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"We are Gypsies, not Roma!" Ethnic Identity Constructions and Ethnic Stereotypes – an example from a Gypsy Community in Central Romania

Author(s): Elena MARIN / Language(s): English

The author of this paper proposes to open a discussion about the terms 'Gypsy' and 'Roma'. The analysis follows the idea that the terms as they are mostly used today in several fields, have a simplifying and homogenizing tendency. Based on a two-month research in a Gypsy community in the Brasov area the author argues that the use of the terms in everyday life varies greatly and their meaning depends on the person and on the situation. The definitions offered by the interviewees rarely correspond to the use of the terms in political and official discourses. Interviews with Gadje and Gypsies evealed the fact that there is a great complexity behind these terms. The paper demonstrates the role of stereotypes and prejudices in defining ethnicity and the everyday strategies of fighting against these stereotypes are also presented.

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A magyar nyelv tantárgy tartalma és oktatása a romániai oktatásszabályozási keretben

Author(s): Edith Kádár / Language(s): Hungarian

As part of a joint research programme of the Termini Hungarian Language Research Network focussing on the teaching of the Hungarian language (and literature) as a school subject in the Carpathian Basin, this paper presents the Romanian case. It gives an overview of the contents, theoretical and methodological background, legal framework, actors and documents regulating the teaching of Hungarian as a school subject, in the context of the Romanian educational system.

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Analiza comparată a identităţii minorităţilor maghiare din Bazinul Carpatic.

Author(s): Valér Veres / Language(s): Romanian

The sociological study analyzes the characteristics of the national identity of the Hungarian communities in five countries, while interpreting the indirect effects that social, economic and political changes have had on the identity of these communities.

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Analiza finanţărilor alocate organizaţiilor minorităţilor naţionale

Author(s): Magdolna Mohácsek / Language(s): Romanian

The study presents the evolution of state financing allocated directly to the central organizations of citizens belonging to national minorities between 1994-2008, as well as the financing of certain interethnic programs and projects, based on calls for proposals, between 2005-2008. After overviewing the legal basis, the beneficiaries and the eligible costs, we present the evolution of the amounts distributed during the above mentioned periods. In order to have a clearer image of the actual dynamics of financing, we took into consideration the inflation rate between 1995-2008. The amounts distributed during these years have been recalculated at the 2008 exchange rate. Based on these calculations and considering the number of citizens belonging to a certain national minority, we compare the amounts distributed to the different organizations.

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Analysis of Existing Migratory Data Production Systems and Major Data Sources in Romania

Author(s): Tamás Kiss / Language(s): English

The study outlines the main features of the Romanian data production system on migration and population stock. The study is part of the country report on Romania elaborated for the following transnational project: SEEMIG Managing Migration and its Effects in South-East Europe - Transnational Actions Towards Evidence Based Strategies. Previously, a common methodology was elaborated by the Demographic Research Institute at the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and other participant research institutes in order to gain comparable descriptions for all eight SEEMIG countries. According to this methodology, we focused in this study both on administrative and statistical data sources.

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Apariţia Fecioarei Maria de la Seuca, în contextul interferenţelor religioase şi entice.

Author(s): Peti Lehel / Language(s): English,Romanian

Situated on the border of Latin and Orthodox Christianity, in a region where the infrastructural and the economical possibilities were limited, the Romanian village Seuca became an internationally known place for pilgrimage due to a blind Gypsy women's public visions about Virgin Mary in the first years of the new millennium. The author presents both the history of the ethnical and confessional co-existence in the village and the economical and social problems which affected the whole community. Then, the attitudes towards the apparition of the different denominations will be highlighted by presenting also the way the seer attempts to question the different denominational opinions. The legitimating strategies of a gypsy woman influenced very much the aspects of Virgin Mary vision from Seuca.

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Asserting ethnicity: the Tatars from Dobruja (Romania)

Author(s): Adriana Cupcea / Language(s): English

The research is a descriptive analysis of the ethnic identity dynamics of Tatars in Dobruja. We tried to identify how the ethnic identity of the Tatar community of Dobruja, of Sunni Islamic faith was rediscovered and reconfigured after 1990. The research analyses the representative reorganization on ethnic basis that took place after the fall of the communist regime, emphasizing the ways of action and interaction of this organization in the community, through which ethnic and religious traditions, became important elements in the identity reconstruction of Dobruja Tatars during this period. We also followed the way the ethnic specificity articulates in the inner ethnic group, in different social contexts, in the religious life, in linguistic situations, in family relations and in economic contexts. From the methodological point of view, the research is based on the field research (interviews, participative observation) conducted in urban and rural communities of Tatars in Constanța county, where the largest Tatar communities of Dobrogea live.

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Audit Culture and the Making of a “Gypsy School”. Financing Policies, Curricula, Testing and Educational Inequalities in a Romanian Town

Author(s): Zsuzsa Plainer / Language(s): English

However segregation and discrimination are very important factors that block access of Roma to quality education, there are a series of less visible phenomena also responsible for school inequalities. Aim of this paper is to understand how some of these sophisticatedly linked factors lead to the making of a "Gypsy school" in a Romanian town, a school with low educational performance and bad fame. In doing so, the notion of audit culture is introduced, understood as a set of culturally mediated norms and practices of ranking. As this approach comes into sight, one may understand how - despite the commitment shown by the Romanian policy-makers to facilitate school integration of the Roma - a series of regulations unwittingly obstruct this aim. As it is revealed below, the framing of the national financing policies may involuntarily lead to tracking the Roma children into certain schools, where - in lack of a variety of teaching materials, refined testing and a clear system of rewarding the teacher's performance - quality education becomes a hard-to-reach target. The contextuality of the bad label of a "Gypsy school" is also relevant in this research as it is either a resource, or a stigma depending of the situation.

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Bibliografie cu studiile şi reprezentările despre romii din România – cu accentul pe perioada 1990–2007

Author(s): László Fosztó / Language(s): Romanian

The bibliography is the first product of a documentary research in the field of studies of Roma communities, being a collection of data on documents and analyzes on public, social, educational policies, etc. from the European space, with a strong focus on Central and Eastern Europe, South-East Europe. The research aims at producing an annotated bibliography and as complete as possible in the field. The collection of bibliographic data is addressed to researchers in social sciences interested in Roma issues and interethnic relations, but it can also serve as a tool for orientation of persons and institutions active in community development or those engaged in improving the situation of Roma in Romania and the East-Europe. The bibliography is the first product of a documentary research in the field of studies of Roma communities, being a collection of data on documents and analyzes on public, social, educational policies, etc. from the European space, with a strong focus on Central and Eastern Europe, South-East Europe. The research aims at producing an annotated bibliography and as complete as possible in the field. The collection of bibliographic data is addressed to researchers in social sciences interested in Roma issues and interethnic relations, but it can also serve as a tool for orientation of persons and institutions active in community development or those engaged in improving the situation of Roma in Romania and the East- Europe.

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Bibliografie Rromă (Reviste şI ziare)

Author(s): Gheorghe Sarau / Language(s): Romanian

The Rroma bibliography brings together magazines and newspapers that appeared in Romania and in various countries, especially after 1989, which were in the author's personal collection and were donated to the Institute for Studying the Problems of National Minorities in Romania. A similar collection, containing books, brochures and a small number of magazines and newspapers, was donated by the author in May 2015 to the Central University Library in Bucharest, the titles being inserted into a valuable guiding instrument (v. Gheorghe Sarau, Rroma bibliography (books, brochures, magazines, newspapers), Bucharest: University Publishing House, Bucharest, 2016), which helps librarians, researchers and the public interested in the Roma field, but also in support of Roma students from different specialties, or nerroms working with and for the Roma, both in the country and abroad. The journals and newspapers in the present bibliography fall within the scope of the Roma on Romani language and literature, history, anthropology, theater, music, sociology, politics, human rights, children's rights, Roma education, architecture and community development etc. between 1987 and 2014, and some in 1984-1986, 1978-1981 and 1970-1974. Although the collections of magazines and newspapers listed here do not fully cover the years of their appearance, they are still important milestones in the information and research activity in the field of Roma.

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Bibliografie selectiva privind rromii (1990-2009)

Author(s): Gheorghe Sarau / Language(s): Romanian

Din pacate, oamenii, în general, nu prefera rigoarea, metoda, iubesc mai degraba o „poveste”,o „spunere” despre ceva. Este si neplacut sa aduni firicel lânga firicel, ca sa-ti iasa, în final, o cununa!Respingerea instrumentelor de lucru ne îndeparteaza însa de „miezul” cercetarilor, de adevar. De aceea,orice încercare de a produce un instrument de lucru - o bibliografie, un dictionar, o enciclopedie etc. – artebuie sa se bucure de mare respect, pentru ca ne scuteste pe toti ceilalti de efortul de a cauta inutil. Pentru domeniul rrom, am fost mereu ispitit sa-mi întocmesc, mai întâi pentru uzul propriu, apoi sipentru altii, tot felul de bibliografi „de lucru”. Asa am strâns fise pentru o cartoteca de mari dimensiunidespre rromii lumii, pe care le-am excerptat, cu grija si pasiune tinereasca, în perioada 1983 – 1990, din putinele lucrari ce puteau fi gasite în biblioteci, din si mai putinele reviste straine ce se puteau consultadoar într-o singura sau doua biblioteci din tara. În perioada respectiva, de pilda, revista pariziana „ÈtudesTsiganes” – ce aparea înca din anul 1995 – nu se gasea spre consultare decât la Biblioteca de Stat (actuala Biblioteca Nationala) si la Institutul de Studii Sud –Est Europene, ambele în Bucuresti.

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Câteva elemente ale schimbării perspectivei religioase: secularizarea, transnaţionalismul şi adoptarea sectelor în satele de ceangăi din Moldova

Author(s): Lehel Peti / Language(s): English,Romanian

The paper aims to describe phenomena of modernization in Moldavian Csango villages in the context of religiosity. It interprets the most significant shifts in the life forms and traditional religiosity, the change of central values, tendencies of secularization and the emergence of sectarianism. The author argues that the religious experience gradually evades community and (Church) legitimation, so that the ever-larger individualization of religious experiences and conceptualization leads to the pluralization of worldviews. The impersonalization of social control, the changing norms that affect everyday life, the role change of religious values, the individualization of communities, basically the transforming forces of modernization on society disable the catholic church to fully integrate the Csango village population, who in rising numbers attend new teachings that offer an updated worldview, as well as a brand new set of community/religious norms. The author argues, that sectarianism/sectarianization is a part of modernizational strategies, and that as a consequence of transnational life forms, sects have become part of social mobility.

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Cemeteries and Dying in a Multi-religious and Multi-ethnic Village from the Danube Delta

Author(s): Sorin Gog / Language(s): English

This paper focuses on the way the new post-socialist cosmology is restructuring religion, shaping the religious mentalities of contemporary Romania. I am trying to investigate this by analyzing the ways the different local politics of ethnic and cultural identities remodel the perspectives on after-life and burial practices. My research aims at analyzing the symbolic architecture of the discourse that surrounds and penetrates the dead body. It focuses also on the way the cemetery is transformed into a micro-world that reflects the religious, ethnic and cultural struggles of the new post-socialist world. Along this line of reasoning I chose for research the multi-ethnic and multi-religious village of Sch., situated in the south-eastern part of Romania. Old-Orthodox Lipovenians (divided into two antagonistic religious communities, popovtsi and bezopopovtsi) and their eternal rivals, Orthodox Romanians, have to co-habit the village and share the local resources with the newly emerged community of Lipovenian-Romanian Adventists. What seems even harder to do is to share the after-life and cemetery space, where the borderlines between these four communities become even stronger. The instrumentalization of the symbolic architecture of after-life that penetrates the dead body and the fragmentation of the cemetery space that accompanied this process mirror the important transformations of the Romanian social system and the struggle to enact the different post-socialist politics of ethnic and cultural identities.

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Coeziunea socială şi climat interetnic în România, octombrie–noiembrie 2008

Author(s): Zsuzsa Sólyom / Language(s): Romanian

The Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities carried out a representative survey on the interethnic climate in Romania in collaboration with the Research Center for Interethnic Relations. The research methodology was prepared by taking into account previous quantitative research on the topic. Carried between 24 October - 7 November 2008, the survey included two parallel samples: a national sample consisting of 1189 persons from all regions of Romania (Moldova, Muntenia, Oltenia, Dobrogea, Transylvania, Crisana-Maramureş, Banat, Bucharest) and a subsample of 534 persons who declared themselves as Hungarians (from Transylvania, Crisana-Maramureş and Banat); the enlarged sample of Hungarians (included in both samples) comprised 612 persons in total.

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Construcţia identitară la comunităţile turcă şi tătară din Dobrogea

Author(s): Adriana Cupcea / Language(s): Romanian

The present study is a primary effort to identify and decript the identitary dynamics of the two most ancient ethnic communities of Romania, the Turks and Tatars. As a context framing, the paper shows the historic and demographic evolution of the Turks and the Tatars all throughout the 20th century. Chronologically, the emphasys falls upon the communist period, to better envisage the way in which political, economic and social changes in the era were reflected in the ethnic and religious structures of the Turks and the Tatars in Dobrogea and consequently to extend on identitary evolutions after 1990. By adding the archive research to journalistic text analysis and field research (interviews, participative observation), the study traces the memory patterns of the communist period, the types of relations and attitudes created in relation to the regime, together with the evolution of self-image and image of the other (Turk-Tatar), generated by the main identitary landmarks: ethnicity, religion, origins, mother tongue and traditions, inside the socialist society as well as after the fall of the communism.

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Controlul presei locale orădene în primii ani ai sistemului ceauşist. Descriere generală şi aspecte minoritare

Author(s): Zsuzsa Plainer / Language(s): Romanian

Controlling daily newspapers in the first years of Ceaușescu's rule is a subject for this paper. Through describing the GDPP (The General Directorate for Press and Printing, DGPT), institution of censorship in the 1960ies and 1970ies, important techniques of control and its systemic fragility are revealed. Ethnicizing censorship, presenting its minority aspects is the second aim in this study: comparing a control of the two (Romanian and Hungarian) daily newspapers in Oradea, similarities and differences in majority and minority censoring are to be highlighted.

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De la Kodoba la Codoba. Despre schimbarea identităţii etnice secundare într-o familie de muzicanţi romi dintr-un sat din Câmpia Transilvaniei.

Author(s): Csongor Könczei / Language(s): Romanian,Hungarian

The Magyarpalatka, located on Inner Mezőség, is one of the Gypsy musicians' centers in Mezőség. Many Gypsy music families lived and live here to date, the most famous being the Kodoba family. The present case study undertook to find out how the romungro family of the Reformed Religion in Romania, with the Hungarian-speaking, Reformed Religion, romanesque, in Hungarian, no longer (or hardly speaking) in the 20th Century, still a reformed, then Orthodox family, and tries to outline the broader social contexts of this process of identity change and to answer its causal relationships. Doing this by examining the extent to which the secondary identity change (including the change of the ethnic projection of the personal name) is related to the changing social, historical and political situations, to the extent that Magyarpalatka is continually depopulated from the Hungarian point of view, dominating the local Romanian population (not just numerical) and last but not least to some extent the economic aspects of the village vocational music industry. The research carried out at the same time makes it interesting that Gypsy musician of the Kodpal Gypsy family in Budapest is a Roma mother tongue, and its primary ethnic identity (for the time being) Roma, and that for the sake of its vocation has preserved the mediating role of local Hungarian, Romanian and Roma cultures as the traditional dance music of each ethnic group mediated and provided.

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Dimensiunea regională a societăţii, diversitatea etnoculturală şi organizarea administrativ-teritorială în România

Author(s): József Benedek,Ibolya Török,Csongor Máthé / Language(s): Romanian

Public debates on the regional dimension of societal organization are plagued by a series of stereotypes originating in the lack of adequate knowledge about this phenomenon. Precisely because of this, the aim of this study is to present in a systematic and analytic manner the theoretical concepts, working methods and their possibilities of application in solving some technical aspects related to the efficient management of territory and the related issue of great actual relevance in Romania, the organization of development regions. We do not intend to elaborate an optimal solution to the problem, as we believe that no such recipe exists; conversely, we wish to contribute to the debate by sketching a number of scientifically grounded alternative proposals, the effective realization of which depends on the actual political context. While the material may seem too technical and difficult to digest without a solid background in the field, the specialized language was needed in order to meet certain requirements of scientific analysis.

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Dual Citizenship in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Irina Culic / Language(s): English

The paper provides a historical-sociological investigation of post-communist dual citizenship policies in Central and Eastern Europe, proposing to conceive of citizenship as a means of state building. While dual citizenship policies in Western Europe generally took an inclusionary form, generated by the stringent need to incorporate and assimilate foreign immigrants, and to come to terms with their colonial and world expanding capitalist past, in Central and Eastern Europe they have essentially been differentialist, putting emphasis on ethno-cultural distinctions and privileged historical relationship with a state. In an attempt to synthesize the dominant motives governing the strategies chosen by these states, in the second part of the paper dual citizenship practices are inventoried according to a typology that reveals different state rationalities. Finally, an examination of asymmetries in dual citizenship aims both to further the state building argument, and to point to the tensions inherent in dual citizenship legislation.

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Elemzések a romániai magyarok kétnyelvűségéről

Author(s): István Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian

Bilingualism is a widespread characteristic of Hungarians from Romania. The study analyses the linguistic context of this community through an empirically grounded description of bilingualism. Building on data provided by the censuses from 1992 and 2002, the article starts with the study of mother tongue as statistical category. In the second part the author discusses three dimensions of bilingualism: bilingual linguistic competence, language use, and the normative context of bilingualism. The typology of bilingualism described in the article reflects the principle of complementarity of the two languages as well as the criteria of success and efficiency in communication. The typology classifies language proficiency, monolingualism and bilingualism according to the relative position of the two languages in the communication repertories.

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Publisher: ISPMN Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale