COVID-19 and Migration: Understanding the Pandemic and Human Mobility
COVID-19 and Migration: Understanding the Pandemic and Human Mobility
Contributor(s): Ibrahim Sirkeci (Editor), Jeffrey H. Cohen (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Sociology, Health and medicine and law, Migration Studies, Asylum, Refugees, Migration as Policy-fields
Published by: Transnational Press London
Keywords: Biao Xiang; Carla Pederzini; Choujun Zhan; Coronavirus; COVID-19; human mobility; Ibrahim Sirkeci; Jeffrey H. Cohen; Melissa Siegel; migration; Pandemic; Philip L. Martin; R.B. Bhagat; remittances;
Summary/Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted every domain of life. Migration and human mobility, in general, are not exceptions. Since March 2020, researchers, policy makers and many others have channeled their efforts to understand this new coronavirus, its impact and prospects. Many scholars were thinking and writing on the pandemic from its onset and many blog essays quickly appeared. One of the earliest peer-reviewed research articles Sirkeci and Yucesahin (2020) is reproduced here. This article and its focus on mobility and travel data showed that it was possible to predict the spatial spread and concentration of COVID-19 cases. Not only was this finding crucial to developing appropriate policies and strategies to counter the spread of the virus, it reminded us that the pandemic is a social disease and not simply a biological threat. The contributions in this book should be considered in this regard tackling the social and policy aspects as we leave the biological and medical side to the experts.
Series: Migration Series
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-1-912997-59-6
- Page Count: 124
- Publication Year: 2020
- Language: English
Introduction
Introduction
(Introduction)
- Contributor(s):Ibrahim Sirkeci (Editor), Jeffrey H. Cohen (Editor)
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:5-7
- No. of Pages:3
- Keywords:Coronavirus; COVID-19; epidemic; migration; human mobility; air travel; spatial diffusion; public health; China; Italy; France; Germany; Spain; UK; USA; Turkey
- Summary/Abstract:Reactions, measures as well as discourses dealing with the current pandemic vary significantly across the world. While some countries were completely locked down, as was the case in Italy, some had claimed to have very few or no cases, as was the case in Turkey and Indonesia by March 10th, 2020. Nevertheless, the spread of COVID-19 from China has been clearly linked to those travelling from Wuhan in Hubei province in Central China. Therefore, it is important to understand the travel density/volume of passengers carried as well as routes from Wuhan through connected main regional air travel hubs across China. In this study, we developed a model on migration and travel intensity that can explain outbreak and spread of COVID-19 since it appeared at the end of 2019. We show that the presence of migrant stock populations of Chinese origin and the immigrant stock in China are useful indicators in the prediction of the spread of the outbreak worldwide in the event of interaction with several other macro factors. We argue that monitoring immigrant stock data and travel volume data based on human mobility corridors (i.e. origins and destinations), countries could have been better prepared and taken early measures to contain the spread of COVID-19.
- Price: 4.50 €
Covid-19 And International Labour Migration In Agriculture
Covid-19 And International Labour Migration In Agriculture
(Covid-19 And International Labour Migration In Agriculture)
- Author(s):Philip Martin
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:9-15
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:Covid-19; international migration; migrant worker; agriculture; food system
- Summary/Abstract:Two thirds of the 272 million international migrants in 2019 were employed in the destination country. Demographic and economic inequalities between countries, combined with globalization that reduced barriers to migrants, were expected to continue increasing the number of international migrant workers. Covid-19 closed many national borders to non-essential travelers, with limited exceptions. Seasonal farm workers were one of the notable exceptions, suggesting that many governments do not expect local workers to fill seasonal farm jobs despite record unemployment rates.
- Price: 4.50 €
Hostages Of Mobility: Transport, Securitization And Stress During Pandemic
Hostages Of Mobility: Transport, Securitization And Stress During Pandemic
(Hostages Of Mobility: Transport, Securitization And Stress During Pandemic)
- Author(s):Biao Xiang
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:17-25
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:mobility; transport; security; covid-19
- Summary/Abstract:Historically, epidemics have been closely related to population mobility. The COVID-19 outbreak is special in that, population mobility in China in the year 2020 is not only unprecedentedly prevalent and frequent, but has also become a prerequisite for the economy and many people’s livelihoods. The circulation of goods and the movement of people are arguably more important than assembly lines in factories in sustaining economic growth. The COVID-19 epidemic and the subsequent responses are particularly impactful because they abruptly halt what we may call a “mobility economy”.
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Modeling And Prediction Of The 2019 Coronavirus Disease Spreading In China Incorporating Human Migration Data
Modeling And Prediction Of The 2019 Coronavirus Disease Spreading In China Incorporating Human Migration Data
(Modeling And Prediction Of The 2019 Coronavirus Disease Spreading In China Incorporating Human Migration Data)
- Author(s):Choujun Zhan, Chi Kong Tse, Yuxia Fu, Zhikang Lai, Haijun Zhang
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:27-46
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Covid-19 pandemic;coronavirus;India;migration;
- Summary/Abstract:The Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began to spread since December 2019 from Wuhan, a centrally located city in China with a population of 11 million, to almost all provinces throughout China and 213 other countries. On February 19, 2020 (when this work was completed), a total of 74,579 cases of COVID-19 infection were confirmed in China, and the death toll reached 2,119. Moreover, as human-to-human transmission had been found to occur in some early Wuhan cases in mid-December (Li et al., 2020), the high volume and frequency of movement of people from Wuhan to other cities and between cities was an obvious cause for the wide and rapid spread of the disease throughout the country. Prior study also suggested strong correlation between the spreading of infectious diseases with intercity travel (Colizza et al., 2006). The Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed (SEIR) model has traditionally been used to study epidemic spreading with various forms of networks of transmission which define the contact topology (Diekmann, Heesterbeek & Britton, 2013), such as scalefree networks (Pastor et al., 2001; Boguna et al., 2003; Small & Tse, 2006), small-world networks (Small & Tse, 2005), Oregon graph (Wang et al., 2003; Chakrabarti et al., 2008), and adaptive networks (Gross, D’Lima & Blasius, 2006). Moreover, in most studies, the contact process assumed that the contagion expanded at a certain rate from an infected individual to his/her neighbour, and that the spreading process took place in a single population (network).
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The Study Of The Effects Of Mobility Trends On The Statistical Models Of The Covid-19 Virus Spreading
The Study Of The Effects Of Mobility Trends On The Statistical Models Of The Covid-19 Virus Spreading
(The Study Of The Effects Of Mobility Trends On The Statistical Models Of The Covid-19 Virus Spreading)
- Author(s):David Gondauri, Mikheil Batiashvili
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:47-54
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:COVID-19; mobility trends; regression slope; pearson correlation
- Summary/Abstract:The history of the Pandemics makes a significant impact on the memory and behavior of the affected communities. It is important to study the connection between human mobility and the spread of viral infection. Specifically, we aimed to investigate whether there was a correlation between Mobility Trends and the spread of Covid-19 virus. Thus, in the conclusion it should be noted that the intensity of pedestrians, traffic and transit traffic during the study period, on average, after 15-20 days, affected the spread of the virus. If there was a positive slope and correlation coefficient between the variables presented in the period 22.01.2020 - 11.03.2020 (before the announcement of the pandemic), in the period 12.03.2020 - 14.04.2020 (after the announcement of the pandemic) the slope and correlation coefficients received negative values between the study variables, which indicates That on average, after 15-20 days, Due to the intensity of the movement, the center of the virus spread is identified, and the intensity of the movement itself is decreased.
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Human Mobility, Covid-19 And Policy Responses: The Rights And Claims-Making Of Migrant Domestic Workers
Human Mobility, Covid-19 And Policy Responses: The Rights And Claims-Making Of Migrant Domestic Workers
(Human Mobility, Covid-19 And Policy Responses: The Rights And Claims-Making Of Migrant Domestic Workers)
- Author(s):Smriti Rao, Sarah Gammage, Julia Arnold, Elizabeth J. Anderson
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:55-68
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Covid-19; migration; policy response;domestic workers;
- Summary/Abstract:It is clear that the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) attacks our biological and socio-economic vulnerabilities. Sharp variations in mortality rates have forced us to acknowledge pre-existing inequalities of class, race and gender in the ability to ‘be safe, be well’ even as a disproportionate amount of the economic pain and suffering of this crisis is being visited upon the poorest and most vulnerable. One unique feature of the COVID-19 response is the need to curb mobility to reduce disease transmission. These curbs on human mobility (notably not matched by curbs on flows of capital) directly impact the vast flows of human migration that the global economy is built upon today. And while the bulk of public attention and policy intervention in most countries has been focused on domestic effects, international migrant workers have long been ‘essential but disposable’ workers of the kind most affected by the health and economic effects of the pandemic.
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‘Unwanted But Needed’ In South Africa: Post Pandemic Imaginations On Black Immigrant Entrepreneurs Owning Spaza Shops
‘Unwanted But Needed’ In South Africa: Post Pandemic Imaginations On Black Immigrant Entrepreneurs Owning Spaza Shops
(‘Unwanted But Needed’ In South Africa: Post Pandemic Imaginations On Black Immigrant Entrepreneurs Owning Spaza Shops)
- Author(s):Sadhana Manik
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:69-86
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:immigrant business entrepreneurs; spaza shops; xenophobia; South Africa
- Summary/Abstract:This chapter is an attempt to imagine the policy environment and socio-economic spaces of what a post pandemic SA could be for immigrant small/micro business entrepreneurs, who are owners of ‘spaza’ shops. I present a focused gaze for this sub set of immigrants (developing the informal economy in SA) who have been experiencing a cornucopia of challenges pre-pandemic and during the pandemic based on their status as immigrant entrepreneurs, the most pronounced of which has been xenophobia which is cocooned within the explicit aim of purging South Africa of immigrants. It is for this reason that I trace the realities of the landscape pre COVID-19 and during the pandemic before offering up three ‘imaginations’ (O’Tuathail, 1996) as possibilities for the future of immigrant spaza shop owners. I draw on existing securitization policies, political utterances and practices, socio-economic events and immigrants’ experiences in post- apartheid South Africa which has created particular ‘auras’ ( Roy, 2005) and anti-immigrant discourses that provide some insights into what a post pandemic future could be.
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Labour Market And Migration Outcomes Of The Covid-19 Outbreak In Mexico
Labour Market And Migration Outcomes Of The Covid-19 Outbreak In Mexico
(Labour Market And Migration Outcomes Of The Covid-19 Outbreak In Mexico)
- Author(s):Carla Pederzini Villarreal, Liliana Meza González
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:87-92
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:labour market; employment; migration; covid-19; Mexico
- Summary/Abstract:One of the main results of the health crisis caused by the expansion of the coronavirus in Mexico is the plunge of the economic activity and the consequent reduction in employment. The pandemic adds to the negative performance that both the economy and the employment rate had been showing in the country. In January 2020, before the first COVID case, ILO had already estimated an increase in the unemployment rate in the country in 2020 and 2021. On the other hand, economic activity fell in Mexico -0.1 in 2019, which shows that Mexico was experiencing a recession before the pandemic onset.
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Reflections On Collective Insecurity And Virtual Resistance In The Time Of Covid-19 In Malaysia
Reflections On Collective Insecurity And Virtual Resistance In The Time Of Covid-19 In Malaysia
(Reflections On Collective Insecurity And Virtual Resistance In The Time Of Covid-19 In Malaysia)
- Author(s):Linda A. Lumayag, Teresita C. Del Rosario, Frances S. Sutton
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:93-104
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:collective insecurity; covid-19; migration;Malaysia;
- Summary/Abstract:No one escapes insecurity today. It is one of the most basic human experiences, more pronounced in others depending on their personal and social circumstances. Personal insecurities refer to the subjective feeling of anxiety and to the concrete lack of protection. This paper attempts to interrogate collective insecurity particularly among migrant workers. The paper likewise argues that such experience gives rise to a form of collective resistance which has become more pronounced within the context of the coronavirus pandemic. In this paper, we argue that migrant insecurity is a collective experience, and is all the more heightened in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. (see for example, Cohen, 2020). We further argue that forms of resistance have been developed as a response to collective insecurity.
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Facing A Pandemic Away From Home: Covid-19 And The Brazilian Immigrants In Portugal
Facing A Pandemic Away From Home: Covid-19 And The Brazilian Immigrants In Portugal
(Facing A Pandemic Away From Home: Covid-19 And The Brazilian Immigrants In Portugal)
- Author(s):Patricia Posch, Rosa Cabecinhas
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:105-117
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Portugal; immigrants; covid-19;Brazilian immigrants;
- Summary/Abstract:On January 7, 2020, the Portuguese newspaper, Público, published an article about an unprecedented challenge facing Chinese leaders: a “strange form of pneumonia” (Chaiça, 2020) diagnosed in several patients in the Chinese city of Wuhan, that was subsequently named COVID-19. On March 2, the Portuguese government had placed major hospitals under alert and reinforced the supply of medicines (Campos & Lins, 2020). This occurred even before the declaration of a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation, on March 12 (WHO, 2020), and diagnosis of the first cases in Portugal. On March 18, a national state of emergency was declared - which imposed social measures, such as social isolation and mobility restrictions in public spaces. The state of emergency continued until May 2, when it was replaced by the state of calamity, and then by the state of contingency on July 1.
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Migration And Immigration: Uganda And The Covid-19 Pandemic
Migration And Immigration: Uganda And The Covid-19 Pandemic
(Migration And Immigration: Uganda And The Covid-19 Pandemic)
- Author(s):Agnes Igoye
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:119-127
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Uganda; border control; immigrants; covid-19
- Summary/Abstract:This is a reflective commentary on the changing nature of Border Management in Uganda amidst the COVID-19 crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest health and mobility crisis that our world has ever seen. Following travel restrictions and lock-downs, several countries are gradually opening their air spaces; however, border Governance will never be the same. To restore confidence in global travel, countries will have to rethink their Border Governance regimes, structures, protocols and procedures to accommodate health safety COVID-19 guidelines
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Impact Of Covid-19 Human Mobility Restrictions On The Migrant Origin Population In Finland
Impact Of Covid-19 Human Mobility Restrictions On The Migrant Origin Population In Finland
(Impact Of Covid-19 Human Mobility Restrictions On The Migrant Origin Population In Finland)
- Author(s):Natalia Skogberg, Idil Hussein, Anu E Castaneda
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:129-141
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Finland; migration; covid-19
- Summary/Abstract:Finland is a Northern European country, bordering with Norway, Sweden and Russia. The total population is 5,5 million. Up until the 1990s, Finland has been mainly a country of emigration. Since then, however, the size of the migrant origin population grew from half per cent to approximately eight per cent in 2019 (OSF 2020a). The largest migrant origin groups residing in Finland are from Russia and the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq and Somalia. Migration has concentrated particularly towards the Helsinki metropolitan area, with half of the migrant population residing in this region (OSF 2020b). The main reasons for migration to Finland are family reunification, employment and studies, with a substantially lower proportion of persons arriving as resettlement refugees or asylum seekers (Ministry of the Interior 2019).
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Remittances From Mexican Migrants In The United States During Covid-19
Remittances From Mexican Migrants In The United States During Covid-19
(Remittances From Mexican Migrants In The United States During Covid-19)
- Author(s):Rodolfo García Zamora, Selene Gaspar Olvera
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:143-152
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Mexico; remittances; covid-19; United States; migration
- Summary/Abstract:According to the World Bank, remittances around the world will fall about 20% as a result of the economic crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns. The projected drop, which will be the sharpest fall in recent history, is largely due to the collapse of migrant workers’ wages and employment—workers who are often more vulnerable to the loss of jobs and wages during economic crises in the countries that host them. In light of these predictions, remittances will fall 19.7%, dropping to US$445 billion dollars compared to US$554 billion dollars the previous year. The World Bank predicts that the biggest drops will be in Europe and Central Asia (27.5%), followed by Sub-Saharan Africa (23.1%), South Asia (22.1%), the Middle East and North Africa (19.6%), Latin America and the Caribbean (19.3%) and East Asia and the Pacific (13%). Even when taking this trend into account, the institution considers that remittances will continue to be a very important source of financing for recipient countries compared to direct foreign investment, which it estimates will fall by more than 35% in 2020. This maintains the trend seen in recent years of larger amounts of remittances than direct foreign investment (World Bank, 2020).
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The Covid-19, Migration And Livelihood In India: Challenges And Policy Issues
The Covid-19, Migration And Livelihood In India: Challenges And Policy Issues
(The Covid-19, Migration And Livelihood In India: Challenges And Policy Issues)
- Author(s):Ram B. Bhagat, Reshmi R.S.
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:153-172
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:China; Wuhan; migration; mobility; COVID-19; India; basic amenities; lack of health care; economic stress; internal migrants; migrants
- Summary/Abstract:The worldwide spread of COVID-19 first reported from Wuhan in China is attributed to migration and mobility of people. This paper presents how our understanding of migration and livelihood could be helpful in designing a mitigating strategy of economic and social impact of COVID-19 in India. The paper concludes that there are many challenges migrants face during the spread of COVID-19 resulting from nation-wide lockdown. Many internal migrants faced problems such as lack of food, basic amenities, lack of health care, economic stress, lack of transportation facilities to return to their native places and lack of psychological support. On the other hand, COVID-19 has also brought into sharp focus the emigrants from India and the major migration corridors India shares with the world as well. Although state and central governments have adopted various strategies to deal with these issues, there is a huge uncertainty about how long this crisis will last and what damage it would do to the economy and livelihood of people. This paper further provides some immediate measures and long term strategies to be adopted by the government such as improving public distribution system, strengthening public health system, integration of migrants with development, decentralisation as a strategy to provide health services, and providing support to return migrants to reintegrate them, and alsostrengthen the database on migration and migrant households.
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The Future Of Mobility In A Post Pandemic World: Forced Migration And Health
The Future Of Mobility In A Post Pandemic World: Forced Migration And Health
(The Future Of Mobility In A Post Pandemic World: Forced Migration And Health)
- Author(s):Monette Zard, Ling San Lau
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:173-181
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Covid-19; migration; health; forced migration
- Summary/Abstract:The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly challenged long-held assumptions about the inevitability of globalization. Despite efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) to hew to a multilateral, coordinated and rational pandemic response, countries around the globe have responded to the emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by reflexively closing borders and curtailing mobility. At the same time, stigma, xenophobia and discrimination have surged. As we look back at the first turbulent months of the pandemic, two competing impulses are evident: a tendency to blame, exclude and foment nationalist instincts; and a more reasoned, inclusive response that addresses the needs of marginalized populations, while acknowledging that we are all interconnected in illness and health. We are at an inflection point in the COVID-19 pandemic; whichever one of these impulses is allowed to prevail, it will dramatically shape the public policy agenda, the experiences of refugees and displaced populations worldwide, and the health and wellbeing of our society.
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Multilateralism For Mobility: Interagency Cooperation In A Postpandemic World
Multilateralism For Mobility: Interagency Cooperation In A Postpandemic World
(Multilateralism For Mobility: Interagency Cooperation In A Postpandemic World)
- Author(s):Daniel Naujoks
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:183-193
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:multilateralism; covid-19; interagency cooperation
- Summary/Abstract:The last decade has seen considerable growth in multilateral approaches to human mobility. A host of partnerships among international organizations have come into existence on human mobility, a term that refers to the broad spectrum of movements associated with migration and displacement. Since the landmark first High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, held at the United Nations General Assembly in 2006, collaborations between multilateral organizations have increased continuously, both in terms of quantity and quality. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its global and wide-reaching impacts on virtually all aspects of life, has affected these modes of cooperation and will continue to do so in the future. To understand future scenarios of interagency cooperation on human mobility, this chapter outlines the structural determinants influencing such partnerships. This includes structures put in place before the beginning of the pandemic, lessons from the immediate response to COVID-19, and a projection of how future features may impact cooperation in the times ahead.
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Covid-19, Remittances and Repercussions
Covid-19, Remittances and Repercussions
(Covid-19, Remittances and Repercussions)
- Author(s):Melissa Siegel
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life, General Reference Works, Geography, Regional studies, Sociology
- Page Range:195-203
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:COVID-19; repercussions;migration;remittances;
- Summary/Abstract:According to the United Nations (2020), migrants are currently being affected by three overlapping crises due to COVID-19; a health crisis, a socio-economic crisis and a protection crisis. I will focus here mainly on the socio-economic crisis. Financial or monetary remittances, loosely defined as the money that migrants send back to friends and family members in their countries of origin, are an extremely important lifeline for those that receive them. In 2019, remittances reached a record high of an estimated $714 billion, with an estimated $554 billion going to low and middle income countries (World Bank - KNOMAD, 2020b, p. 30). Unfortunately, it looks like remittances are being heavily impacted by COVID-19. The World Bank (2020b) currently estimates a 20 per cent global reduction in remittances for 2020 with continued shortfalls through 2021.
- Price: 4.50 €
