Bękart jako kategoria społeczna
Bastard as a Social Category

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaczyńska
Subject(s): Gender Studies, Sociology
Published by: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Keywords: illegitimate children; discrimination; customs and law; dynastic family
Summary/Abstract: From the perspective of principles of a dynastic family, a model dominant until the 19th century, illegitimate births were evidence of the interruption of the “normal” social process, and a weakening of social control. The old laws and nineteenth-century civil codes had dug a chasm between “legitimate” and “illegitimate” children, or bastards (this noun became a slur). In the 19th century in Europe, the proportion of “illegitimate” children increased rapidly, while attitudes towards them were slower to change.

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