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The Economics of Blurs and Shadows – The Hidden Economy in Macedonia

Економија на маглини и сенки – скриената економија во Maкедонија

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English,Macedonian

KEY POINTS * According to the research being done on the issue of hidden economy, its share in Macedonia, depending on the measurement method used, ranges from 24% to 47% of GDP with a tendency to decrease. * The decreasing, but still large unemployment rate (28.4% as of Q2 2014), as one of the most important factors that give rise to hidden economic activities and practices, indicates a crossover from the informal to the formal sector. * The indicators of non-observed economy (NOE) and observed informal employment by the SSO indicate a tendency of decreasing hidden economy and increasing formalization of labor. * Attracting FDIs through improving the business environment, increasing the capacity of the self-employment program of the Employment Agency, and reforming the inspectorates will remain some of the most crucial factors in encouraging the formalization process of labor and businesses and thus decreasing hidden economic activities.

Historiographic Analysis of Novi Sad on the Topographic Maps

Historiographic Analysis of Novi Sad on the Topographic Maps

Author(s): Nevena Ćurčić,Vuk Garača,Mlađen Jovanović / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: topographic maps; military surveys; historiographic analysis; Novi Sad;

Novi Sad was presented on a large number of detailed topographic maps since The First Military Survey of the Habsburg Empire (1763–1785) until the second half of the 20th century. Over time, the drawing of maps was improved and, in addition to that, the countries to which Novi Sad belonged had changed. Thus, depending on the time when they were drawn, their publishers and purposes, the topographic maps differed in the way they displayed contents, details, and according to the content that was represented on them. In accordance with that, the need of analyzing the historiographic contents of topographic maps of Nov Sad has arisen, along with connecting them with the historical circumstances and the circumstances of their creation. This paper deals with the topographic maps of Novi Sad, covering the period from the second half of 18th c. to the second part of the 20th c. The aim of this paper is to highlight the differences in presenting the content of topographic maps, depending on various factors. This work aims to analyze each section in details, explain their mutual comparison to the different parameters, and find and explain certain procedures used when presenting the contents on the available topographic maps. In order to complete this work, cartographic, historiographic methods and comparative analysis were used.

Movable cultural heritage. Wisdom of the Earth by Constantin Brancusi: public domain and recovery of possession

Movable cultural heritage. Wisdom of the Earth by Constantin Brancusi: public domain and recovery of possession

Author(s): Cosmin Soare-Filatov / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: national cultural heritage; cultural goods; recovery of possession; public domain; Wisdom of the Earth;

The research and consolidation of cultural heritage legal institutions have only known scarce attention and timid evolution in the past decades in Romania. In turn, the Romanian society in general seems to share the lack of concern. A true national conscience, which embraces the profound values of cultural heritage, seems to be still information after the trials of the past regime. Such a conscience cannot be taken for granted; it must be developed, it must be explained with patience and understood in its essence, it must be nurtured with a drive to know the past and the present and to build a common future. In this context, the present study is intended as a useful and attractive instrument for the review of relevant legal institutions, such as the right of ownership over movable cultural goods, the public domain and the recovery of possession of movable cultural goods. Employing the critical analysis of relevant case law, apt to stir curiosity, this study also brings to the forefront our often times inadequate comprehension of cultural heritage legal institutions.

Topography of Azak Pottery Production

Топография гончарного производства Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Golden Horde; Azak; potter’s workshop; localization; kiln; semifinished items

The article offers data on pottery production topography, based on the results of archaeological excavations of the Golden Horde city of Azak in 1961—2015. The material studied made it possible to single out several pottery production districts located in the north-eastern, south-western, central and south-eastern parts of the city; to establish their approximate borders and preliminary dating, as well as to reveal location peculiarities of the workshops that had belonged to 1st and 2nd group potters, who differed according to technological production level and their genetic origins.

Prisons in Serbia (April 2004 – April 2005)

Prisons in Serbia (April 2004 – April 2005)

Author(s): Marijana Obradović,Nataša Novaković,Gordana Lukić-Samardžija,Igor Kuzmanović,Marija Jelić / Language(s): English

Keywords: Prisons; Serbian prisons; torture; violence; rehabilitation; inhuman treatment; punishment; detention facilities;

This publication is the output of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia’s activity over the second year of the implementation of the project "Prevention of Torture: Support to the Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture" that is realized thanks to the assistance of the European Commission – European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights. Apart from the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, this three-year project includes Bulgarian, Hungarian, Macedonian, Polish and Russian Helsinki committees, as well as the International Helsinki Federation. At regional level, the project aims at preventing torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in detention facilities (police stations, prisons, psychiatric institutions, etc.), encouraging non-governmental organizations to regularly visit these institutions and exerting pressure on national governments to make it possible for the non-governmental sector to conduct such monitoring. [...]

MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE MARKETING: A PERSPECTIVE OF MODERN TOURISM SECTOR

MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE MARKETING: A PERSPECTIVE OF MODERN TOURISM SECTOR

Author(s): Branko Mihailović,Vesna Ž. Popović / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Management;marketing;tourism sector;services;marketing relationship;

In this paper we will research the management of service marketing in modern tourism sector. The tourism market is an extremely dynamic and open system. Aiming to form and maintain long-term relation, the marketing of relations has to understand the users’ expectations, to get familiar with the user, to evaluate service processes, to get a real assessment of service quality and to manage adequately with relations. This is achieved through the interaction or active participation of all partici-pants in the market, as well as by interacting with many other disciplines from which the tourism market collects and provides information.

INNOVATIVE ALTERNATIVES OF MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND SALES SUPPORT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

INNOVATIVE ALTERNATIVES OF MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND SALES SUPPORT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Author(s): Radka Vaníčková / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Tourism;innovation of product and services;marketing of services;marketing communication tools;sales support;

This chapter analyses and judges the up-to-date condition of provided products and servicesfor the purpose of innovating existing product according to current trends, potential of givenlocality and customers preferences which influence attractivity, increase of turnout and amount ofprofits. The analytic part of the chapter is focused on defining tourism, product of tourism, historicalmonument objects and services marketing. In the practical part of the chapter there was formulatedthe analysis of provided basic, special and supplementary services and marketing of servicesin chosen destination in the Czech Republic through questionnaire survey. Using observing andcontrolled interviews with employees of the company the satisfaction of staff was monitored and theconcept of proposals and recommendations for new service was made. The empirical generalizationof knowledge which is described in the final part of the chapter helped to improve current stateof provided services and products with the accent of creating innovative proposal of new service inthe area of marketing communication and selling support of offered products and services.

A Logical Approach to English Hypothetical Constructions

A Logical Approach to English Hypothetical Constructions

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: English Hypothetical Constructions

The present paper deals with English hypothetical constructions starting from a non-native perspective, highlighting Hungarian suffixes that may lead to hypotheticals in translation. As results show, the understanding and correct use of English hypotheticals is below expectations among non-native speakers (intermediate to advanced level), and we would like to offer a more logical approach to them by applying the description of Michael Lewis on English verbs and the concept of remoteness. We tend to think that reconsidering English verb forms and functions is necessary, which leads to the close relationship between verbs, tenses, conditional structures, hypothetical constructions, and modal verbs. The conclusion focuses on the importance of hypotheticals in present-day English, offering samples from authentic multimedia sources.

THE OTTOMAN DILEMMA. Power and Property Relations under the United Nations Mission in Kosovo

THE OTTOMAN DILEMMA. Power and Property Relations under the United Nations Mission in Kosovo

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: UNMIK; transformation in Kosovo;

The United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) has made itself responsible as trustee and administrator for a vast amount of state and socially owned property across Kosovo, including some 370 socially owned enterprises (SOEs). However, over the past three years, it has lacked the institutional resources to establish an effective property regime. As a result, control over some of Kosovo’s most valuable economic assets is being determined outside the legal system, in countless individual power struggles across Kosovo. The results have been harmful both to economic development, social and political stability and the establishment of the rule of law. This report analyses different strategies employed by UNMIK to fulfil its responsibility as trustee of social property, including direct administration of SOEs, the restoration of Yugoslav workplace democracy (‘self-management’) under the 1988 Law on Enterprises, and granting concessions over SOEs to private investors (‘commercialisation’). It concludes that these efforts have done little to curb the confusion over commercial property or to promote an environment more conducive for private sector growth.

THE LAUSANNE PRINCIPLE. Multiethnicity, Territory and the Future of Kosovo’s Serbs

THE LAUSANNE PRINCIPLE. Multiethnicity, Territory and the Future of Kosovo’s Serbs

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: Kosovo administration; Kosovo constitution;

Five years into the international administration of Kosovo, two violent days in March 2004 have sorely tested the international commitment to a multiethnic Kosovo. Directed against Kosovo’s minorities and against the international mission itself, the violence has left many wondering whether UNMIK has the capacity to achieve its objectives in the face of open resistance.This is a dangerous moment for international policy in the region. The urgent priority for the Kosovo mission and the incoming SRSG is to reaffirm the international commitment to multiethnic society, at both the diplomatic and the practical level.This paper argues that the policies needed in response to the March riots must be based on the practical needs of Serbs living in Kosovo today. The paper finds that the current reality of Kosovo Serbs differs from the common perception in important ways. There are still nearly 130,000 Serbs living in Kosovo today, representing two-thirds of the pre-war Serb population. Of these, two-thirds (75,000) are living south of the River Ibar in Albanian-majority areas. Almost all of the urban Serbs have left, with North Mitrovica now the last remaining urban outpost. However, most of the rural Serbs have never left their homes. The reality of Kosovo Serbs today is small communities of subsistence farmers scattered widely across Kosovo.

THE OTTOMAN DILEMMA. Power and Property Relations under the United Nations Mission in Kosovo

THE OTTOMAN DILEMMA. Power and Property Relations under the United Nations Mission in Kosovo

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: UNMIK; privatization in Kosovo;

The United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) has made itself responsible as trustee and administrator for a vast amount of state and socially owned property across Kosovo, including some 370 socially owned enterprises (SOEs). However, over the past three years, it has lacked the institutional resources to establish an effective property regime. As a result, control over some of Kosovo’s most valuable economic assets is being determined outside the legal system, in countless individual power struggles across Kosovo. The results have been harmful both to economic development, social and political stability and the establishment of the rule of law. || This report analyses different strategies employed by UNMIK to fulfil its responsibility as trustee of social property, including direct administration of SOEs, the restoration of Yugoslav workplace democracy (‘self-management’) under the 1988 Law on Enterprises, and granting concessions over SOEs to private investors (‘commercialisation’). It concludes that these efforts have done little to curb the confusion over commercial property or to promote an environment more conducive for private sector growth.

THE HYPNOTIST. Aleksandar Vucic, John Bolton and the return of the past

THE HYPNOTIST. Aleksandar Vucic, John Bolton and the return of the past

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: Serbian Democracy; Serbian transformnation; Aleksandar Vucic; Greater Serbia; territory exchange;

It is remarkable how little change there has been in the key personnel in Serbian politics since the fall of Slobodan Milosevic in 2000. It is not surprising, therefore, that the old nationalist idea of redrawing borders on the basis of ethnicity has continued to be so prominent. What is surprising is the recent success that Serbian president Aleksandar Vucic has had in repackaging this old idea as progressive, non-conventional, out-of-the-box thinking. Why not, the siren song goes (again), adjust some borders along ethnic lines, as long as the process is negotiated peacefully and leads to reconciliation? || In addition, to remain credible in Pristina, European countries should take two long overdue steps: to lift the visa requirement for Kosovo citizens, as the European Commission and the European Parliament have recommended; and to support Kosovo in applying and joining the Council of Europe, with protection of minorities in Kosovo a key requirement of post-accession monitoring. || The EU also needs to send a strong signal to countries and leaders who reach out to their neighbours and minorities and resolve difficult issues in a true spirit of reconciliation. The strongest signal would be to begin accession talks with North Macedonia without delay in summer 2019.

From an E-narrative Poem towards an Interactive Work of Art. Media Convergence Illustrated with DOWN by Zenon Fajfer and The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold

From an E-narrative Poem towards an Interactive Work of Art. Media Convergence Illustrated with DOWN by Zenon Fajfer and The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold

Author(s): Bogusława Bodzioch-Bryła / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: liberature;Zenon Fajfer;Ken Feingold;borderland of media and literature;new media

The text, using the example of a work belonging to the literary style (Spoglądając przez ozonową dziurę [Detect Ozone Hole Nearby] by Zenon Fajfer) and the interactive art (the installation The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold) analyses the idiosyncracy of works positioning themselves at the borderland of media and literature, works both literary (textual, narrative and poetic) as well as media ones (changeable, iconic, set in a computer program, double-indirect), paying attention to the meaningfulness of the disciplines borderland (in this case literary and media studies). The author stresses the reasonableness of the question asked by Katarzyna Bazarnik, whether, by accident, the “Darwinian” evolution of species continues. In the author’s opinion, based on her observation of works belonging to the literary style and the discussed work The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold, this question should get a positive answer. And possibly, as an effect of initiation, which has already happened, we will soon be entering the museum-gallery space not only in order to look but also to read.

The operational management evolution and its role in the industrial enterprise

The operational management evolution and its role in the industrial enterprise

Author(s): Aneta Deneva,Iskra Panteleeva / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: operational management;production process;good practices in organization;production system;

The topic introduces within the field of operational management from the standpoint of its historical-evolutionary definition context. The essential aspects are clarified, and the levels of operational management are presented. The principles of operational management are formulated in a short, systematized form. The nature and types of production systems are clarified, as well as their main elements. Definitions regarding the production process, organization of the enterprise and its main subsystems, forms of organization of the production process, forms of arrangement of the production units in space are clarified, too. The recommended fields for identifying good practices in the organization of the production process are also defined. It has been presented the main links that need to be made in terms of good practices, derived in theoretical terms and their main contributions to the enterprise to achieve the desired results by applying the good practices.

RETIREMENT ASPIRATIONS OF TEACHERS ALIGNED WITH CURRENT PRIORITIES IN LIFE

RETIREMENT ASPIRATIONS OF TEACHERS ALIGNED WITH CURRENT PRIORITIES IN LIFE

Author(s): Verica Jovanovski,Ivana Barković Bojanić / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: retirement planning; teachers; life aspirations; aging population; society;

Population aging and its repercussions have a powerful impact on the traditional concept of retirement and the established transition patterns from work to retirement. Demographic statistics in the twenty-first century show low fertility and low mortality rates for most countries, leading to the Croatian population aging. Several trends impact the aging population: most people live much longer lives, have better health, and have different personal expectations than generations before us. For example, people now expect to live longer after leaving full-time work. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the retirement and post-retirement attitudes of teachers aligned with the current priorities in life. The paper aims to present the changing perception of aging from biological, economic and social perception and investigate how teachers in the region of Slavonia view their pension plans, life expectancies, and the expected needs in old and retirement age. This paper analyzes part of the data collected in the survey conducted on a sample of 5%of 11,839 teachers employed in elementary and secondary schools in the five Slavonian counties: Virovitica-Podravina, Požega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem counties. The research results may be beneficial for age-friendly policy-making and administrative reforms needed to accommodate the Croatian „silvering” of economy and society.

The Covid-19 Pandemic and Syrian Women Refugees from a Gender Perspective

The Covid-19 Pandemic and Syrian Women Refugees from a Gender Perspective

Author(s): Senem Gürkan‬,Erkan Perşembe / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; Pandemic; Syrian Women Refugees; Gender Perspective; Syrian; Women; Refugees;

The last days of 2019 brought some dramatic changes in all facet of our lives. The world faced with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was declared as “pandemic” on March 11, 2020 by The World Health Organization and on the same date, the first case was seen in Turkey (SB, 2020; WHO, 2020). The pandemic had unprecedented impacts all over the world and undoubtedly affected each and every individual, bringing new practices and changes in social life, called “new normal” (Akca and TepeKüçükoğlu, 2020). These impacts can be seen both during the downturn and the subsequent recovery period, constituting the major aspect of the sociology of COVID-19.

Some notes on the commercial concession contract

Some notes on the commercial concession contract

Author(s): Sónia de Carvalho / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: concession; distribution; contracts; commercial law;

The concession contract, to which the majority of legal scholars recognize the legal nature of a framework contract, is a commercial contract, which establishes a complex and long lasting contractual relationship, under which the grantor undertakes to sell to the concessionaire, and the latter to buy from him, for resale, a certain quantity of goods, assuming the risk of marketing the goods. The integration of the dealer, who acts on its own behalf and in its own name, in the grantor's network, is ensured by the compliance with certain obligations, relating to commercial policy and promotional and after sales services, under the control and supervision of the grantor. The concession contract started out as a sales contract concluded between the producer and the trader, who acted in his own name and for his own account, characterised by the existence of an exclusivity clause in favour of the latter, provided that he undertook to purchase a certain quantity of products. This negotiating scheme has, however, undergone alterations as a result of the greater integration of the distributor in the network of the licensor, resulting from the complex web of rights and duties around the parties, with emphasis on the transformation of the exclusivity clause, hitherto considered a social type element, into one of several possible clauses of the contract. Considering that we are dealing with a legally atypical, but socially typical contract, it is necessary to point out the most relevant clauses of the contract, which are essential to sustain that this contract belongs to distribution contracts, an autonomous category. The supply chain crisis currently experienced worldwide following the Pandemic COVD 19 and the role that this contract can play in the commercial distribution, by allowing the manufacturer to achieve greater efficiency in the distribution of its products, justifies the analysis of the main features of this contract.

Roma/Gypsies and Education in a Multiethnic Community in Romania

Roma/Gypsies and Education in a Multiethnic Community in Romania

Author(s): Stefania Toma / Language(s): English

Keywords: Ethnic minorities in Romania; Roma-Gypsies and education; inter-ethnic relations; Socio-economic research; job-market for minorities;

The present article aims at presenting shortly the results and preliminary conclusions of a research undertaken in an ethnically mixed locality in the North-Western region of Romania. The research questions were focused mainly on interethnic relations and on socio-economic topics. The economic activities of the Roma represent the extension of the principal activities of the majority. To see what exactly the activities of the Roma are, we will focus on the relation between Roma and other ethnic groups. We will try to understand what the main characteristics of these relationships are and what the rules of these relationships are, if there are any. Afterwards, we will try to describe and to analyse two of survival strategies of the Roma. At first sight the presence of the institution of godfatherness among the Roma and Gadjo seemed to be just an “innate” characteristics of the historically peaceful multiethnic community, but later this proved to be just the surface. The second strategy, called “the List”, is also a constitutive element of the survival strategies of the Roma, although in this case not the Roma are the initiators of it. Finally, we will focus our attention on the problem of trust which is the connecting element of all informal strategies and through which we will be able to understand better the characteristics of the relation between Roma and non-Roma. The question of education is a crucial one, as the low presence of the Roma population on the formal job-market is partly due to their low educational level. The last chapters discuss the problem of school-attending of the Roma children in the studied community.

Marketing 4.0: Emerging Technologies That are Refining Digital Marketing

Marketing 4.0: Emerging Technologies That are Refining Digital Marketing

Author(s): Fathima Raj Kilimas,Ashish Chandra,Narendra Rustagi / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Marketing 4.0; Emerging Technologies; Digital Marketing;

Technology can be defined as the application of scientific knowledge to meet a specific practical need. This definition is an all-embracing one and is more relevant in a world which has seen its influence permeate every facet of the present-day life at a rapid pace. However, its influence can be embodied in the diverse industries that have emerged in this century. Certain industries are anticipated to change so much in the coming 20 years than they have in the last two centuries (Morrison, 2017). To counter the impact of technology and to ensure that they never lose sight of the race, industry giants are investing a huge chunk of their revenue on Research and Development; and its (R&D) part of the pie is always on the rise year-on-year (Loeb, 2018). The computational and analytical ability of AI systems are increasing faster than Moore’s Law (Perrault, 2019). Such prowess has enabled the emergence of a multitude of streams rooted in Artificial Intelligence and related technologies.

REGIONALIZATION, REGIONAL MARKETING AND REGIONAL COMPANIES IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

REGIONALIZATION, REGIONAL MARKETING AND REGIONAL COMPANIES IN WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Anto Domazet / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: regionalization; Western Balkan; convergence of environment; regional marketing; regional company;

Regionalization of the Western Balkans countries is presented as a process of integration of national economies in the region based on the liberalization of flows of goods, capital, labor, information and ideas. Regionalization is taking place on two levels: at the individual country level and at the level of companies. Effects of regionalization are reflected in economic growth and development through the fostering of mutual trade, foreign direct investment and competitiveness. Regionalization creates a regional market, which is for the Western Balkan countries institutionally organized in the form of CEFTA. In the same time nearly all Western Balkan countries have a certain level of association and integration with European Union. In the context of international marketing regionalization is a process of convergence of marketing environment. This leads to a convergence of consumer needs and consumers creating a “regional consumer” with homogenized needs and preferences in consumption. So it allows the standardization of marketing on a regional basis and products with the effects of economies of scale and fragmentation of the value chain in different locations within the region. Regional marketing is a market concept exploiting market opportunities offered by regional markets and resources in the region. On the basis of a regional marketing approach a new type of regional companies that are oriented to market demand in the region is developed. Regional companies have primary focus to the similarities between the regional consumer segments and opportunities for regional resource use and investment in the region. For each country in the Western Balkans, due to the small economic area, regional market is extremely important for generating economic growth. Applying regional marketing and creating competitive regional companies is a promising way to use the potential of regional markets as much as possible. This also creates the necessary conditions for the competitiveness of regional companies in the EU market.