleinsdof (in Vienna) where he was known as a benefactorof the local community providing it with waterworks at his own expense. He was fondof the arts and the theatre and in his restored medieval castle Feistritz am Wechsel hehad an important art gallery as well as a cabinet of curiosities.Owing to his wealth he managed to marry his daughter Anna to a Polish prince LudwikSułkowski and his family thus climbed the social ladder into the world of the high nobility. On the other hand, it was also Dietrich’s wealth that saved part of the Sułkowskifamily from ruin in financial problems caused by the immoderate and lavish way of life.After the death of Josef Dietrich in 1855 his main heir became his only grandchild PrinceJózef Sułkowski who by his wasteful and extravagant way of life managed to fritter awaythe majority of the inherited property including the castle Neuhaus (Tržič) in Carniola,where he himself and his grandfather Dietrich were soon forgotten.
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Pod dwugłowym orłem. Sułkowscy w armii Habsburgów w latach 1746–1918
Pod dwugłowym orłem. Sułkowscy w armii Habsburgów w latach 1746–1918
(The double-headed eagle coat of arms. The Sułkowski in the Habsburg army in the years 1746–c1918)
- Author(s):Piotr Kenig
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:165-194
- No. of Pages:30
- Summary/Abstract:In 1752 a Polish magnate, Aleksander Józef Sułkowski, purchased Bielsko with the adjacent areas, located in Austrian Silesia, and he received a princely title from Maria Theresa and her husband, emperor Franz Stefan. Thenceforth, for more than 160 years, until the fallof the Danube monarchy in 1918, almost all of his male descendants of the Bielsko line served in the Imperial-Royal army of the Habsburgs. The article gathers the scattered pieces of information about this heretofore underexplored aspect of the history of the family. The scant pieces of information about the Austrian armed forces, especially about the wars and campaigns in which the said forces participated, as well as the changes and the reorganisation to which they were subject with the course of time enable us to understand the peculiar nature of service in the particular periods. Some remarks were devoted to the regiments in which the Sułkowski served, both the particular owners of Bielsko estates as well as the sons and grandsons of the late prince Ludwik who lived in other parts of the Danube monarchy, and after its fall – in the so-called successor countries: Austria, Jugoslavia and Hungary. The present overview may become a starting point for an in-depth pursuit of sources, especially in the Viennese Kriegsarchiv and in the Central Military Archive (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe) in Warsaw.The article presents the figures of 18 people, representing six generations of the family. During the Seven Years’ War the senior of the family, Aleksander Józef Sułkowski (1695–1762), supported Austria, and three of his sons served in the Habsburg army. For August Kazimierz (1729–1786) this was a short stint, but Aleksander Antoni (1730–1786) went on to become an imperial general after some years. Franciszek (1733–1812) soon turned to service with Russia, then to service with Poland, and then he and his successors embraced Austria. He finished his career in the rank of a general. Also Aleksander Józef ’s nephew, count Teodor Sułkowski, whose history was linked with Bielsko and the princely cousins, served under the black and yellow banner.Franciszek’s sons participated in the wars of the Napoleonic period: Aleksander Józef (1775–1804), who died prematurely, an officer of great promise, and the rebellious Jan Nepomucen (1777–1832). The latter became a supporter of Bonaparte in the years 1807-1809. This decision cost him his life; he died in the Terezin stronghold as a political prisoner. His successors: Ludwik (1814–1879) and Maksymilian (1816–1848), were in the imperial army in the 1830s; they supported the cause of the revolution during the Spring of Nations; the elder brother, who faced the threat of being arrested, remained abroad for a long time, and died a soldier’s death in Vienna.During the last half-century of the existence of the imperial army six sons and three grandsons of Ludwik Sułkowski served in it. Józef Maria (1848–1920) was briefly a cadet in the 1st Uhlan Regiment; his half brothers were officers in the 6th Hussar Regiment. Ludwik (1874–1881), a colonel, died at a young age. Aleksander Edward (1856–1929) retired in 1894 in the rank of a captain of horse (rotmistrz), then he assumed control of the family estate in Bielsko. Stanisław (1862–1940), since 1888 a part of the reserve of the regiment, received a pension in 1903. He was a second lieutenant. Wiktor (1870–1945), who was a part of the reserve of the regiment since 1894, was mobilised in 1914, manifested valour on the frontline and was promoted to the rank of a captain of horse. Edgar (1868–1954) was the one who stayed in the army for the longest period of time; in 1892 he was transferred to the 9th Hussar Regiment. Since 1913 he was commander of the division; during the First World War he fought inter alia at Limanowa. He was decorated many times. He finished his service in the rank of a lieutenant commander.Stanisław’s elder son, whose name was also Stanisław (1886–1963), an officer of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment, left the army before 1916. The younger son, Aleksander (1888–1970), fought in the 5th Dragoon Regiment. Their cousin, Aleksander Edward’s son, Aleksander Ludwik (1893–1956), joined the 4th Uhlan Regiment as a volunteer; in 1916 he participated in bitter fights at the Dniester River, where he displayed valour and was seriously wounded. After the war ended, he became of resident of Bielsko. An officer of the reserve of the cavalry of the Polish Army, in the years 1929–1945 he was the last inheritor of the Bielsko estate.
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Lasy książęce w Bielsku-Białej i okolicy
Lasy książęce w Bielsku-Białej i okolicy
(The princely forests in Bielsko-Biała and its vicinity)
- Author(s):Jakub Krajewski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:195-207
- No. of Pages:13
- Summary/Abstract:In the years 1752–1945 the princely family Sułkowski had their demesne in the area of present-day Bielsko-Biała, nearby towns and forests. As it was throughout centuries wood constituted the basic building material and fuel; forests became an important sourceincome for the princes. In the recent past, the history of princely forests was familiar, mostly due to the fact that documents, written in German neography, were not entirely examined and difficult to interpret. The sources for research on the history of princely forests include mostlyhistorical records held in the State Archive in Katowice (the Bielsko-Biała Branch) and documents held by the Forest Inspectorate of Bielsko-Biała. Equally valuable are architectural remains and collections of the Historical Museum in Bielsko-Biała. Conducting field work and analysis of maps was necessary to define the borders of forests and to locate the described objects. Aleksander Józef Sułkowski (1695–1762), the first owner of the principality of Bielsko, bought it in 1752 from count Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Haugwitz (1702–1765). Throughout the years the forest area was changing due to sales and logging. In 1895 in Wapienica water intakes were built as a result of water shortages in Bielsko. Water sale was another source of income for the princes. Nevertheless, in 1932 due to the development of theindustry and the growing population of the city, a dam and a water reservoir were built in the area formerly owned by the princes. After Aleksander Ludwik Sułkowski (1893-1956) left Bielsko at the beginning of 1945, princely forests were nationalized. The Forest Inspectorate of Bielsko-Biała (State Forests Poland) is the current owner of the area.In the middle of the 19th century princely forests were divided into numbered territories. Two of them were situated in Podgórze Cieszyńskie (the so-called Land Revire: I. Rudawka and V. Zabrzeg), three other were in Beskid Mountains (so-called Gebirgs Revire: II. Wapienica/Lobnitz, III. Kamienica/Kamitz and IV. Olszówka/Olisch). The institution responsible for the administration of the princely demesne was Fideikomis. The entire forest area (3453 ha) and its flora and fauna are noted in the sources. Nevertheless, other material remains such as architecture (e.g. foresters’ lodges, outhouses, remains of the high roads, pathways and other symbolic places) are equally crucial in the research that is conducted. Apart from their practical purpose, forests used to be the place of entertainment for the Sułkowski family. Numerous antlers found in the collection of the Historical Museum in Bielsko-Biała prove that the family used to hunt frequently. Forest management in the former principality of Bielsko constituted an important source of income for the Sułkowski family. The purpose of the following paper is to show the material remains of that management.
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Plemiška družina Sulkowski v Bresternici pri Mariboru v 20. stoletju
Plemiška družina Sulkowski v Bresternici pri Mariboru v 20. stoletju
(The Sulkowski noble family at Bresternica near Maribor in the 20th Century)
- Author(s):Mojca Rjavec
- Language:Slovenian
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:209-223
- No. of Pages:15
- Summary/Abstract:The paper deals with the situation of the Slovenian nobility in the period of major economic and political changes in Europe from 1900 until the 1980s. The case is being builton a noble family of Sulkowski, originating from Poland whose successors arrived andmarried in Maribor and later on in Bresternica at Maribor. Chronologically it is dividedinto parts dedicated to the parents and subsequently to each of their four sons separately.Some military careers were added to describe the life of male noble descendants. Bymeans of various primary and secondary sources (archival documentation, books, articles,newspapers, correspondence and oral witnesses) a thorough and a more objectivedescription is to be presented.
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Przyczynki do dziejów zespołu Archiwum Książąt Sułkowskich w Bielsku w zasobach Archiwum Państwowego
Przyczynki do dziejów zespołu Archiwum Książąt Sułkowskich w Bielsku w zasobach Archiwum Państwowego
(A contribution to the study of the history of the body of documents of the Archive of the Sułkowski Princes in Bielsko in the collections of the State Archive)
- Author(s):Grażyna Sokół-Szołtysek
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:225-236
- No. of Pages:12
- Summary/Abstract:The article entitled “A contribution to the study of the history of the body of documents of the Archive of the Sułkowski Princes in Bielsko in the collections of the State Archive” discusses in a slightly broader context the factors which influenced the emergence of such documentation heritage of this post-manorial archive and the causes that influenced its state of preservation. An important role which influenced the kind and the nature of archive materials which were created was played by the frequent changes of owners of theBielsko estate, starting from the Cieszyn prince Wacław III Adam, who in 1563 contributedto the establishment of this dominion, through numerous subsequent owners until theappearance of the Sułkowski princes, who ruled these demesnes by means of heredityfrom 1752 until 1944. Of course, a significant role was played by political, system-relatedand social changes which occurred over the course of these centuries.The article also describes the collections of documents which have been preserved inthe princely archives until the present. Many factors in various periods of time influencedthe preservation and the physical state of such a great number of archive materials. Thesefactors included the following: the transmission of documents beyond the princely archive,numerous fires, damage caused by war-related activities, negligence toward the archiveon the part of its owners. These were the causes why the archives were not arranged andrecorded. The documents were also moved within the Bielsko castle. Another thing whichinfluenced the history of the princely archive was the fact that the control over the latterwas assumed by state authorities after the Second World War. The newly established Polishstate entrusted the princely archives to the budding state archive authorities, whichresulted in the fact that the documents wandered from city to city.What is significant, particularly as far as the physical state of preservation of archivematerials is concerned, is the fact that the archives were moved repeatedly along with theentire stock of the State Archive in Bielsko-Biała (eventually the princely archive returned to Bielsko in 1959). The Bielsko state archive was moved repeatedly due to inappropriatehousing conditions. Currently, the archives are about to be moved once again, thistime – let us hope – for the last time, to a modern, recently erected structure which wasdesigned specifically to house the archive.
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