Ochrona Zabytków
Historical Monuments' Preservation
Publishing House: Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków
Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
Frequency: irregular and other
Print ISSN: 0029-8247
Status: Later issues not available
- 1999
- 2002
- Issue No. 1
- Issue No. 2
- Issue No. 3
- Issue No. 4
- Issue No. 3-4
- Year: 2002
- Volume:
- Number: 3-4
Articles list
Zabytkowa kamienica w Polsce międzywojennej. Badania, konserwacja, adaptacje
Zabytkowa kamienica w Polsce międzywojennej. Badania, konserwacja, adaptacje
(The Historical Town House in Inter-war Poland)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Jakub Lewicki
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 241-260
- No. of Pages: 20
- Keywords: town houses; twentieth century; urban development; Lvov; Warsaw; Cracow; Toruń; Vilno; history of architecture; conservation of historical townhouse; neo-Renaissance; neo-Baroque; Neoclassical
- Summary/Abstract: Thorough research into town houses was initiated during the first half of the twentieth century, the period of the first modern studies dealing with the urban development of old towns (the most extensive investigations were conducted in Lvov, Warsaw and Cracow). The investigations encompassed an analysis of particular town houses as well as their complexes perceived from the viewpoint of the history of architecture. Scientific investigations conducted at the time inspired the conservation of old town houses, which entailed reconstruction of wartime devastation, the recreation and rebuilding of transformed parts of buildings, and the conservation of historical townhouse complexes as well as a reform of the development of the lots. A number of town houses in Lvov, Cracow, Warsaw, Toruń, Vilno and several smaller centres was subjected to conservation. Greatest importance was attached to the facade and rendering its spatial configuration more legible, without, as a rule, due attention paid to the development of building lots. Conservation entailed the repair and conservation of elevations and, sometimes, of particular details (masonry or ceilings). Upon certain occasions, the conservation of interiors led to the removal of secondary divisions and rendering the historical outfitting of the interiors more legible. Upon other occasions, old town houses were arranged in a contemporary mode. Such reconstruction was carried out in a historical spirit (arbitrary compositions of neo-Renaissance, neo-Baroque, Neoclassical and modern elements). The town houses were also granted a contemporary modernist outfitting which referred to stylised historical forms. The work conducted at the time frequently exceeded the binding theory of the history and conservation of architecture, and the applied solutions were repeated after the second world war when they probably influenced the conception of reconstructing the townhouse development of historical cities. The article analyses researc
Wpływ rozwoju technologii produkcji oraz higieny na architekturę przemysłową XIX-XX wieku na przykładzie zespołu dawnej rzeźni we Wrocławiu
Wpływ rozwoju technologii produkcji oraz higieny na architekturę przemysłową XIX-XX wieku na przykładzie zespołu dawnej rzeźni we Wrocławiu
(Industrial Architecture – the Abattoir)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Agnieszka Gryglewska, Piotr Gerber
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 261-278
- No. of Pages: 18
- Keywords: nineteenth century; slaughterhouse; public abattoirs; architecture; Wrocław; Georg Osthoff
- Summary/Abstract: Changing production technology and advanced hygiene in Europe during the nineteenth century and at the beginning of twentieth century influenced the emergence of assorted types of solutions for the spatial layout of public abattoirs (e. g. the German and French type). A characteristic of the architecture of European, and in particular German, abattoirs conceived as communal and industrial buildings, forms a background for a presentation of the Wrocław slaughterhouse built in 1893-1896 according to a project by Georg Osthoff. Prior to the first world war, the Wrocław abattoir and animal market complex was the largest and most modern in Germany, after Hamburg and Berlin, and one of the most up-to-date in Europe, with excellent functional solutions and technical facilities. The complex of buildings, with the exception of administration and residential objects, survived the siege of Wrocław in 1945 and was pulled down in 1999. At the time of writing this article, there were at least two other valuable examples of similar large premises from the same period in Poznań and Gdańsk, as well as numerous smaller provincial abattoirs, whose survival during the present-day privatisation of industry and economic transformations is endangered.
Projekty odbudowy i działania konserwatorskie w kościele parafialnym w Jaśle w latach 1945-2002
Projekty odbudowy i działania konserwatorskie w kościele parafialnym w Jaśle w latach 1945-2002
(Reconstruction Projects and the Conservation of the Parish Church in Jasło in 1945-2002)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Piotr Szlezynger
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 279-285
- No. of Pages: 7
- Keywords: parish church; Jasło; Jan Dąbrowski; Gothic; architectural details
- Summary/Abstract: Upon the basis of heretofore unknown projects the author intended to present several attempts at expanding the parish church in Jasło, pursued from the second half of the nineteenth century. After almost a hundred years of trials it was decided to choose the most conservative plan devised by engineer Jan Dąbrowski, which foresaw the liquidation of all re-modelling from the end of the nineteenth century, and thus referred to the original version of the building. The project was realised in 1947-1956. On the outside, the edifice preserved Gothic forms, while the interior constitutes a compromise combining salvaged original fragments (architectural details) with functionality and decorations typical for the 1950s.
Odkrycie dekoracji malarskich na stropach i ścianach sali krzyżackiego zamku w Morągu
Odkrycie dekoracji malarskich na stropach i ścianach sali krzyżackiego zamku w Morągu
(Murals in the Chambers of the Teutonic Order Castle in Morąg – the Discovery of Painted Decorations on Vaults and Walls)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Paweł Jakubowski
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 286-293
- No. of Pages: 8
- Keywords: castle in Morąg; fourteenth century; restoration; cross-strip system; non-invasive method based on solvents; polychrome and figural motifs; murals; plaster; Brick walls
- Summary/Abstract: The new owner of the much neglected fourteenth century castle in Morąg commenced a gradual restoration of the whole building. Repair and construction conducted in 2002 were preceded by a search for murals in the castle interiors. All the interiors were examined by means of uncovering methods applying the cross-strip system as well as a non-invasive method based on solvents. Both investigations and earlier quests led to the discovery of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century vaults richly decorated with ornamental polychrome and figural motifs in the tondos. The researchers also uncovered fragments of murals in ground-floor interiors underneath numerous layers of plaster and lime whitening. Finally, the author describes a series of examinations of the plaster and brick walls.
Św. Stanisław Biskup wskrzeszający Piotrowina. Obraz z kościoła w Drużbinie. Nietypowa budowa techniczna i technologiczna
Św. Stanisław Biskup wskrzeszający Piotrowina. Obraz z kościoła w Drużbinie. Nietypowa budowa techniczna i technologiczna
(Saint Stanisław the Bishop Resurrecting Piotrowin from the Church in Drużbin as an Example of an Untypical Technical and Technological Construction)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Joanna Czernichowska
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 294-308
- No. of Pages: 15
- Keywords: Saint Stanisław; painting; parish church; Drużbin; technological analysis; workshop; preservation
- Summary/Abstract: Upon the basis of the outcome of a survey of source material and literature on the subject the author discussed the iconographic theme and history of Saint Stanisław the Bishop Resurrecting Piotrowin, a painting from the first half of the seventeenth century in the parish church in Drużbin (voivodeship of Łódź), as well as the state of its preservation. The characteristic arrangement of the layers of grounding became a pretext for a detailed technological analysis and an attempt at determining the history and tradition of an untypical workshop. Directives borrowed from old painting treatises made it possible to interpret the results of research conducted with the assistance of various apparatus. An analysis of data provided by investigations conducted by other scientific centres enabled the author to indicate concrete workshop references. The summary draws attention to dependencies between the structure of the object and the state of its preservation.
Transfer malowideł ściennych o nierównej powierzchni. Konserwacja malowidła z sufitu mitreum w Huarte
Transfer malowideł ściennych o nierównej powierzchni. Konserwacja malowidła z sufitu mitreum w Huarte
(The Transfer of Murals with an Uneven Surface upon the Example of the Conservation of Paintings from the Ceiling of a Mithraeum in Huarte)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Aleksandra Trochimowicz
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 309-315
- No. of Pages: 7
- Keywords: mithraeum; paintings; Syria; archaeological excavations; murals; conservation; plaster; Huarte
- Summary/Abstract: A mithraeum, decorated with paintings and originating from the fourth century A. D., was discovered in 1997 underneath the floor of the Syrian church from the sixth century A. D. The painted rock ceiling of the temple caved in during archaeological excavations, and the only way of saving the murals was to transfer them onto a new basis. The conducted conservation made it possible to exhibit the disintegrated painting while retaining the specificity of its original surface. A new type of facing was used for rendering indelible the original plaster – a negative was made of the traditional carriers in the form of cotton gauze and linen cotton, reinforced with ribbing made of Kapa-plast plates. The conservators also used a modified type of substitute foundation construction – an inner lining laminate with a Kappa-plast plate bracing truss covered with linen cloth. The truss chambers were filled with polyurethane foam, which was then laminated with an outer facing. The whole construction was additionally reinforced by installing a framework made of aluminium profiles with a system of thin wires stretched inside the foaming polyurethane. The applied material made possible a maximum reduction of the burden of the transfer. The purpose of the presented study was to devise a method of transferring the remaining part of the paintings in the mithraeum. In time, the progressing degradation of the rock foundation will make it necessary to shift also those paintings which today remain in situ.
Sixteenth-century Frescoes in the Councilors’ Chamber in the Town Hall in Świdnica. Consecutive Conservation
Sixteenth-century Frescoes in the Councilors’ Chamber in the Town Hall in Świdnica. Consecutive Conservation
(Freski z XVI w. z Sali Radnych ratusza miejskiego w Świdnicy. Kolejna konserwacja)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Katarzyna Wantuch-Jarkiewicz
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 317-325
- No. of Pages: 9
- Keywords: Town Hall in Świdnica; painting; Last Judgment; Crucifixion; Gothic; conservation; plaster; composition
- Summary/Abstract: The author discussed the conservation of sixteenth century frescoes in the Councilors’ Chamber in the Town Hall in Świdnica. The scenes depicting the Last Judgment, the Crucifixion and Judgment of the Harlot present a high artistic level dating from the end of of the Gothic period and the beginning of the Renaissance. The purpose of the conservation, conducted for the fourth time since the discovery of the painting (1960), was to eliminate the effects of the unsatisfactory condition of the building during the past several years. Conservators concentrated basically on aesthetic issues, associated with a special adaptation of the interior for the purposes of a showroom in the Museum of Old Trading, housed in the Świdnica Town Hall. Corrections of old, darkened and lightened retouching were followed by coloured reconstruction on large patches of plaster, which up to now deformed the legibility of the composition. The presentation of the painting – an imitation of stone tracery – whose fragments were earlier discovered on the southern wall, supplements the dominating Gothic nature of the whole composition.
Dekoracja malarska na sklepieniu kolegiaty pułtuskiej. Odkrycie, konserwacja, rozwiązanie artystyczno-estetyczne
Dekoracja malarska na sklepieniu kolegiaty pułtuskiej. Odkrycie, konserwacja, rozwiązanie artystyczno-estetyczne
(Painted Decoration on the Vault of the Pułtusk Collegiate Church - Discovery, Conservation, Artistic-aesthetic Solution)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Stanisław Stawicki
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 326-338
- No. of Pages: 13
- Keywords: painted decoration; collegiate church; Pułtusk; preservation; polychrome
- Summary/Abstract: The painted decoration embellishing the vault of the collegiate church in Pułtusk is one of the largest in Poland and totals about 700 sq. metres without the frieze (composed of architectural niches), which constitutes the lower part of the vault supported directly by northern and southern abutments. The polychrome was executed after 1551, the year of signing a contract with Master Wojciech of Warsaw. The vault polychrome assumed the form of stylised rosettes, fleurons and portrait - heads, inserted into the architectural-decorative configuration of the vault, which constitutes a net made of the alternate onion-shaped and circular forms, creating the so-called Pułtusk vault. After a fire in 1613, the interior of the church, including the vault, was painted over in a uniform colour, probably imitating the firmament. During the almost 300 years-long history of the church, the vault was frequently painted over in a single hue for aesthetic and hygienic reasons. The same purpose, which was to be realised in 1994, led to the discovery of the polychrome, first mentioned already in the seventeenth century. Routine research preceding the intended painting of the church interior confirmed the existence of polychrome decorations on the vault and, as could be assumed from initial work, also on the frieze. The discovery and ensuing conservation were accompanied by considerable interest on the part of the mass media, especially the press. Numerous widely read journals and popular scientific periodicals quoted characteristic comments and accounts from assorted communiques and newspaper notes. The value of those statements and their editorial form leave much to be desired, although they reflect concern for the historical monument and a readiness to stimulate interest in the fate of national culture. The disclosure and conservation of the painted decoration in Pułtusk constituted a serious effort of conservators of art. Suffice to emphasise that almost 3 cubic metres of six to nin
Klejenie i stabilizacja rozdarć obrazów malowanych na płótnach bez użycia zaprawy
Klejenie i stabilizacja rozdarć obrazów malowanych na płótnach bez użycia zaprawy
(The Gluing and Stabilisation of Tears in Paintings Executed on Canvas Without Priming Ground)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Dorota Bancerz
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 339-359
- No. of Pages: 21
- Keywords: construction; conservation; untypical paintings; unprimed canvas; acrylic binders; gluing tears;
- Summary/Abstract: The intention of this article was to bring the leader closer to the origin, construction and conservation of untypical paintings executed on unprimed canvases. The introduction discusses, i. a. historical and technological issues. The research section of the article attempts to define the usefulness of select acrylic binders for gluing tears, with particular consideration for repairs conducted in cases of paintings executed without priming ground. The author evaluated the following binders : Primal AC33, Primal AC634, Acrysol G110, Acrysol WS24 (used as thickeners), Rhoplex N560, Plexisol P550, polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. The last three, universally used for gluing, i. a. paper and cloth, were applied for comparative purposes. The usefulness of binders for the contact bonding of tears was defined upon the basis of accepted criteria for the penetration and permeation of the canvas, flexibility, consistence and pot life, the adhesion of water binders to the film of the binder (essential at the stage of retouching), sheen, total drying, and resilience to tearing. An ambiguous appraisal of the usefulness of the examined binders poses a difficult task in view of the individual needs of a concrete object. The conducted research, however, makes it possible to propose general rules, helpful in an initial selection of binders for repairing canvas. Bonding; the same is true, especially in the case of cloth canvases, for cellulose acetate, which can be successfully applied for gluing paper. Primal AC33 and Primal AC634 disclose properties similar to a mixture of polyvinyl acetate and osacryl. The supplement discusses the use of the above listed binders for the purposes of duplication.
Rozwój technologii dezynsekcji dóbr kultury przy użyciu fumigacji
Rozwój technologii dezynsekcji dóbr kultury przy użyciu fumigacji
(The Development of the Technology of the Disinsectization of Cultural Property by Means of Fumigation)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Adam Krajewski
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 360-373
- No. of Pages: 14
- Keywords: fumigation methods; toxic gases; wood
- Summary/Abstract: A survey of fumigation methods and measures used in the past century. The author analysed assorted aspects of applying toxic gases, i. a. sulphur dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen cyanide, phosphine, methyl bromide, acrylonitrile and sulfuryl fluoride, and concisely described the first practical application of non-toxic hydrogen for combating insects in museum exhibits made of wood.
Potrzeby w zakresie przechowywania zbiorów na podłożu papierowym i ich konserwacji na przykładzie Biblioteki Polskiej w Paryżu
Potrzeby w zakresie przechowywania zbiorów na podłożu papierowym i ich konserwacji na przykładzie Biblioteki Polskiej w Paryżu
(The Requirements of Storing Paper-based Collections and their Conservation upon the Example of the Polish Library in Paris)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Hanna Łonicka
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 374-377
- No. of Pages: 4
- Keywords: Polish Library in Paris; collections of paper-based objects; preservation; conservation
- Summary/Abstract: The article is the outcome of the author’s stay at the Polish Library in Paris in 2000 for the purpose of examining collections of paper-based objects and the state of their preservation. The Library gathers works by Polish authors connected with France as well as those by artists originating from the French, English or Italian schools. The article discusses assorted factors affecting changes of the physical and chemical properties of paper. The rate of those transformations depends on external and internal factors. Further on, the author considered ways of minimalising the impact of those factors by means of suitable conditions of storing the collections. Another topic, alongside prophylaxis, was conservation intent upon restoring the “original appearance” of paper-based collections.
Alienacja ochrony środowiska kulturowego. Konieczność ochrony pozamiejskich nieruchomości zabytkowych
Alienacja ochrony środowiska kulturowego. Konieczność ochrony pozamiejskich nieruchomości zabytkowych
(Alienation of the Protection of the Cultural Environment.The Necessary Protection of Non-urban Historical Monuments)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Barbara Wycichowska
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Fine Arts / Performing Arts
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 378-382
- No. of Pages: 5
- Keywords: cultural environment; procultural activity; legal regulations; protection; historical monuments; legislation; education; European Union; Poland
- Summary/Abstract: The neglect of the cultural environment by science dealing with the environment generates a low cultural level of society, a lack of interest in procultural activity and, as a consequence, an alienation of the protection of cultural environment. The cultural environment remains the object of the interest and activity pursued by only a small group of professionals and enthusiasts, who are isolated both socially and in the mass media, and act within their own associations or individually. Binding legal regulations do not create an atmosphere conducive for the active protection of historical monuments. Potential investors are deterred by lengthy lists of obligations and burdens imposed upon the owners of historical monuments as well as non-acceptance by the local community and even communal authorities. Only effective activity in the domains of legislation and education, and the assistance rendered to the protection of historical monuments by communal self-governments and the local community can enhance the effectiveness of salvaging historical monuments. In the perspective of joining the European Union, the protection of non-urban historical monuments assumes particular importance for rendering indelible examples of Polish national identity in the rural landscape, which will testify to the varied cultural accomplishments of the nations of a united Europe.
Zagadnienia ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego krajobrazów
Zagadnienia ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego krajobrazów
(The Protection of the Cultural Heritage of Landscapes)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Maciej Świątkowski
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Cultural history
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 383-390
- No. of Pages: 8
- Keywords: national heritage; landscapes; national culture; landscape management; protection
- Summary/Abstract: The national heritage of landscapes is one of the most valuable goods of the material legacy of national culture. Cultural landscape is of great social significance for the maintenance of the tradition of seeking national roots and identity. Over centuries, the landscape has been shaped in accordance with the characteristic traits of a given region, natural environment and national culture, and featured the diversity of ethnic cultures. Postwar years brought evolving landscape management inconsiderate and unattractive urban and rural development as well as economically unrelated forms of economic management. General confusion and a lack of identity of the site of the socalled little homeland call for a common awareness of the need for extending protection over entire areas of the cultural landscape in their conserved historic shape. Conservation practice, together with theoretical knowledge acquired during the protection of historic landscapes, paves the way to novel, world – wide trends in cultural heritage protection. It extends protection over not merely individual and collective complexes of historic property, but also moulded landscape areas, cementing the diversified conservation issues of the protection of all of its cultural ingredients in a coherent entity. Harmonious cultural and measured laid-out landscape, settlement landscape, industrial landscape and landscapes of linked natural and technological elements, battlefield landscapes and religious landscapes, with their individual, characteristic features, are a manifestation of national culture and tradition. To preserve the cultural heritage of landscapes it is necessary to devise mechanisms of sustainable development, in which the rank of culture, tradition and history of a region will equal its economic counterpart. Sustainable natural cultural and economic development increasingly resorts to the activation of tourism, involving the growing economic importance and dimension of historic landscapes.
Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville i jego dzieło
Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville i jego dzieło
(Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville and His Work)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Dorota Sikora
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Cultural history
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 391-403
- No. of Pages: 13
- Keywords: Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville; Classical garden; Paris; spatial solutions; art of gardening; garden pavilions; figurative sculpture; cultivation; architectural garden decorations
- Summary/Abstract: Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville (1680–1765) is indissolubly associated with the eighteenth-century Classical garden thanks to his treatise La Théorie et Pratique du Jardinage, published in Paris in 1709. Dezallier presented assorted issues concerning garden design in mathematical and geometrical rules, lavishly illustrated with drawings (the majority by Alexandre Jean-Baptiste Le Blond) which rendered the principles expounded by him easily translatable into foreign languages and transferable to conditions other than French. The wide impact and international popularity of La Théorie et Pratique du Jardinage were linked with the adaptation of the proposed spatial solutions to the financial potential of the less prosperous social strata, and not limited to elites associated with the monarch and their closest entourage, as was the case with works by Dezallier’s predecessors. The treatise is composed of two parts: the theory of the art of gardening and practice. The first considers the principles of selecting the localisation of the residential building and the garden, the general layout of the garden, the creation of beds and parterres, the planting and cultivation of avenues, rows, and bosquets, the creation of indentations, the erection of garden pavilions, and the suitable display of figurative sculpture and other elements of architectural garden decorations. The second part deals with the application of the principles of geometry while planning gardens, conducting earth work, the construction of terraces and stairs, the transference of projects into the terrain, the selection of plants, and nursery beds. The last two chapters discuss spatial elements connected with water: fountains, cascades, pools and canals. La Théorie et Pratique du Jardinage was widely known in eighteenth-century Poland, and the principles presented therein were reflected in the gardens established at the time. The contents of the Dezallier work assumes particular significance while cond
Akcja rewindykacyjna w latach 1945-1950. Spór o terminologię czy o istotę rzeczy
Akcja rewindykacyjna w latach 1945-1950. Spór o terminologię czy o istotę rzeczy
(The Recovery Campaign of 1945-1950. A Debate Concerning Terminology or the Issue at Stake)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Lidia Karecka
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 404-409
- No. of Pages: 6
- Keywords: Ministry of Culture and Art; lost property; international law; Silesia; Pomerania; Austria; Germany; historical monuments; collections
- Summary/Abstract: The name of the campaign conducted by the Ministry of Culture and Art behind the front line in Silesia, Pomerania, Austria and Germany comes from revindication – the recovery of lost property, a term subsequently replaced by restitution - from restitutio in integrum – the right to restore the previous state of things, applied in international law to describe the restoration of property illegally seized during wartime. The Bureau for Recovery and Compensation of the Head Office of Museums and the Protection of Historical Monuments at the Ministry of Culture and Art, directed by W. Tomkiewicz, delegated numerous persons to search for Polish cultural property plundered by the Nazis. Frequently concealed in various caches in Silesia, Pomerania, Austria and Germany, it was discovered thanks to the information collected already during the war by workers of the Underground Polish state, commissioned by the Delegature of the government-in-exile. The outcome of this undertaking included salvaging not only part of Polish cultural property but also historical monuments from different scattered collections, originating from other countries occupied by the Germans as well as property appropriated by the Nazis after 1933 from citizens of Jewish descent and German private owners and institutions. The systemic transformations which took place after the second world war involved land reform and the seizure of historical monuments by the authorities from their former owners. The reclaiming campaign also encompassed cultural property brought over from Vilno and Lvov together with the displaced local Polish population. All the objects salvaged and discovered in this matter were included into museum collections. The obtaining of historical monuments by Polish museums due to the recovery campaign was the reason why up to this very day they are described as “recovered from...”. The application of this term in relation to exhibits of such diverse origin is incorrect, and their status was
Zakaz wywozu dóbr kultury i jego praktyczne konsekwencje
Zakaz wywozu dóbr kultury i jego praktyczne konsekwencje
(The Prohibition of Exporting Cultural Property and its Practical)
- Publication: (3-4/2002)
- Author(s): Kamil Zeidler
- Contributor(s):
- Language: Polish
- Subject(s): Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence
- Issue: 3-4/2002
- Page Range: 410-412
- No. of Pages: 3
- Keywords: legal institutions; protection of cultural property; cultural goods; cultural legacy; objects of artistic; historical and cultural value; law of the European Communities
- Summary/Abstract: Among assorted legal institutions foreseen in the statute of 15 February 1962 on the protection of cultural property an extremely prominent role is played by a prohibition relating to the export of cultural goods. This is by no means a new regulation, since it had been enforced already upon the basis of a decree from 1946 on the registration and prohibition of the export of works of art and objects of artistic, historical or cultural value. The protected cultural property encompasses portable or stationary objects, old or contemporary, and of significance for cultural heritage and development owing to their historical, scientific or artistic value. The prohibition was established by the legislator primarily owing to the immense devastation of Polish cultural legacy during the second world war. Doubts concerning the retention of the prohibition in its present-day form are voiced mainly in view of the regulation of this problem by the law of the European Communities. On the other hand, it remains indubitable that owing to obligatory international agreements prohibition of this sort must pertain to cultural goods obtained by means of crime (theft, fencing). This issue is regulated by two international conventions: the convention signed on in Paris on 17 November 1970, and dealing with measures intent on banning and preventing the illegal export, import and transference of the ownership of cultural goods, and the convention on co-operation and mutual assistance in intercepting and returning cultural property illegally transported across state frontiers, signed in Plovdiv on 22 April 1986. The legal situation of the import of cultural property is different, since such transportation is supported by the legislator. At present, the Parliament of the Republic of Poland is examining two competing projects of statutes (on the protection of national legacy and on the protection of historical monuments), both regulating the titular subject.
Short Description
The National Center for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation has been established on 15th October 2002 by the Minister of Culture, incorporating the former: Center for Monument Documentation and Center for the Protection of Historical Landscape. The National Center for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation provides expertise and professional assistance to Heritage Protection Services in Poland. The Center's statute addresses the following issues: 1) Recognition, research and documentation of heritage; 2) Collecting of information on cultural environment, landscape and monuments; 3) Elaboration on theoretical rules for the preservation of cultural environment, landscape and monuments; 4) Collecting and facilitating access to information on museums and monuments; 5) Dissemination of knowledge on environment, landscape and monuments. The National Center for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation continues the activities of the former Center for Monument Documentation (operating 1962-2002) and Center for the Protection of Historical Landscape (1980-2002) - in new realities and in accordance with state needs and social requirements.
