INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI. The Complex and Dynamic Nature of the Security Environment - Volume 1
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI. The Complex and Dynamic Nature of the Security Environment - Volume 1
Author(s): Mirela Atanasiu
Contributor(s): Florian CÎRCIUMARU (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Political Sciences, Civil Society, Governance, Public Administration, Public Law, Geopolitics, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption
ISSN: 2285-9896
Published by: Carol I National Defence University Publishing House
Keywords: power relations; security transformation; strategic theory; national security system;
Summary/Abstract: The conference provides the appropriate academic exchange of ideas, opinions and communication of the latest results of scientific research in the field of security and strategy.
- Page Count: 332
- Publication Year: 2018
- Language: English
NATO COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES ̶ VECTORS OF EUROATLANTIC SECURITY AND STABILITY
NATO COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES ̶
VECTORS OF EUROATLANTIC SECURITY AND STABILITY
(NATO COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES ̶
VECTORS OF EUROATLANTIC SECURITY AND STABILITY)
- Author(s):Florian CÎRCIUMARU
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:7-16
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:security; cooperative security; stability; partnership;
- Summary/Abstract:The 2010 Strategic Concept “Active Engagement, Modern Defence” is avery clear and resolute statement on NATO’s core tasks and principles, its values, theevolving security environment and the Alliance’s strategic objectives for the next decade.Based on its unique capabilities and operational experience, including expertise in civilianmilitaryinteraction, NATO can contribute to the efforts of the international community formaintaining peace, security and stability, in full coordination with other actors, such asinternational security organisation, state actors and non state actors, non-governmentalorganizations and private volunteer organizations.This paper intends to overview the most important areas of interest concerningcooperation and partnership initiatives that NATO established during its history, as well ascooperation’s influence over the Euroatlantic security and stability, based on the latestdevelopments in the field.
CATALYTIC STATE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS BASED ON DEMOCRACY AND STATUS OF RIGHT
CATALYTIC STATE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
BASED ON DEMOCRACY AND STATUS OF RIGHT
(CATALYTIC STATE IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
BASED ON DEMOCRACY AND STATUS OF RIGHT)
- Author(s):Bogdan Ţonea
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade
- Page Range:17-23
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:state; globalization; coalition; catalytic state; sovereignty;
- Summary/Abstract:Far from giving up their distinctive identity and objectives, statesincreasingly use power agreements to create greater control over the economy and security.In itself, these coalitions should be seen as apparent disposals aimed at increasing the state’scapacity in specific areas, and less diminishing their sovereignty. Strengthening suchalliances takes place primarily at the regional level, between nation-states, as is the case withthe European Union.We are currently witnessing some changes in state power. As external pressures forthe homogeneity of economic regimes grow, and large international flows of people andcapital threaten domestic fundamentals, more and more states are looking to improve theircontrol over the external environment. In order to adapt to these challenges, some states areseen as catalytic states, meaning states that tend to be indispensable to targeting certainstrategic coalitions, while remaining independent of other elements of those alliances
RUSSIA – NATO HYBRID CLASH: HISTORY AND LEGACIES
RUSSIA – NATO HYBRID CLASH: HISTORY AND LEGACIES
(RUSSIA – NATO HYBRID CLASH: HISTORY AND LEGACIES)
- Author(s):Iulia Anghel
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, History and theory of political science, Politics of History/Memory
- Page Range:24-35
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Russia; NATO;hybrid warfare; soft power;cultural weaponization;
- Summary/Abstract:The break out of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 acted as trigger for a major paradigm shift in an ostensibly pacified East European security architecture. Previous signals following a long-term reconciliation of security objectives of the two key regional actors,NATO and Russia, were soon forgotten, East European flank being trapped under siege of new hybrid warfare. Transformed into the key word of new geopolitical and security challenges, hybrid war made the subject of prolific inquiries, mostly highlighting themes as grey propaganda, subversive electoral interventions, cyber terrorism and, last but not least,the weaponization of culture, identities and discourses. Despite the tendency to associate the hybrid mutation to a reinterpretation of Russia’s Cold War security dogma, present ascent of ambiguous and non-linear conflicts could engage a more complex filiation. In this context, the article aims to briefly discuss the implication of Russia vs. NATO long-term hybrid clash,exploring topics as sources of Russian hybrid strategy and consequences generate dicreasing tendency towards weaponization of globalization.Keywords:
MULTIDIMENSIONAL JOB ANALYSIS IN THE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS
MULTIDIMENSIONAL JOB ANALYSIS
IN THE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS
(MULTIDIMENSIONAL JOB ANALYSIS
IN THE MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS)
- Author(s):Corneliu Axente, Costache Rusu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Governance, Military policy, Politics and society, Methodology and research technology
- Page Range:23-32
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:job analysis; key competencies and abilities; job description;
- Summary/Abstract:The officers’ advancement in the military career is represented by the translation from execution posts to command posts. Commitment to a command post involves an exponential increase of the task diversity and analyses information flow. Also there’s a need for continuous skills development in leadership and resource managing. Under these circumstances, the occupied command post involves a mix of various challenges in managing simultaneously and synchronously human, material, and time resources available within the organization.This paper proposes a classification used for analyzing the management positions within the military organizations, thus obtaining a way of expressing their complexity and their value, as well as identifying the coordinates needed to be achieved by the military organizations managers from the point of view of different skills or managerial types imposed by the specifics of the occupied post.
INDIA AND CHINA: TWO EMERGING ACTORS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: PERSPECTIVES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THEIR STRATEGIC RELATION, ACCORDING TO THE “ASIAN CENTURY” PARADIGM
INDIA AND CHINA: TWO EMERGING ACTORS IN THE 21ST
CENTURY: PERSPECTIVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
IN THEIR STRATEGIC RELATION, ACCORDING
TO THE “ASIAN CENTURY” PARADIGM
(INDIA AND CHINA: TWO EMERGING ACTORS IN THE 21ST
CENTURY: PERSPECTIVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
IN THEIR STRATEGIC RELATION, ACCORDING
TO THE “ASIAN CENTURY” PARADIGM)
- Author(s):Mădălina Virginia Antonescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade
- Page Range:36-46
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:“Asian Century” paradigm; Asian Community; AGA-AF (America Great Again, America first) paradigm; New American Century; India; China; emergent powers;
- Summary/Abstract:The global world, at the beginning of 21st century, is continuously shaped by various state and non-state actors. Among them, emerging global actors, such as the two Asiatic giants, India and China, take important strategic actions, implementing essential trans-continental and trans-oceanic visions that cannot be neglected by academic scholars according to a limited conception regarding our world as “a static, Atlantic type of world,non-challenged and non-submitted to transformations”. Even the Atlantic powers are beginning to think and to implement different strategic projects regarding an increased presence in the “Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean” expanded area. The paper is focused on two emergent actors, as India and China, and on their perceptions regarding the 21st century dynamic world, according to the “Asian Century” concept. We’ll try to identify some of the common strategic conceptual roots, and original elements that each actor adopted within its strategic vision regarding the 21st century as “Asian Century” paradigm.
EUPHRATES SHIELD: AN ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S INTERVENTION IN SYRIA
EUPHRATES SHIELD: AN ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S
INTERVENTION IN SYRIA
(EUPHRATES SHIELD: AN ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S
INTERVENTION IN SYRIA)
- Author(s):Cătălin Alin Costea
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Political behavior, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:47-58
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Turkey; Syria; the Middle East; Euphrates Shield; military operation; the Kurdish forces; YPG;
- Summary/Abstract:Starting with the civil war in Syria in 2011, its neighbors, especially Turkey,Lebanon and Jordan, faced a series of major issues that had a substantial impact on their security, domestic and foreign affairs. The growing flow of Syrian refugees fleeing the conflict, as well as the border instability generated by the conflict between the various actions on the ground, created tensions at Syria's border with these states and put pressure on the governments of Ankara, Beirut and Amman. Among these, only Turkey decided to intervene decisively by conducting a military operation in Syria to remove threats to national security. Therefore, this article aims to identify the reasons behind Turkey's decision to intervene in Syria on 24 August 2016. The working hypothesis of the article is that the occupation of more territories at the Turkish-Syrian border by the Kurdish forces (YPG)fueled Ankara's concerns about the possibility of creating a Kurdish state at the Turkey’s border. Thus, the Turkish president has approved a military intervention in Syria in order to prevent this scenario. At the same time, the article aims to analyze the costs and benefits of Turkish army following this operation.
FAILED STATES – CONFLICT AND INSTABILITY – GENERATING ACTORS IN THE REGIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
FAILED STATES – CONFLICT AND INSTABILITY – GENERATING
ACTORS IN THE REGIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
(FAILED STATES – CONFLICT AND INSTABILITY – GENERATING
ACTORS IN THE REGIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT)
- Author(s):Marius Vasile MANGA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Governance, International relations/trade, Security and defense
- Page Range:59-65
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:violence; ethnically cleavages; insecurity; fragile societies; failed states; collapse;
- Summary/Abstract:The role of states in shaping the security environment, regional or global, is essential and defining. Wherever fragile societies, ethnic and religious rifts or an eroded sovereignty concept occur, conflict-generating processes affect the whole region.States with such problems often follow an easy-to-understand path: they are becoming weaker, fail to operate at optimal institutional parameters, and then collapse.In these cases, the role of the international community through international organizations is crucial. They need to find short-term solutions towards the rapid humanitarian recovery, but also to identify those mechanisms that erode the state at the institutional level in order to be able to correct them.
TERRORISM AS THE OPPOSITE OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR
TERRORISM AS THE OPPOSITE OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR
(TERRORISM AS THE OPPOSITE OF CIVILIZATION AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR)
- Author(s):Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:66-75
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:terrorism, standard of civilization; barbarians; failed states; human rights;
- Summary/Abstract:The terrorist attacks from 9/11 marked the return of the term barbarianconceived in civilizational terms and that of the sharp divide between barbarians and civilization in the forefront of political and international relations scholarly discourse with terrorists being portrayed as the new barbarians. This paper explores in its first section how journalists, academics and politicians linked terrorists with barbarians in the aftermath of the bringing down of the Twin Towers and to this purpose it indicates the connections then established between the Barbary War fought by the US at the beginning of the 19th century and the War on Terror launched by George Bush, pointing out how the linking of these two events was grounded on the evaluative use of the term civilization. In the second section it is described the present day standard of civilization by some landmarks of the beginning of the scholarly reflection of it and by identifying and specifying its constituents. The last section of the paper provides an explanation for the association made between terrorists and barbarians, arguing that some constituents of the contemporary standard of civilization operates as the assumption underpinning it.
EU APPROACH TO COUNTERING DISINFORMATION AND FAKE NEWS
EU APPROACH TO COUNTERING DISINFORMATION AND FAKE NEWS
(EU APPROACH TO COUNTERING DISINFORMATION AND FAKE NEWS)
- Author(s):Daniela Răpan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics and communication, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment
- Page Range:76-83
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:fake news; disinformation; propaganda; freedom of expression; social media; media literacy; online platforms;
- Summary/Abstract:Fake news, disinformation and propaganda are not new phenomena but, in the last years, they have acquired an enhanced dimension, in the context of the information war between Russia and the West. That is why the present paper investigates the way in which international organisations, and in particular, the EU, approach these phenomena. In this respect, we are going to overview the steps taken in this direction and analyse the Report of the Independent High level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation published in March 2018, under the aegis of European Commission.
CHINA VERSUS THE US IN THE MIDDLE EAST: COOPERATION OR COMPETITION?
CHINA VERSUS THE US IN THE MIDDLE EAST: COOPERATION OR COMPETITION?
(CHINA VERSUS THE US IN THE MIDDLE EAST:
COOPERATION OR COMPETITION?)
- Author(s):Cristina-Florentina Dincă
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Comparative politics
- Page Range:84-94
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:security dynamics; Middle East; Chinese strategy; soft power; energy security;
- Summary/Abstract:Over the last years, People’s Republic of China (PRC) has surpassed the United States of America (U.S.) as the world’s leading energy consumer and importer of oil.China’s relations with the Middle East become an important issue with global implications.This paper examines China’s interests in and its strategy towards the Middle East and what are the consequences for the U.S.. The aim is to find out to what extend China’s expanding presence in the Middle East poses a threat to the US security partnerships with Arab countries and the US military posture in the region. Even if China influence in the region has largely been economic, growing trade and investment also gives Beijing increased geopolitical stature. To achieve the intended purpose, the research framework will consist on a qualitative analysis based on case study method.
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE – THE REAL PANDORA’S BOX. LEARNING FROM THE PAST
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE – THE REAL PANDORA’S BOX.
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
(BIOLOGICAL WARFARE – THE REAL PANDORA’S BOX.
LEARNING FROM THE PAST)
- Author(s):Alexandru Herciu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Welfare systems, Political behavior
- Page Range:95-103
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:biologic warfare; biological agents; Biological Weapons Convention; bioterrorism;
- Summary/Abstract:It is necessary to assess the risks generated by various microorganisms that can be used as biological weapons and to understand the process of their development and the use of biological agents over time. Biological agents used for military purposes may be more powerful than conventional weapons and chemical weapons. Over the past century,advances in biotechnology and biochemistry have simplified the development and production of such weapons, and genetic engineering probably holds the most dangerous potential for making biological weapons. Ease of production, broad availability of biological agents and technical knowledge have led to the proliferation of biological weapons and a growing desire among developing countries to hold them.
DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGE IN ASYLUM AND MIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE
DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGE IN ASYLUM AND MIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE
(DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGE IN ASYLUM AND MIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE)
- Author(s):Magadalena Crisan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics and religion, Politics and society, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Geopolitics
- Page Range:104-115
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:asylum and migration policies; refugee and illegal migrant crisis; risks; security; perception; populism;
- Summary/Abstract:Due to the flow of migrants in 2015, European governments and the European Union have had quickly to reassess their asylum and migration policies. At national level, states have fluctuated between open borders migration policies for humanitarian,economic and demographic reasons and restrictive measures because of growing fears about security, real risks or perceived as such. At the European community level, amid an European identity crisis and the traces left by the 2008 financial crisis, the flaw especially among the states of the Visegrad Group and the Franco-German core delayed the implementation of unitary measures on asylum and migration across the European Union.
SECURITY DIMENSIONS IN GLOBALIZATION -WAR METAMORPHOSIS
SECURITY DIMENSIONS IN GLOBALIZATION -WAR METAMORPHOSIS
(SECURITY DIMENSIONS IN GLOBALIZATION -WAR METAMORPHOSIS)
- Author(s):Mirela Atanasiu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, Welfare systems, Political behavior
- Page Range:116-123
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:security; political; economi;, societal; environmental; military;
- Summary/Abstract:There are many scientific works in the specialty literature focusing their analysis on the bidirectional relation between security and globalization. It is a much debated topic but this does not lose from its importance for the actual security environment with increasingly multiplied and diversified threats as direct and indirect consequences of globalization spreading in the world.The paper will approach security – globalization relation from the perspective of war metamorphosis. In this respect the whole study is dedicated to show the vivid picture created by a parallel between the Barry Buzan’s national security dimensions and the new types of wars identified under the ongoing multi-dimensional globalization phenomenon.
PERCEPTION OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH NATO MEMBER STATES’ STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS
PERCEPTION OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH
NATO MEMBER STATES’ STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS
(PERCEPTION OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH
NATO MEMBER STATES’ STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS)
- Author(s):Vendula Divišová
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy, Politics and law
- Page Range:124-134
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:security environment; strategic environment; threat assessment; threat perception; NATO;
- Summary/Abstract:Development of armed forces in the long-term requires a complex understanding of emerging security challenges that will potentially need to be addressed. This contribution will focus on how selected NATO member states differ in perception of the security environment through their strategic documents focused on a long-term view for defence. A threat matrix based on these conceptions exposes several differences in security environment assessment among the Alliance member states. However, these countries should ideally perceive their security concerns as interconnected and shared to achieve greater cohesion and support for joint responses. The analysis also reveals an abrupt change in the assessments following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.
DEFINING THE EXTENDED BLACK SEA REGION: FROM GEOSTRATEGIC REASONING TO PSYCHOSOCIAL REPRESENTATION
DEFINING THE EXTENDED BLACK SEA REGION: FROM GEOSTRATEGIC REASONING TO PSYCHOSOCIAL REPRESENTATION
(DEFINING THE EXTENDED BLACK SEA REGION: FROM GEOSTRATEGIC REASONING TO PSYCHOSOCIAL REPRESENTATION)
- Author(s):Alexandra SARCINSCHI
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Politics and society, Geopolitics
- Page Range:135-142
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:region; Extended Black Sea Region; economic integration; cultural map; risk map; psychosocial representation;
- Summary/Abstract:The aim of this paper is to analyse the multidimensional significance of the term “extended region” with an emphasis on the Black Sea: from the geographic dimension to the economic, political, cultural, and security ones. The main hypothesis is that defining the Extended Black Sea Region needs not only geostrategic reasoning, but also a psycho social one that is important to explain the current fragmentation trends manifested here in the last years. The hypothesis will be validated by analysing both the theoretical framework and the main economic, political, cultural and military indicators that characterize the countries in the region.
TRENDS IN SECURITY ENVIRONMENT –DEFENCE EXPENDITURE IN THE BLACK SEA REGION
TRENDS IN SECURITY ENVIRONMENT –DEFENCE EXPENDITURE IN THE BLACK SEA REGION
(TRENDS IN SECURITY ENVIRONMENT –DEFENCE EXPENDITURE IN THE BLACK SEA REGION)
- Author(s):Cristian Băhnăreanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Welfare systems, Geopolitics
- Page Range:143-151
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:economic power; military power; defence expenditure; defence and security capabilities; financial and economic crisis; the Ukrainian crisis;
- Summary/Abstract:Over the past ten years, the dynamics of defence expenditure in the Black Sea region has been directly influenced by two major events with diametrically opposed effects.Firstly, the financial crisis triggered in 2008 and the spread of its economic negative effects until 2012-2013, led to a drastic decrease in military budgets in the area. Secondly, the annexation of the Crimea by Russian Federation in 2014 and the subsequent Ukrainian crisis had the effect of increasing the military spending of the riparian states. Nowadays, the Black Sea region - the NATO member countries, on the one hand, and the Russian Federation, on the other - is the scene of some military developments that seem to maintain the state of instability of the regional security environment. The aim of this paper is to analyse the security trends in the Black Sea region based on one of the most important indicators, namely the defence expenditure.
THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS
THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN
NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS
(THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN
NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS)
- Author(s):viorel catalin mihalcea
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy, Welfare systems, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:152-161
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:hybrid warfare; power; post-conflict societies; military and nonmilitary actions;
- Summary/Abstract:The Hybrid War is a system of social, military and non-military actions,carried out in a discreet operational area characterized by political and economic states driven by events. The final result of the actions is the dissolution of statehood.Starting with the Cold-War Era, the most effective strategy of defeating undesirable state sovereignty proved to be its destruction, peaceful or violent, by itself (from inside),through discrete social actions, followed, as appropriate, by events management and the restoration of social order through military action. Thus, the role of the military structures has gradually changed, involving the change of organization and training, from the role of the main force of destroying the opponent to the force specialized in post-conflict social status management.On the other hand, in the Age of Information, within the Knowledge-based Society,space and time have become discontinuous and asynchronous through the universalization of electronically mediated communication and the virtualization of human interactions. This development made possible this type of war, the hybrid, characterized by the physical absence of the external military opponent in the decisive action phase and its emergence, with a stabilizing role, in the phase of managing the results.
ADDRESSING THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL SECURITY BASED ON COMPLEXITY CONCEPTS
ADDRESSING THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL SECURITY BASED ON COMPLEXITY CONCEPTS
(ADDRESSING THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL SECURITY BASED ON COMPLEXITY CONCEPTS)
- Author(s):Ioan CRĂCIUN, Octavian Victor Mihail Dima
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Political behavior, Comparative politics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:162-169
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:societal security; complexity science; systemic thinking; security in a systemic context;
- Summary/Abstract:Societal security, as developed by the Copenhagen Security School, is an extremely important area of the broader concept of a contemporary security approach that, in addition to military issues, also addresses a host of other threats from areas such as political,economic, societal or environmental ones. In the study of contemporary social security, a series of concepts specific to the theory of complex systems, such as complexity, self organization,chaos, etc., have been borrowed, which have substantially enriched the hermeneutics of the security discourse on the basis of non-traditional interpretations of social systems. This paper aims to present the basic concepts of complexity and their relevance to the theory and practice of contemporary societal security. At the same time, the paper presents some conclusions regarding the analysis methodology specific to the complexity science applicable to the field of societal security.
DEMOGRAPHICS AND THEIR ROLE IN GLOBAL ECONOMY
DEMOGRAPHICS AND THEIR ROLE IN GLOBAL ECONOMY
(DEMOGRAPHICS AND THEIR ROLE IN GLOBAL ECONOMY)
- Author(s):Doina Mureşan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Political economy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:170-175
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:global economy; demography; economic crisis; population;
- Summary/Abstract:A declining population implies economic consequences. Why? Because oil consumption will drop and sales will drop as well. Because the global economy depends on the industrialized world and the national GDP will be lower. The paradox is that the global economy can slow down its pace, but people in the developed countries of the world will do better than before. Why? Because a less crowded country means less resource reliance, less pollution, fewer traffic jams, and more space. Can we talk of a future crisis as a consequence of the demographic decline in the developed world?
SECURITY TRANSFORMATIONS DUE TO THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES. CASE STUDY: CHINESE AND RUSSIAN INFLUENCE OPERATIONS
SECURITY TRANSFORMATIONS DUE TO THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES. CASE STUDY: CHINESE AND RUSSIAN INFLUENCE OPERATIONS
(SECURITY TRANSFORMATIONS DUE TO THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES. CASE STUDY: CHINESE AND RUSSIAN INFLUENCE OPERATIONS)
- Author(s):Gheorghe-Alexandru Gabroveanu, Corina Stan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Environmental and Energy policy, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, Politics and society, Geopolitics
- Page Range:176-184
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:security challenges; cyber-attacks; disinformation; Russia; China;
- Summary/Abstract:This study will provide the findings of an analysis of the measures taken by two of the main actors of the international stage: China and Russia against or for the Internet 2.0 era.While Russia adopted (voluntary or not) a more visible strategy using Internet for spreading ideas and messages in order to promote the Kremlin's propaganda, China has a more silent exposure of this phenomenon.One of the challenges of this study was to show if the strategy adopted by China(banning and restricting its population unlimited access to the Internet), which was chosen to protect the Chinese citizens of so-called western malign influence and propaganda, was intended to create more disinformation.
SECURITY IN THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND CONTENT IN STRATEGIC ADAPTATION
SECURITY IN THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND CONTENT IN STRATEGIC ADAPTATION
(SECURITY IN THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN TECHNOLOGY AND CONTENT IN STRATEGIC ADAPTATION)
- Author(s):Iulia Moise (Badaluta)
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Political Theory, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, Developing nations, Political behavior
- Page Range:185-191
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:information revolution; information power; information and communication technology; information content; international relations; international system; policy-making; security;
- Summary/Abstract:This paper aims to explore how the concept of security is addressed in the information age. It argues that the information revolution is not fundamentally or primarily about technology. It is also about the content (the message per se), about information overload and malign efforts of manipulating the public opinion and the decision-making process. Therefore, this paper outlines the pervasive threat coming from the deceptive use of information for hostile purposes and makes case for the urge to consider the protection of the information space against pollution (manipulation) as a significant dimension to national security. Last but not least, this article highlights the critical role the Academia community should play in guiding the policy-making process. It pleads for a partnership between the scholars and policy-makers in order to revolution the way they address the security challenges in the information age.
REFERENCES FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND PERMANENT NAVAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY
REFERENCES FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND PERMANENT NAVAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY
(REFERENCES FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND PERMANENT NAVAL CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY)
- Author(s):Sebastian Popescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:192-197
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:cyber security; threats; vulnerabilities; naval risk; hybrid war;
- Summary/Abstract:The evolution of computer systems and technologies, the data networks interconnections, has generated the need to deliver distributed and integrated services, which has irreversibly conducted to the emergence of cyberspace as a field of battle with further connotations as a war domain. The military actions in the cyberspace domain are not very strictly identified and treated in international laws and norms, well known as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) as the preoccupations of developing and internationally recognizing a set of regulations for the cybernetic domain are far from being decided, and the level of understanding and the knowledge within the military frame as considering the implications and application of LOAC for cyberspace is unclear. A complementary development is identified by the different levels of threat to computer security that generates a severity ofi mpact proportional to technical evolution and complexity. In this context, hacktivism, cyber crime,cyber espionage, cyber-terrorism and cyber-war are defined by the motivation, the actors and the targets for each of them, and are obviously related to the associated vulnerabilities.Cyber security is widely used term, whose definitions differ greatly and are often subjectively outlined. Thus, computer security involves the protection of computer networks and the information they include against penetration and against the impairment or interruption of data access. The same problem encounters the Navy in operating their informatics systems along the pursued sea operations.In the era of the information conflict, cyber-operations policies and the ship’s cybernetic systems’ availability are correlated with the Navy’s cybernetic capabilities and with the possibilities of using information associated with cybernetic scenarios applied by adverse forces.
WAR REFUGEES – A FORM OF FORCED MIGRATION
WAR REFUGEES – A FORM OF FORCED MIGRATION
(WAR REFUGEES – A FORM OF FORCED MIGRATION)
- Author(s):Florin Laurentiu Giusca, Tomita Zavoianu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Developing nations, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:198-202
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:war refugees; political asylum; international legal protection for war refugees; victims of armed conflicts; legal-administrative instruments for the humanitarian protection of war refugees;
- Summary/Abstract:Refugee movements have regional dimensions, causing the international community to coordinate their diplomatic-political efforts to ensure their protection and to find permanent solutions to their physical security and food security problems.From a legal point of view, refugees are people in danger who are trying to take advantage of their right to asylum in other countries. In this situation, criticism of the use of travel, escape from dangers, is the value of a saving solution, and the freedom of movement is of major importance in the European space. Refugee protection has been a topic of great interest to the international community after the United Nations.The impact of the Syrian crisis on the asylum system of many European countries, the fear of an increase in EU migration and the recurrence of nationalist and extremist movements in Europe make migration a recurring theme in European Union policy. The Syrian refugee crisis has created major problems in the region.
WAR REFUGEES – VICTIMS IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN SECURITY AND FOOD SAFETY DURING REGIONAL ARMED CONFLICT
WAR REFUGEES – VICTIMS IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN SECURITY AND FOOD SAFETY DURING REGIONAL ARMED CONFLICT
(WAR REFUGEES – VICTIMS IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN SECURITY AND FOOD SAFETY DURING REGIONAL ARMED CONFLICT)
- Author(s):Florin Laurentiu Giusca, Tomita Zavoianu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Developing nations, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:203-208
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:war refugees; human insecurity; food insecurity; international legal protection for war refugees; humanitarian assistance to war refugees; international legal instruments for the protection;
- Summary/Abstract:Waves of war refugees, large population movements and famine on a regional level are humanitarian crises generated by social insecurity or abusive behavior of public institutions. Social inequalities are serious political phenomena, social dramas often associated with diminishing food supplies and affecting economic exchange systems.Modern armed conflicts are characterized by new forms of violence and have some specific features such as the elements of internationalization present in internal conflicts, in the circumstances of increasing the role of non-state actors in solving management situations of public health and food security. The dangers and threats to international security for human security are manifested in complex, diverse and atypical forms of gravity, making it difficult to prevent and eliminate regional conflicts. Majorities of civil wars that have panicked the international community over the years have erupted countries located at the periphery of production centers and regional economic exchanges.
TERRORIST ORGANIZATION OR LIBERATION MOVEMENT? THE POLISARIO FRONT’S CLASSIFICATION
TERRORIST ORGANIZATION OR LIBERATION MOVEMENT?
THE POLISARIO FRONT’S CLASSIFICATION
(TERRORIST ORGANIZATION OR LIBERATION MOVEMENT?
THE POLISARIO FRONT’S CLASSIFICATION)
- Author(s):János Bésenyő
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Civil Society, Developing nations, Politics and religion, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:209-219
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Polisario Front; terrorist group; organized crime group; liberation movement; legal representative of Sahrawis; International law; Morocco; Mauritania; SADR; AQIM;
- Summary/Abstract:The reality of the widening category of irregular warfare and the raising quantity of radical units all around the world arrived in an unprecedented pace in the 21st century’s security environment. The decisions on designating and labeling „terrorist groups”were always surrounded with terminological debates, diverse state interests, and different perception of security. Thereby handling and countering their attacks and secondary destabilizing effects are hardly-cooperative among larger alliances. Of course, we might not exclude the good examples of international peacekeeping and countermeasures, such as it is happening in the case of ISIS, Al-Qaeda, Al-Shabaab or other specific organizations. But in some cases, the methods of engagement, the continuously shaping security environment, shifts in ideology or other factors should influence the classification of a „terrorist group”, which might be questioned by individuals, ethnic groups, states or the international community itself.This was the situation with the Polisario Front group as well, which in some cases was labeledas terrorist organization, while other papers mentioned it as a separatist group or an organized crime unit. However, in the eyes of the world, the Front still is the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi’s people and a liberating organization responsible for its people. In this analysis,my main aim is to concentrate on these accusations against the Polisario Front, and its actual activity and connections with organized crime groups and highlight the facts, which exclude the Polisario Front from being a terrorist organization.
RECENT STRATEGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTIONS IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION
RECENT STRATEGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTIONS
IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION
(RECENT STRATEGICALLY SIGNIFICANT EVOLUTIONS
IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION)
- Author(s):Florin Diaconu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economic policy, Security and defense, Inter-Ethnic Relations
- Page Range:220-229
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:power status; world power; regional power; naval forces; blue water navy; China; the United States of America; the Indo-Pacific region; regional (and global) balance of power;
- Summary/Abstract:The Indo-Pacific region (the Indian and Pacific Oceans, plus all the countries on their shores) is to be regarded as immensely important on the world arena because of several interconnected reasons: it has a really huge size (quite clearly, the largest region in the world); the important number of really significant political actors of the world arena on its shores; the number and importance of major oceanic trade routes crossing the region; the impressive size and pace of evolution of the military capabilities of the countries in the region; and the intense political-strategic competition and conflict potential in the region. The study explores, with some details, using an important number of open sources,three major topics: the sharp increase of the Chinese naval capabilities of all sorts, directly threatening, in the long run, the stability of the regional and global balance of power; the efforts of the USA aimed at preserving and consolidating its global role; and the efforts made by many large and medium-sized states in the region in order to balance, as much as possible,the sharp increase of the more and more assertive Chinese power.
THE CONNECTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH THE SOCIAL SYSTEM AND ITS SUBORDINATION WITH REGARD TO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
THE CONNECTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH THE SOCIAL SYSTEM AND ITS SUBORDINATION WITH REGARD TO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
(THE CONNECTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH THE SOCIAL SYSTEM AND ITS SUBORDINATION WITH REGARD TO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM)
- Author(s):Andreea Cîrciumaru, David Ungureanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Developing nations, Political economy, Politics and society
- Page Range:230-235
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:public administration; social system; political parties; media;
- Summary/Abstract:For the organization and functioning of a state, it is necessary that the administration and the political power cooperate, the state administration being one of the fundamental forms of achieving political power. State administration is one of the most important activities of contemporary society, and it has to be at the heart of the concerns of the political factors. Between the system of public administration and the political parties as elements of the political system there are differentiated relations from one state to another,depending on the system of government.Another issue concerns the relation between the public administration system and the pressure groups using certain constraints on the system of public administration, when its component bodies make certain decisions affecting the interests of these organizations.
MAIN PARADIGMS SHAPING THE CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL WORLD (“THE GREATER EUROPE” AND “THE GREATER EURASIA” RUSSIAN PROJECTS)
MAIN PARADIGMS SHAPING THE CONTEMPORARY
POLITICAL WORLD (“THE GREATER EUROPE” AND “THE GREATER EURASIA” RUSSIAN PROJECTS)
(MAIN PARADIGMS SHAPING THE CONTEMPORARY
POLITICAL WORLD (“THE GREATER EUROPE” AND “THE GREATER EURASIA” RUSSIAN PROJECTS))
- Author(s):Mădălina Virginia Antonescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Civil Society, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Politics and Identity
- Page Range:236-243
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Eurasian “Looking East” mega-trend; Pacific area; Russian worldwide strategies; rising powers;
- Summary/Abstract:Our paper proposes a brief exploration of both key-geopolitical paradigms(Pacific century and Eurasian century), whose interaction, due to divergent interests of the current great powers might offer an interesting insight into the general evolution (and reset)of the entire contemporary political world. We are taking into account the present profile of an international system shaped mainly by the rising powers, in a kind of asymmetrical multipolarity. The Pacific geopolitical extension of the Eurasian trend that Russia, as a rising power and global actor, has already deployed in this key-area, shows the inner dynamism of an order in full stage of reconstruction, in which rising powers (Russia) are revealing themselves as controllers of the declining political global order, as well as promoters of the new “Eurasian century”.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN SOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COMBATING TERRORIST THREATS
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN SOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COMBATING TERRORIST THREATS
(THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN SOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS AND COMBATING TERRORIST THREATS)
- Author(s):Tudor SÂRBU, Ecaterina Hlihor
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:244-251
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:country image; influencing; cultural exchange; mental map; regional and global security;
- Summary/Abstract:The study offers a perspective of the relation between activities specific to public diplomacy and the image of a state in international politics. In a more and more interdependent and complex world, the means of public diplomacy, perceived as a dialogue oriented towards engaging the public, can lead to a better understanding between peoples by bringing forth what unites them and by eliminating the discording factors. The means specific to soft power can be more effective in managing crises and international conflicts.
THE GEOSTRATEGIC CHOKE POINT IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD GEOPOLITICS
THE GEOSTRATEGIC CHOKE POINT IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD GEOPOLITICS
(THE GEOSTRATEGIC CHOKE POINT IN THE CONTEXT OF WORLD GEOPOLITICS)
- Author(s):Dragos-Ionut Pala
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Government/Political systems, Politics and society, Geopolitics
- Page Range:252-261
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:geopolitics; geostrategy; geostrategic choke point; Panama Canal; Suez Canal; Strait of Gibraltar; Island of Taiwan; Island of Guam;
- Summary/Abstract:Considering that the current geopolitical global context is full of uncertainties, the world’s states need strategic anchors in order to constantly assess their position. This necessity is met by the geostrategic field of study, namely the field that studies the geostrategic choke points of all categories and offers an action plan based on the abilities of the respective state. The analysis of how they can be used in the new geopolitical, economic and technological context represents a vital area of study for determining the advantages thata state holds, as well as its vulnerabilities so that a geopolitical plan of action can beelaborated in a close connection with the real situation in the field.As a result, the present article proposes a brief presentation of the geopolitical theoryrelated to geostrategic choke points, the different categories of geostrategic choke points, howthey influence the geopolitical situation in the field, as well as their identification on theglobal map and the exemplification of the geopolitical theory. Such an analysis also offer anexplanation of the motivation of geopolitical and geostrategic maneuvers throughout history.
FROM THE JUST WAR TO THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION
FROM THE JUST WAR TO THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION
(FROM THE JUST WAR TO THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION)
- Author(s):David Ungureanu, Andreea Cîrciumaru
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Civil Society, Politics and religion
- Page Range:262-270
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:international humanitarian law; just war; crime of aggression; hostilities;
- Summary/Abstract:As between individuals, there are conflicts between the actors of the international scene, the solving of which is possible either by force or by diplomacy, both methods being used throughout history, sometimes even in a congruent way. At first, a few thousand years later, war prevailed due to the possibility of achieving faster and more lasting effects than through diplomacy.However, because generalized violence sometimes had catastrophic consequences for those endowed with sense and reason, they sought justifications for the recourse to the armed force, which materialized in the theory of warfare based on the idea of legitimate defense, but also on the formalization of the hostilities and the establishment of rules of warfare. Only in our time the idea that the shift to use of the armed force without any motivation is a crime of aggression prevailed, so that a return to diplomacy is considered possible, the choice between these two modalities remaining a politics attribute.Keywords:
AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA –PROFILE, HYPOTHESES AND PREDICTIONS
AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA –PROFILE, HYPOTHESES AND PREDICTIONS
(AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA –PROFILE, HYPOTHESES AND PREDICTIONS)
- Author(s):Alexandru STOICA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Civil Society, Security and defense, Military policy, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:271-278
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Al-Qaeda; threats; security deficiencies; ideology; radicalization;
- Summary/Abstract:AQAP, whose original purpose was to overthrow the Saudi monarchy,resulted from the merger with Yemen's Al-Qaeda, in 2009, whose stability was well anchored at national level. Since that period, which corresponds to the weakening of Al-Qaeda's terrorist projects in Pakistan, AQAP has seen an increase in its power and influence. The ability to organize international attacks, to capture Yemeni cities and regions through local groups, or to train foreign fighters, the South-Arab branch of the Al-Qaeda network gets an aura among terrorist organizations at a time when there is an increasing lack of certainty regarding the future of the parent organization.
THE STRATEGY FOR EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION
THE STRATEGY FOR EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION
(THE STRATEGY FOR EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION)
- Author(s):Iulia Staicu, Viorel ORDEANU, Mihail-Silviu Tudosie
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Civil Society, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, Welfare systems, Methodology and research technology
- Page Range:279-286
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:CBRN protection; biological weapons; biological agents; toxins; international laws; BWTC 1972; evaluation; medical intelligence;
- Summary/Abstract:From the weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) the most dangerous are the biological weapons (BWs) that use living organisms, which after their dissemination, can get out of control and their effects could thus be devastating. As such, BWs were the first WMD sto be prohibited by means of law by the United Nations (UN) thus in 1972, at Geneva, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was signed.As a result, the necessity of a coherent strategy that could evaluate the application of the BTWC at a national and international level emerged and specific mechanisms of evaluating the convention’s application were created, including at UN level. Yet, because of the contradiction between, on the one hand the need for transparency and on the other hand the need for maintenance of the military secret, these evaluation methods were not efficient.As such, some states possess or could possess own BWs, creating a potential danger for the international community.In this article we aim at presenting some elements of the strategy for evaluation of the application of the BTWC.
STRATEGIES AND CAPABILITIES USED FOR SHAPING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
STRATEGIES AND CAPABILITIES USED FOR SHAPING
OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
(STRATEGIES AND CAPABILITIES USED FOR SHAPING
OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT)
- Author(s):Silviu-Stelian Borsa, Visarion Neagoe
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, Developing nations
- Page Range:287-296
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:shaping; operational environment; capabilities; unconventional components; special operation forces; asymmetric;
- Summary/Abstract:The complexity of today's operational environment entails a series of activities and actions aimed to prepare it before acting or introducing forces in order to conduct military actions. These activities / actions are designed to shape the operational environment, in such a way that, the success of the forces operating in that area would be largely assured. Shaping the operational environment is a detailed process, from political strategic to tactical level that involves detailed planning and precise execution over a variable period of time from years to hours or minutes. The means, capabilities, or „tools”through which this is accomplished, is what we intend to detail in this paper.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF EXPERTISE IN CREATING DEFENSE POLICIES AND SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF EXPERTISE IN CREATING DEFENSE POLICIES AND SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
(SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF EXPERTISE IN CREATING DEFENSE POLICIES AND SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
- Author(s):Tudor SÂRBU
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:297-305
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:expertise; security strategy; defense policies; community of experts; Russian Federation; decision-making process;
- Summary/Abstract:In the Russian Federation, the process of public policy elaboration has the imprint of the recent past, but also of the illiberal political regime. In Russian society there are various types of expertise communities that carry out research projects, analyze,elaborate strategic documents etc. Yet others are the actors that influence the decision making process. “Siloviki”1 - building power that unites the armed forces, law enforcement and intelligence services, with common identity, with a shared world view, and a personal loyalty to Putin.The Russian authorities are very closed to the debate and are reluctant to rely on any expertise other than that provided by government agencies. The role of the expert communities in the decision-making process is “close to zero” because officials make decisions based on secret information and usually stress that any external expertise is irrelevant.
STRATEGY AND WAR IN KAUTILYA’S VISION. TOPICALITY REFLECTIONS
STRATEGY AND WAR IN KAUTILYA’S VISION. TOPICALITY REFLECTIONS
(STRATEGY AND WAR IN KAUTILYA’S VISION. TOPICALITY REFLECTIONS)
- Author(s):Florin Stafi
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy, Political behavior, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:306-315
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:strategy; state; political objectives; war;
- Summary/Abstract:A true compendium of great strategy, Kautilya’s Arthashastra gives us a complete picture of the state leadership that transcends time, presenting us, with a perfect political realism, the art and science of government, diplomacy and war. The center of its strategy is the state's power in all its forms, as well as the means by which it can be acquired,maintained and expanded.For Kautilya, the war is viewed in the strategic context of alliances, providing the political decision maker with the necessary instrument for internal well-being, expanding the influence at the macro level, balancing the equilibrium of regional power, allowing it to achieve political goals. Arthashastra is a leader’s art and science, its guide through which he can provide protection against internal and external threats, law enforcement, border security and economic progress. Peace or war are only “state of facts” imposed by social pyramid needs,the national interest being the supreme goal of politics.
AL-QAEDA – A MILLENARY ORGANIZATION
AL-QAEDA – A MILLENARY ORGANIZATION
(AL-QAEDA – A MILLENARY ORGANIZATION)
- Author(s):Alexandru STOICA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Civil Society, Government/Political systems, Security and defense, Developing nations
- Page Range:316-321
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Al-Qaeda; threats; organizational structure; terrorism; intelligence;
- Summary/Abstract:The terrorist organizations as the Islamic state, Al-Qaeda and theiraffiliated groups are the protagonists of the deepest current crises, which complicates theprocess of halting them. The Al-Qaeda network with all its branches in various geographicalareas exploits conflicting outbreaks, the critical situation in some states, and geopoliticaldisturbances in the Middle East, continuing to pose a constantly evolving threat.Challenged by an aggressive international campaign, the threat from Al-Qaedapersists, contrary to opinions expressed in public space. In the present study, based on datamade public by competent structures, I have tried to outline some possible perspectives of Al-Qaeda evolution built around the same analytical starting points to help better understand them. The central hypothesis would be that the network will evolve depending on the external environment and its nature. In the course of the study, this hypothesis focuses on three points of interest: the external environment of Al-Qaeda, the characteristics and nature of the network.
CONCEPT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION
CONCEPT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION
(CONCEPT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION)
- Author(s):Mihail-Silviu Tudosie, Iulia Staicu, Viorel ORDEANU
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Civil Society, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption
- Page Range:322-330
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:CBRN protection; biological weapons; biological agents; toxins; international legislation; BTWC 1972; legal measures implementation; evaluation; medical intelligence;
- Summary/Abstract:Geneva Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC 1972)provisions must be respected by all signatory countries, while non-signatory countries are required to refrain themselves from using those kind of weapons. BTWC allows signatory countries to possess and use reasonably small amounts of biological agents of war – BAW (grams) for defensive purpose of scientific research for obtaining new means of diagnosis, prevention and treatment. But living biological agents can be multiplied on demand in any amount, or toxins may be bio synthesized in any amount as specific ammunition for biological weapons.It means that the implementation of the Convention is a complex action and difficult to achieve in practice. In this situation, effective legal measures for the worldwide implementation of BTWC must be set, but concrete actions are more difficult to implement. UN, as an international body, is able, to enforce and to monitor the compliance with the Convention, being helped by other entities, such as the Security Council, the World Health Organization (WHO), etc.
