Keywords: Virgil Podoaba; Cioran; provincialism; the Tg. Mures ethnographic museum; art museum of Tg. Mures; Nagy Imre; Totem exhibition in Tg. Mures; teh "Ion Vlasiu" Gallery;
Opinions about Targu Mures, interview with mayor Dorin Florea, opinions of various writers about the past, present and the futire of the town in his various aspects.
More...REVIEW ARTICLES Cristian Ciocan NOTES SUR DEUX TENTATIVES DE TOTALISATION LA PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE ET LE PROJET ENCYCLOPÉDIQUE [Lester EMBREE et alii (éds.), Encyclopedia of Phenomenology; Anna-Teresa TYMIENIECKA (éd.), Phenomenology World Wide]............................291 Attila Szigeti L’OEUVRE DE LÉVINAS ENTRE PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE, ÉTHIQUE ET PHILOSOPHIE DU JUDAÏSME. NOTES SUR LA RÉCEPTION ANGLO-SAXONNE D’UN «PERFECTIONNISTE MORAL» [Simon CRITCHLEY, Robert BERNASCONI (éds.), The Cambridge Companion to Levinas].......311 Delia Popa LA PRATIQUE DE LA PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE RADICALE ROLF KÜHN ET MICHEL HENRY [Rolf KÜHN, Radicalité et passibilité. Pour une phénoménologie Pratique].................327 Paul Marinescu ADEVÃR SI ISTORIE. ENIGMA REPREZENTÃRII TRECUTULUI [Paul RICOEUR, Memoria, istoria, uitarea]..................................................343 BOOK REVIEWS................................................................................353 Martin HEIDEGGER, Fiintã si timp [Être et temps] (Cristian Ciocan); Bruce BÉGOUT, La généalogie de la logique. Husserl, l’antéprédicatif et le catégorial (Andrei Timotin); Fran¢ois-David SEBBAH, L’épreuve de la limite. Derrida, Henry, Levinas et la phénoménologie (Adina Bozga); Marcus BRAINARD, Belief and its Neutralization. Husserl’s System of Phenomenology in Ideas I (Ion Copoeru); Toine KORTOOMS, Phenomenology of Time. Edmund Husserl’s Analysis of Time-Consciousness (Ligia Beltechi); Roland BREEUR, Singularité et sujet. Une lecture phénoménologique de Proust (Nicoleta- Liana Szabo); John J. DRUMMOND & Lester EMBREE (eds.), Phenomenological Approaches to Moral Philosophy A Handbook (Horatiu Crisan)
More...Magda KING, A Guide to Heidegger’s Being and Time, edited by John Llewelyn, SUNY series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy, State University of New York Press, Albany, 2001, 397p. Andreas MICHEL, Die französische Heidegger-Rezeption und ihre sprachlichen Konsequenzen. Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung fachsprachlicher Varietäten in der Philosophie, Studia Romanica, Band 91, herausgegeben von Klaus Heitmann, Ulrich Mölk, Edgar Radtke, Universitätsverlag Carl Winter, Heidelberg, 2000, 754 p. Alfred DENKER, Historical Dictionary of Heidegger’s Philosophy, Lanham (Maryland), London: Scarecrow Press, Inc., Shelwing Ltd., 2000, 380 S. John B. BROUGH & Lester EMBREE (eds.), The Many Faces of Time, Contributions to Phenomenology, volume 41, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 248 p. Daniel O. DAHLSTROM, Heidegger’s Concept of Truth, Cambridge University Press, (col. Modern European Philosophy), 2000, 462 p. Cristina LAFONT, Heidegger, Language, And World-Disclosure, translated by Graham Harman, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000, 298 p. Eliane ESCOUBAS & Bernhard WALDENFELS (eds.), Phénoménologie fran¢aise et phénoménologie allemande, L’Harmattan, 2000, 640 p. Eckard WOLZ-GOTTWALD, Transformation der Phänomenologie. Zur Mystik bei Husserl und Heidegger, Philosophische Theologie. Studien zu spekulativer Philosophie und Religion 11, Reihenherausgeber: Peter Koslowski, Wien, Passagen Verlag, 1999, 398 p. Martin HEIDEGGER, Ontology – The Hermeneutics of Facticity, trans. by John van Buren, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1999, 138 p. Arkadiusz CHRUDZIMSKI, Die Erkenntnistheorie von Roman Ingarden, Phaenomenologica 151, Reihe gegründet von H. L. von Breda und publiziert unter Schirmherrschaft der Husserl-Archive, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London, 1999, 225 p. Jocelyn BENOIST, L’apriori conceptuel. Bolzano, Husserl, Schlick, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris, 1999, 221 p. Dennis King KEENAN, Death and Responsibility. The “Work” of Levinas, SUNY series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy, State University of New York Press, 1999, 123 p. Dan ZAHAVI (ed.), Self-awareness, Temporality, and Alterity. Central Topics in Phenomenology, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, 239 pp. Index. Sonya SIKKA, Forms of Transcendence. Heidegger and Medieval Mystical Theology, SUNY Series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy, Editor: Dennis J. Schmidt, State University of New York Press, 1997, 308 p. Alfred DENKER, Omdat filosoferen leven is. Een archeologie van Martin Heideggers ‘Sein und Zeit’ [Weil philosophieren leben ist. Eine Archäologie von Martin Heideggers ‘Sein und Zeit’], Best: Damon, 1997, 424 S. Emmanuel LEVINAS, The Levinas Reader, edited by Seán Hand, Blackwell, Oxford UK & Cambridge USA, 1997, 311 p. Ion MINCÃ, Informatica si teoria cunoasterii. O paradigmã fenomenologicã a domeniului hardware, (Informatique et théorie de la connaissance. Un parad
More...Volume LVI-LVIII / 2010-2012
More...Keywords: Theological Dialogue; Nonjurors; Eastern Orthodoxy; Peter the Great; Chrysanthos Notaras; Thomas Brett
The dialogue initiated by the Nonjuror Anglican theologians, envisaging an ecclesiastical union with the Orthodox East, is an enthralling research topic as it involves not only theological considerations – as it appears at first sight –, but also entails matters of political diplomacy. Engaging tsar Peter I in the discussions with the Eastern patriarchs provided the political support that allowed this dialogue to continue even when theological divergences seemed insuperable. Thorough analysis of each document, as well as working hypotheses cautiously put forth, have resulted in a new chronological arrangement of the context of this theological dialogue, so far insufficiently investigated. This approach has also produced a revision of the information presented by well known scholars (Steven Runciman, Chrysostomos Papadopoulos). The four dogmatic documents (two formulated by the Nonjuror Anglicans, and two signed by the Eastern patriarchs) demonstrate, on the one hand, the openness toward dialogue of the British theologians, and on the other hand, the unconditional stance taken by the Orthodox against the slight errors present in the 17th-century confessions of faith. The text authored by patriarch Dositheos II Notaras and attached to the second answer addressed to the Nonjuror theologians, is the only one containing reference to the perpetuation of these errors. The direct meeting of the representatives of British Anglicanism and those of the Russian Orthodox Church, scheduled for the summer of 1725 at Sankt Petersburg or Moscow, would have been an exceptional event. Such a theological debate, totally freed from the constraints posed by the two parties’ different interpretation of certain written phrases, could have overcome the deadlock caused by their dogmatic conversation. However, this debate never took place, as one of its major supporters, tsar Peter I, had died a few months earlier, and the entire correspondence lost interest for the Orthodox party. Moreover, although in Constantinople were spread some rumors about the canonical status of the Nonjuror Anglicans, dissenters from the Church of England, this status has been confirmed in the fall of 1725, which contributed to the ex abrupto cessation of dialogue. The Anglicans’ attraction to the Orthodox East became obvious as early as the 16th century, and continued into the 20th century, when the Ecumenical Patriarchate, supported by several autocephalous Orthodox Churches, acknowledged the validity of Anglican ordination. This attraction was not simply based on the Eastern fascination, although one cannot dismiss this topic, either.
More...Keywords: -
In this study we wanted to provide a general view of the main monuments of the city of Iaşi, supplying certain essential data on the same and a biography that will allow the interested reader to follow the favorite objectives in other publications. We were particularly interested by the rediscovery of the initial meaning a statue had, in a certain historical moment and a certain location on the city map. Such monuments aim at embedding into public consciousness certain ideas and values. Most of the times, statues have a special connection to the square, market or building where they were installed. Statues have something to say, to remember in that spot and cannot be moved in other locations without canceling their original message.
More...Keywords: Hungary; social history;20th century; county Zala; social stratification; peasants; economy; agricultural markets; social status; Kiskanizsa
The paper focuses on and summarizes the principal idea of its author’s PhD thesis, while reflecting on the dispute about the peasantry that has once again intensified since the completion of the thesis and adding a number of new research results. The paper analyzes the 20th century changes in Kiskanizsa’s society in the context of the discourse of the bourgeois transformation of the peasantry both in the period between the two World Wars and during the time of socialism, as well as following the change of political system. The reason for this is that the strong sense of identity of the gardening “locusts” of Kiskanizsa is strongly determined by their achievements in adapting to the market economy. Despite this, however, entrepreneurship in agriculture has only begun to emerge during the last one and a half decades, and only within a narrow and increasingly professional group of gardeners. As regards the previous – socialist – period we may only speak of bourgeois transformation if we take into account those economic and social processes that go beyond agriculture. It is this viewpoint that makes it apparent that small-scale agricultural production is only a tool to open up the way toward the acquisition of other forms of (economic and cultural) capital. That is, the attempts to reach bourgeois status are achieved outside of the sphere of agriculture and, moreover, by the use of such tools as cannot be termed capitalist, which is why the process is coined as ”adaptive bourgeois transformation”.
More...Keywords: Romania; Bukovina; religious persecution; neo-Protestants; Baptists; Seventh-day Adventists; Brethren; Pentecostals; Jehova’s Witnesses.
The years 1940-1944 were in Romania a time of unprecedented persecution against neo Protestant denominations that previously functioned legally (Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Brethren), and agains other religious “sects”. This policy included a whole range of legislative, administrative and police measures, which culminated with the banning of these religious organizations, the closure of their houses of worship and the punishment of all public expression of faith. In the Province of Bukovina the persecution against the religious “sects” had a more comprehensive character and took more violent forms than in other parts of the country, the situation here being matched only by what happened in Bessarabia. The terrible persecution in Bukovina and Bessarabia has been related to the special status the two border provinces had in those years and to the project of the Antonescu government to achieve here a rapid homogenization of the population, not only in terms of ethnicity, but also under the confessional aspect. In the present article an unknown archival document is published, i.e. a report (a study) of the Regional Inspectorate of the Police Cernăuţi, from September 1943. The report, which was written at a moment when the persecution was at its peak, presents the situation of the religious “sects” in the Province of Bukovina (which included not only the proper Bukovina but also the counties of Hotin in Bessarabia and Dorohoi in the Old Kingdom) and lists the measures the authorities have taken against them in the period 1941 – September 1943. The following organizations have been considered here: the “Baptist sect”, “Seventh-day Adventist sect”, “Brethren sect”, “Millennists (Russelists) sect”, “Jehovah’s Witnesses sect”, “Penticostalist sect”, “Lipovenism” and the “old-calendarists”. For every “sect” information is given on its history in the region, organization, number of pastors, number of believers (in some cases nominal lists of members are given), religious publications, activity etc. The measures taken by the authorities against “sects” are noted. The report speaks of arrests made by the police, indictments and convictions that these people have had in the years 1942 and 1943. It also deals with the forced conversions to Orthodoxy of neo-Protestant believers to which they have been subjected under the said policy. It is also shown in detail how the informative work of the inspectorate was organized regarding each “sect”. We have thus a comprehensive array of the religious persecution in the Province of Bukovina, made by the institution that managed this issue. The study from the first part of the article analyzes the content of the report from September 1943 and makes an overview of the context in which this was elaborated, introducing in the discussion further archival materials with the same content.
More...Keywords: chronicle; diary; parish; communists; Orthodox; Baptists
In 1946, titular of the Orthodox parish from Pâclişa (Alba county) was Ioan Clonţa. On the pages of a parochial register started in 1901 by the vicar Nicolae Cado, Ioan Clonța describes the events from the period when he was amongst believers from Pâclișa. The Orthodox majority that formed the community was for two decades divided by appearance of Baptists, and the priest cannot do anything to reconvert them. Once with instauration of communism, Romania transforms radically, and priest Clonța is also obliged to change himself. During his shepherding, collectivi-zation engulfed the terrains of the Church, the parochial house, which was also wanted by the Communists, was both stable for bulls but also headquarters of the town hall, with or without permission the Greek-Catholics become Orthodox, the priest was faced with attending refresher courses to comply with requirements imposed by the party that came to power. Speech from annual reports becomes stereotypical, the priest holds religious services in the church, catechizes children, reads the circulars of the bishop and protopope, supports and encourages enthusiasm of believers for agricultural labours of the terrain that got into property of the state, but especially he does not do anything but to follow the instructions from the centre.
More...Keywords: Holocaust; Transnistria; Romania; Ion Antonescu; Jews; political trials; war criminals; People’s Tribunal; communism; USSR; Odessa; Golta; Berezovka; Dumanovka; Vapniarka; Balta; Mostovoi; Râbnița
During the communist period, the history of the Romanian occupation of Transnistria has been falsified, perverted and distorted. At the same time, in the historiography of Romanian Holocaust, the topic of punishing war crimes has been neglected for a long time. With minor exceptions, even after 1989, the subject did not benefited from a professional perspective because of the lack of sources and also because of the disputes over the traumatic memory from the period 19401989. The attempt to rehabilitate some important figures of war criminals revealed the contradiction between the competitive martyrology and the professional manner in which history should be written. Over the last decades, in the Western historiography the concept of “political trial” received various interpretations. The organization of the trials of war criminals by totalitarian states or by states where dictatorial regimes were about to come to power gave birth to the idea that a “surgical” approach to each judiciary action could offer a balanced way for approaching the topic. The special courts in Romania – People’s Tribunals – created in 1945, functioned in a complicated context and the collective trials organised under their patronage were accompanied by multiple controversies. Given the fact that Romania administered Transnistria, the special tribunals had to deal with the crimes and atrocities committed, during Romanian occupation, against Romanian deported Jews, Ukrainian Jews and Roma. In the three trials that took place between May and July 1945 and which are being analysed in this article, I tried to thoroughly investigate the manner in which the tribunal administered justice. I tried to examine the trials in detail referring to the way in which judicial actors played their role before the court in order to find the truth about de crimes and abuses committed in the districts of Odessa, Golta, Berezovka, Râbnița, Oceakov, Jugastru. In the end, the goal was to offer a broad picture about Romania and its political justice in the postwar period.
More...Keywords: reviews; Romanian contemporary literature; young generation of critics;
This section of Vatra offers the reader the possibility to read reviews of the latest, most interesting literature books.
More...Keywords: Urbanism; elites; urban area; rural area; ancient Rome;
This article brings up for discussion the urban manifestation in the Italian Peninsula, during the end of the Republic and beginning of the Principate, as well as the importance of the rural space in the definition and the evolution of urban planning. Local elites play a defining role as regards urban space because they are involved, to a lesser or higher extent (depending on the time and area), in the construction of public buildings. Also, urban development directly affects the elites causing changes in terms of their way of referring to the urban space. The degree of building development throughout the territory of Italy is not uniform. As a matter of fact, a different level and pace of public buildings constructions is observed between the regions in Italy. Furthermore, the article presents and briefly discusses the most important ideas and work assumptions which have marked the research at the end of the twentieth-century, with regard to urbanity in the Roman antiquity.
More...Keywords: expertise; expertise report; probative force; judicial expertise; extrajudicial expertise;
Expertise is the activity of research of certain facts or circumstances of the case, which requires specialized knowledge, activity carried out by an expert or, in the cases provided by law, by a specialist in a specific field, designated by the court at the request of the parties or ex officio, and whose findings and/or conclusions are reported in a written document, called an expertise report. As such, the expertise and the expertise report are two interdependent operations, since the expertise report is the follow-up of the expertise, its final act, and the expertise is the research activity on which the expertise report is based. Although the legislator establishes that the evidence can be provided, among others, by means of the „expertise” (Article 250, Articles 330–340 of the Civil Procedure Code), which constitutes the means of proof, from a legal point of view, is the expertise report, and not the expertise itself. The expertise can only concern factual circumstances on which the expert is asked to give clarifications or to ascertain them, circumstances which require specialized knowledge and which help to solve the case. The legal norms cannot form the object of the expertise, because the judges must know the law in force in Romania. However, the content of the foreign law is established by the court of law through „attestations obtained from the state bodies that have enacted it”, by „expertise opinion” or by another appropriate way [Article 2562 (1) of the Civil Code]. In principle, admitting or ordering an expertise is optional, the court being free to assess whether in the case it is admissible and conclusive a certain expertise or another, or none. There are, however, situations in which the court cannot assess the admissibility of the expertise, because this assessment was made by the legislator himself, by establishing, in particular, cases of compulsory expertise, under the sanction of cancellation of the judgment. For example, in the case of late registration of birth, in the matter of expropriation for cause of public utility, within the measures prior to the interdiction.The expertise can be carried out in court, if the experts can immediately express their opinion on unclear factual circumstances (in which case an expertise report is not necessary), or outside the court, if the expertise involves some time-consuming work, travels, analyses, measurements, etc. If it is required an on-site work to perform the expertise or the parties’ explanations are necessary, the operation can only be performed after their summoning by registered letter with declared content and acknowledgment of receipt. As in the case of the other means of evidence, the evidentiary power of the expertise report is left to the free appreciation of the judge. However, regarding the mentions contained in the expertise report, we are making the following distinction: the mentions regarding the factual findings of the experts (the date of the report, the pleadings of the parties made in the presence of the expert, etc.) are evidence until the forgery is declared, because the experts work as delegates of the court, and the expertise report has the legal nature of an authentic document; the other mentions (the answers given by the expert to the questions asked and the conclusions of the report) do not bind the court, they can be argued against by the other evidence from the file. In some cases, the expertise report can only be removed by means of evidence of equal scientific value. These are the conclusions of the forensic expertise report, whose probative value has some particular features. For example, the serological sample cannot be removed by the depositions of witnesses. The filiation test, performed by DNA fingerprinting, provides conclusive results with an accuracy of approximately 99.999%, even 100%.
More...Keywords: matriarchal mega-era; gender studies; civilizations of Great Goddess; archaic civilizations; the first globalization;
UN 2030 Agenda is reputing into the light of the XXIst century society the need of gender studies and the necessity of identifying the shapes, the structures, the mentalities excluding women and girls from their natural role to fully participate to the life of their communities, to the general development of the human society, structures and patterns denying them the plenary specific contribution to the creation and enrichment of world civilizations, in the last 4000 years. Within this study, we’ll realize a brief approach of some cultural interferences aspects, or expansions of Great Goddess civilizations, from the Rumanian Paleolithic and Neolithic towards other continents of the world. The Paleolithic and Neolithic world is a stage for the first globalization, in our opinion, where communities are inter-connected through trans-continental routes, allowing diffusion of elements and cults of Great Goddess from the oldest times and from the first religious cults (cult of goddess-bird, cult of goddess-bear), from some civilizations centers towards other regions; there are archaic times, generating extremely old lexical layers and words particles, from Rumanian language, as the language-source for the entire Neolithic Europe (Rumanian Neolithic being estimated to begin about 10.000 BC). The Great Goddess civilization was destroyed at global level, about 4000 years ago, by the first waves of metal civilizations, of warriors worshiping supreme men-gods that put the basis of an order hostile to the old civilizations worshiping feminine perspective and divine feminine. In our opinion, also in our days, human society did not abandoned the patriarchal paradigm of living, continuing to apply structures, patterns, habits, practices profoundly hostile or marginalizing the woman, the feminine perspective, the feminine culture, as typical shapes of a patriarchal order. Such order imposed a real monopoly over key-concepts as history, writing, civilizations, excluding the feminine contribution from the content of such concepts and from their origin; feminine types of civilizations were also, the Paleolithic and Neolithic civilizations from today Romania zone, that gave the first writing of the mankind and other special cultural elements, neglected or marginalized in present under the implementation of the patriarchalist paradigm of interpreting history and civilization, as well as the role of two sexes in creating history and civilization. Civilization of Great Goddess, as it was created and developed within the Romanian zone and within its vicinity, had many waves of expansion towards other continents; we shall try to explore in this study only some aspects of civilizational interferences between Rumanian space and northern Africa space (Kemi country).
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