The Experience of Faith in Slavic Cultures and Literatures in the Context of Postsecular Thought
The Experience of Faith in Slavic Cultures and Literatures in the Context of Postsecular Thought
Contributor(s): Danuta Sosnowska (Editor), Ewelina Drzewiecka (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Language and Literature Studies, Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
Published by: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Keywords: culture; religion; faith; postsecularism; literature; Slavic
Summary/Abstract: The book contains reflections on the diversified religious experience expressed in the culture and literature of the Slavic region. We can say that Slavic religious experience is “messy”, but maybe it is better to say this is Slavic experience of modernity that is “messy”. Bearing in mind that ‘Slavic experience’ is only a metaphor – a mental shortcut – we should remember that it is torn between the specificity of the local context and the Western-centric unification. Reflection on specific features of local religious experiences and examining this phenomenon in the context of global processes enriches knowledge of modernity and its relation to secularization and desecularization. If modernity is defined broadly and universally, then studies on ‘small cultures’ can go beyond the traditional interpretative ‘pattern – copy’ or ‘center – periphery’ models.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-3717-5
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-3709-0
- Page Count: 290
- Publication Year: 2018
- Language: English
Introduction
Introduction
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Danuta Sosnowska
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:7-22
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:culture; religion; faith; postsecularism; literature; Slavic
- Summary/Abstract:The book contains reflections on the diversified religious experience expressed in the culture and literature of the Slavic region. We can say that Slavic religious experience is “messy”, but maybe it is better to say this is Slavic experience of modernity that is “messy”. Bearing in mind that ‘Slavic experience’ is only a metaphor – a mental shortcut – we should remember that it is torn between the specificity of the local context and the Western-centric unification. Reflection on specific features of local religious experiences and examining this phenomenon in the context of global processes enriches knowledge of modernity and its relation to secularization and desecularization. If modernity is defined broadly and universally, then studies on ‘small cultures’ can go beyond the traditional interpretative ‘pattern – copy’ or ‘center – periphery’ models.
The Postsecular Point of View
The Postsecular Point of View
(The Postsecular Point of View)
- Author(s):Ewelina Drzewiecka
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:23-39
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:postsecular; conference overview; Slavic cultures and literatures; religious experience; modernity
- Summary/Abstract:The paper is a subjective overview of the international conference “The experience of faith in Slavic cultures and literatures in the context of post secular thought,” held in Warsaw on 16–17 October 2017; it aims to comment on the nature of the postsecular approach, as well as the problems and potential of research into religious experience in Slavic modernities.
Postsecularity: Theoretical Concept and Historical Experience
Postsecularity: Theoretical Concept and Historical Experience
(Postsecularity: Theoretical Concept and Historical Experience)
- Author(s):Michał Warchala
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:40-49
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:postsecularity; Romanticism; Jürgen Habermas; modernity; Max Weber
- Summary/Abstract:My purpose in what follows is to use ‘postsecularity’ as a transhistorical concept that underpins a new reading of modern religious history. My understanding of postsecularity is inspired by Jürgen Habermas. The postsecular is thought based on the dialectical conjunction of a farewell to traditional religious orthodoxy and a plea for a heterodox revival of religious intuitions and symbols. My main contention would be that postsecularism thus understood is hardly a new phenomenon and that it is in fact a persistent undercurrent within Western modernity, bringing together such authors as William Blake, Franz Rosenzweig, and Max Weber.
The Experience of Faith in a Postsecular Context
The Experience of Faith in a Postsecular Context
(The Experience of Faith in a Postsecular Context)
- Author(s):Stanisław Obirek
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:50-65
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:religion; religious experience; postsecularism; change of paradigm; belief and disbelief
- Summary/Abstract:The concept of religion and of the divine is very complex; in fact, it is a human construction which is closely related to culture and its development. This is particularly clear when we consider dynamic changes in religious institutions, the Catholic Church included. The same should be said about religious experience. The religious experience was defined by William James at the beginning of the twentieth century in his classic book, The varieties of religious experience. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Charles Taylor took up some of James’ ideas in his book Varieties of religion today. The religious context of time is present in both books, which were the outcome of the Gifford Lectures delivered at Edinburgh University. In traditional descriptions of religious phenomena, atheism and disbelief were usually not taken into account; however, the last two decades have brought a radical change. In this paper I will try to demonstrate that the postsecular context by the end of second decade of the twenty-first century gives us a new opportunity to define religious experience that allows us to overcome the traditional tension between religious and secular worldviews. I will even propose that it is possible to speak about a new paradigm in religious studies.
Religion Today: ‘Public Decline’ in an ‘Anthropological Refuge’?
Religion Today: ‘Public Decline’ in an ‘Anthropological Refuge’?
(Religion Today: ‘Public Decline’ in an ‘Anthropological Refuge’?)
- Author(s):Nonka Bogomilova
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:66-83
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:contemporary religion; subjective religion; secularization vs; desecularization debate; philosophical paradigms; sociological approaches
- Summary/Abstract:The paper examines diverse theoretical standpoints on issues related to the interpretation of contemporary religiosity. A distinction is made between, on the one hand, authors who acknowledge as indisputable the secular, non-religious nature of the contemporary times and, on the other hand, authors and ideas that consider the contemporary world as totally religious; between interpretations of the existential horizon of religion as providing a unique and irreplaceable transcendental meaning and support to the mortal individual, as opposed to those viewing religion as a transient cultural condition in the course of the maturing and autonomous self-assertion of the individual and society. These general theoretical and value-based interpretations, developed in particular by the philosophy and sociology of religion, are taken up here in order to understand the dynamic processes developing in the modern/postmodern religious situation, registered by sociological research and fieldwork or observed in various regional phenomena. The emptying of religion of its social ‘infrastructure’ role – the global framework of the social body – shifts the ‘point of application’ of religion from the social to the individual level, to human subjectivity. The methodological turn from the group and community to the individual is analyzed as both culturally justified and very limited. This investigation tries to clarify the issue: is ‘subjective’ religion an ‘anthropological residue’ doomed to depletion, or an essential element of ‘revived’ religion?
Postsecular or Post-Traditional? Slovakia between Tradition and Secularization
Postsecular or Post-Traditional? Slovakia between Tradition and Secularization
(Postsecular or Post-Traditional? Slovakia between Tradition and Secularization)
- Author(s):Roman Kečka
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:84-103
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Slovakia; secularity; religiosity; desecularization; postsecular; posttraditional
- Summary/Abstract:This article discusses today’s complex religious situation in Slovakia, pondering the adequacy of the concepts usually used in this context. The last three decades have shown that the Western concepts of secularization, desecularization and/or post-secularism do not completely fit the Slovak religious reality that obviously goes beyond the Western conceptual horizon. While the countries in Western Europe are undergoing a postsecular turn, this does not seem to be the case in Slovakia, which has instead seen a very dynamic post-traditional turn characterized not only by belonging to a church and attending its services, but also by an openness to new spiritual possibilities outside the institutional ecclesiastical milieu. In the conditions of a modern society, post-traditional Christianity in Slovakia is experiencing transformations and adaptations of traditional religious forms. The case of Slovakia suggests that the contemporary academic study of religion has to learn how to ask correct, up-to-date questions on religion and non-religion to get the big picture and the details of the dynamics of the actual religious landscape in Slovakia.
Another Rationality. Spirituality, Conspiracy Theories and Social Engagement in Polish Rightist Social Movement Networks
Another Rationality. Spirituality, Conspiracy Theories and Social Engagement in Polish Rightist Social Movement Networks
(Another Rationality. Spirituality, Conspiracy Theories and Social Engagement in Polish Rightist Social Movement Networks)
- Author(s):Marta Zimniak-Hałajko
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:104-116
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:New Age; new spirituality; conspiracy theories; social engagement; social movement organizations
- Summary/Abstract:The article explores the relations between ‘New Age spirituality’ and other forms of social representations and activities in new right-wing social movement organizations in Poland. It attempts to reveal relations between alternative spirituality, conservatism, conspiracy theories and the reformatory social concepts present in these organizations. Contrary to popular expectations, in the case of these organizations new spirituality is not related to escapism; similarly, tendencies towards embracing conspiracy theories are also not accompanied by defeatism. It will be argued that among the members of these groups, both beliefs in conspiracy theories and new spirituality may serve as mobilizing instruments for activities that aim to ‘change the world’ and for building a feeling of collective optimism.
Bosniak Identity and the Bogomil Tradition: Medieval Dualist Heretics as Desirable Ancestors of Present-Day Post-Yugoslav Muslim Slavs
Bosniak Identity and the Bogomil Tradition: Medieval Dualist Heretics as Desirable Ancestors of Present-Day Post-Yugoslav Muslim Slavs
(Bosniak Identity and the Bogomil Tradition: Medieval Dualist Heretics as Desirable Ancestors of Present-Day Post-Yugoslav Muslim Slavs)
- Author(s):Jolanta Mindak-Zawadzka
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:117-128
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Bosniak identity; Yugoslav Muslims; Bosnian Church; Bogomilist roots; Torbeshes; Gorani
- Summary/Abstract:The paper deals with the presumed Bogomilist roots of Yugoslav Muslims (Bosniaks), recently appearing as a crucial element of a new Bosniak ethnomythology. It tries to examine the social and political reasons and circumstances concerning the recent expansion of this concept, especially on the internet.
Modern and Post-Secular Alevi and Bektāşī Religiosities and the Slavo-Turkic Heretical Imaginary
Modern and Post-Secular Alevi and Bektāşī Religiosities and the Slavo-Turkic Heretical Imaginary
(Modern and Post-Secular Alevi and Bektāşī Religiosities and the Slavo-Turkic Heretical Imaginary)
- Author(s):Yuri Stoyanov
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:129-144
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:post-secularism; heretical imaginary; South-East Europe/Balkans; Alevism; Bektāşīsm; identity
- Summary/Abstract:The problem of contemporary and post-secular Alevi and Bektāşī religiosities in Turkey, South-East Europe and in diasporic milieux in Western Europe and North America has been attracting some increasing attention since the late 1980s. Following decades of suppression of Alevi and Bektāşī religious and cultural traditions by the aggressive secularism of the respective Eastern Bloc Communist regimes, the process of reclaiming Alevi and Bektāşī identities in the Orthodox-majority cultures in South-East Europe and in post-secular settings has followed its own distinctive dynamics in the last three decades. While post-secularism exposed Alevi and Bektāşī communities to locally and transnationally coordinated Sunnification pressures and Twelver Twelver Shiʽite pro-active programmes, both trends within these communities and in the post-Communist South-East European cultures in general continue to reimagine and rearticulate their identities in the framework of the Slavo-Turkic heretical imaginary which was initially formulated in the nation-building historiographies of the late Ottoman and early post-Ottoman periods.
Reception of the Bible in Modern Bulgarian Culture: The (Post)Secular and the National
Reception of the Bible in Modern Bulgarian Culture: The (Post)Secular and the National
(Reception of the Bible in Modern Bulgarian Culture: The (Post)Secular and the National)
- Author(s):Ewelina Drzewiecka
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:145-165
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Bible; modernity; postsecular; national; Bulgarian culture
- Summary/Abstract:The paper raises the question of the Bible’s reception in modern Bulgarian literature and literary studies in the perspective of postsecular thought. The main question is interpreted with relation to the place of the Bible in the Orthodox cultural context, as well as the well-established autostereotype of Bulgarian literature as reflecting the pragmatism and religious indifference of Bulgarians. Focusing on the case of Nikolay Raynov’s (1889–1954) blasphemous novel Between desert and life (1919) and the discussion on Pencho Slaveykov’s (1866–1912) ‘religiosity’, the paper reveals the problems with both the notion of ‘religious’ within the framework of modernity and the pressing issue of the Bulgarians’ (ir)religiosity from the point of view of national identity. In this context, the question of how Bulgarian literary studies are bound by the secularization narrative manifests itself as fundamental. The history of the interpretation of the ‘religious’ in literature seems to be a very good indicator of the Bulgarian path to modernity.
Unorthodox Experience of Faith in Ivan V. Lalić’s and Miodrag Pavlović’s Poetry: A Comparative Study
Unorthodox Experience of Faith in Ivan V. Lalić’s and Miodrag Pavlović’s Poetry: A Comparative Study
(Unorthodox Experience of Faith in Ivan V. Lalić’s and Miodrag Pavlović’s Poetry: A Comparative Study)
- Author(s):Magdalena Maszkiewicz
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:166-177
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:postsecular studies in literature; Serbian poetry; Lalić; Pavlović; unorthodox; experience
- Summary/Abstract:The paper aims to present two models of unorthodox Christianity related religious experience in the poetry of two twentieth-century Serbian authors: Ivan V. Lalić (1931–1996) and Miodrag Pavlović (1928–2014). In their works, both poets reflect on the existential situation of contemporary humans by reinterpreting cultural texts from antiquity to modern times. This paper is a comparative analysis of their poems that refer to Christian texts, including the Bible as well as Byzantine and Orthodox literature. In Lalić’s poetry, especially in the books The letter/The writing (Pismo, 1992) and The four canons (Četiri kanona, 1996), God is presented as capricious and unpredictable, yet silent and mostly absent. The lyrical subject feels doubt, enhanced by the experience of death and evanescence; nevertheless, love inspires him to constantly search for a relationship with God. However, the effort of faith seems to have only one direction and depends exclusively on the subject’s will. Pavlović plays an ironic game in his works with Christian texts of culture, especially in the book The bright and the dark holidays (Svetli i tamni praznici, 1971), in which the sacred constantly mixes with the profane. The rebellious and blasphemous approach to Christian texts that is represented by the lyrical subject is not a mere negation of the traditional idea of holiness. Most of all, it can be understood as an attempt not only to overcome classical oppositions in thinking about the world and humanity, among which there is a dichotomy between the immanent and the transcendent, but it is also an attempt to rearrange the whole of reality. In poems by Lalić and Pavlović, modern consciousness is in throes with the experience of transcendence.
The Secular, the Sacral, and the Three Stages of the Postsecular in Russian Literature: The Past and the Present
The Secular, the Sacral, and the Three Stages of the Postsecular in Russian Literature: The Past and the Present
(The Secular, the Sacral, and the Three Stages of the Postsecular in Russian Literature: The Past and the Present)
- Author(s):Ivo Pospíšil
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:178-188
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:unfinished secularization in Russia; pre–post effect; three waves of postsecularism in Russian literature
- Summary/Abstract:This article deals with the general problems of the secular and postsecular, but mainly with the specific features of Russian cultural and literary development characterized by the conception of the pre–post effect (the imperfect imitation of Western models that leads to new artistic revelations) and by unfinished secularization, the consequence of which is the permanent presence of sacral elements. In Russian literature, there are three stages of postsecularism that are related to romanticism, modernism and postmodernism; these are demonstrated on the examples of two case studies (Bondarev, Vodolazkin). The general characteristics of Russian postsecularism are closely related to the typical Russian unfinishedness, incompleteness and openness, thus indicating a new development potential that leads to new poetics and constituted artifacts.
Metaphysical Yearning – A Czech Tradition
Metaphysical Yearning – A Czech Tradition
(Metaphysical Yearning – A Czech Tradition)
- Author(s):Xavier Galmiche
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:189-197
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:alternative spirituality; Czech culture; Czech literature; religiosity; Catholicism
- Summary/Abstract:This paper intends to give a wide panorama of alternative spirituality as a basic feature of modern Czech culture. Although the image of Czechia as the most dechristianized country in Europe is very popular, this must be considered a stereotype. Despite the fact that secularization of Czech society and culture has been a long-term process, the metaphysical thirst which could be manifested in the culture has not been eradicated. Instead, it has been redirected towards new forms of searching for transcendence. A fundamental episode of this reflection on religiosity took place in around 1900, when opportunities for spirituality beyond confession (any confession, not only the Catholic one) were considered and the role of Churches was questioned. It was also the time when original experiments were performed by artists in order to synthesize different spiritual ideas (e.g. František Bílek’s ‘mystical syncretism’). The author of this article argues that there is an ‘underground river’ of Catholicism in the relationship one can have with the sacred in everyday life. Analyzing different examples of literary works, he shows how Czech writers are rooted in spiritual tradition, even those who are not associated with this idea (e.g. Karel Čapek). Other examples of ‘classical’ Czech authors are also given in the text demonstrating how sensitive they were to spirituality and transcendence. Although such writers as Vítězslav Nezval reduced or marginalized spirituality, this tendency was balanced by artists who manifested their metaphysical needs (e.g. Vladimír Holan and his ‘metaphysical existentialism’). Different forms of spiritual experiences can be observed throughout the 20th century in Czech literature and they find echoes in the works of authors of the neo-avant-garde, for example in the post-baroque writing of Bohumil Hrabal.
“Priests in Prisons”: Religious Experience in Extreme Circumstances – The Theopoetics of Jan Zahradníček’s (1951–1960) Poems Written behind Bars
“Priests in Prisons”: Religious Experience in Extreme Circumstances – The Theopoetics of Jan Zahradníček’s (1951–1960) Poems Written behind Bars
(“Priests in Prisons”: Religious Experience in Extreme Circumstances – The Theopoetics of Jan Zahradníček’s (1951–1960) Poems Written behind Bars)
- Author(s):Josef Vojvodík, Jan Wiendl
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:198-243
- No. of Pages:46
- Keywords:Jan Zahradníček; theopoetics; “Humanism without God”; “live in God”; freedom; totalitarism; aesthetic resistance
- Summary/Abstract:In April and July 1952 Brno and Prague were the scenes of show trials of alleged “agents in the service of the Vatican and the USA,” contrived by the Communist state security apparatus to dispose of opposition Catholic intellectuals and writers. The trials ended with one death penalty, one sentence of life imprisonment and long prison sentences of seven to twenty-five years. Those convicted included one of the most striking exponents of 1930s and 1940s modern Czech verse, Jan Zahradníček (1905–1960), who was jailed for thirteen years. In the extreme conditions of incarceration Zahradníček never stopped writing poetry, or rather reciting it to his fellow-inmates, who learned the poems by heart. On his release from prison under the general amnesty of May 1960 Zahradníček – in the five months of life left to him – reconstructed the poems. This essay focuses on the theopoetics of his prison poems which picked up on the main topic of his postwar poems (1946–1951): the crisis of man and the tragedy of a humanism without God. Zahradníček’s prison verse is typified by both its striking theopoetic dimension, arising out of the poet’s solidly Catholic faith and religious experience, and its anthropopoetic dimension: in other words, poetry being for man something fundamental, in certain circumstances vital to him and his survival, and affecting him in quite basic ways. It is a special form of freedom within one’s compressed self and a special form of intensified self-awareness. The poems of Zahradníček’s dark years behind bars are not only testament to religious experience in the extreme conditions of brutal totalitarian dictatorship, but also to the fact that under extreme conditions an aesthetic force becomes a force of aesthetic resistance, and to how this manifests itself.
Faith Beyond Doctrines – Faith in Dialogue: Reflection on the Philosophical Anthropology of Milan Machovec
Faith Beyond Doctrines – Faith in Dialogue: Reflection on the Philosophical Anthropology of Milan Machovec
(Faith Beyond Doctrines – Faith in Dialogue: Reflection on the Philosophical Anthropology of Milan Machovec)
- Author(s):Paula Kiczek
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:244-255
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:dialogue; atheism; postsecularism; Marxist–Christian discussion; responsibility
- Summary/Abstract:Czech philosopher and dissident Milan Machovec was an initiator of the so-called “Seminars of dialogue” that took place in the early 1960s at Charles University in Prague and were followed by analogical events abroad, mostly in German speaking circles. The meetings were originally meant as a platform for Marxist and Christian dialogue, although the religious and ideological limits were in fact by a long way overstepped. The meetings were attended by Egon Bondy, Milan Opočenský, Jan Sokol, Zdeněk Neubauer, Ladislav Hejdánek, and others. Machovec also established close relations with Erich Fromm and Ernst Bloch. When the process of democratization in Czechoslovakia was brutally stopped in 1968, this so-called ‘normalization’ affected also Milan Machovec. His political opinions and his philosophical point of view – not to mention his dissident activities that were so disturbing to the communist powers – resulted in him being expelled from the university in 1970. Nevertheless, he kept giving lectures in his private apartment and, with the help of the people gathered around him, he built close relations with the Czech Underground. Milan Machovec is an emblematic example of an individual who could be seen today as a promoter of postsecular approaches to all forms of religiosity, starting from those which revealed themselves as ‘political religion’. However, Christianity itself and its worship were also an object of Machovec’s skepticism. According to him, all forms of faith were ‘touched’ with ambiguity due to the disillusion with traditional confession, but also, as far as ‘political religion’ was concerned, religion was affected by distrust resulting from the experience of the totalitarian regime and the post-war crisis of values. Machovec’s way of thinking is far from systematic philosophy, it turns rather towards the Socratic practice of questioning persisting dogmas. His main concern was seeking forms of profound understanding of the spiritual needs of contemporary human beings. The aim of this brief article is to recall the significance of Machovec’s thought in the broad context of postsecularism, as well as to show that his intellectual heritage still remains current nowadays.
The Experience of Faith in Czech Literature after the Turn of 1989 on the Example of Angel by Jáchym Topol and Mefitis by Martin Komárek
The Experience of Faith in Czech Literature after the Turn of 1989 on the Example of Angel by Jáchym Topol and Mefitis by Martin Komárek
(The Experience of Faith in Czech Literature after the Turn of 1989 on the Example of Angel by Jáchym Topol and Mefitis by Martin Komárek)
- Author(s):Danuta Sosnowska
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Theology and Religion, Philology
- Page Range:256-268
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Czech literature; postsecularism; postmodernism; anticlericalism; antiecclesiasticism; invisible religiosity
- Summary/Abstract:After the turning point of 1989, the subject of religiosity was undertaken in Czech literature by the younger generation of writers born in the 1960s. Their presence on the literary scene was noticed at the time and described as a distinctive phenomenon. These writers dealt with religious ideas in a way that ignored Catholic dogmas, religious tradition and the instructions of the Church; they also mixed together religious threads derived from foreign cultures and cults, including non-European ones. These tendencies, as well as the characteristic literary forms preferred by the writers, such as pastiche, parody and irony, justified a postmodern interpretation of this literary topic. The postmodern reading, which is still popular, could be also related to the widespread millenarian moods of the 1990s. My paper aims to present a different interpretation of this phenomenon using the framework of postsecular thought. In this approach, the non-doctrinal, non-traditional descriptions of religious experience which can be found in Czech literature of the 1990s turns out to involve peculiar contact with the transcendental sphere, or a struggle for such contact, or an expression of metaphysical yearnings. The issue is raised of how such religious expressions belong to the modern experience of faith and how they belong to the Czech tradition of religiosity. In addition, two novels by Czech writers are analyzed as an example of the postsecular approach to the issue: Angel by Jáchym Topol and Mefitis by Martin Komárek.
