![Religion and Power in Romania. State policy towards neoprotestant churces, 1919-1944](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2007_10615.jpg)
Religion and Power in Romania. State policy towards neoprotestant churces, 1919-1944
Religie si putere în România. Politica statului fata de confesiunile (neo)protestante, 1919-1944
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More...Keywords: church; state; marshal Ion Antonescu; General Association of the Romanian Orthodox Church (AGCOR)
During the period between the two World Wars, the relations between church and state evolved in an interesting way, from the verbal proclamation of a free cooperation between the religious groups and the Romanian authorities until an attempt of the government to impose an absolute control upon religious life. The ideology underlying this politic was the idea that the state was the sole regulator of the life of the nation and, therefore, the church had to fully submit to the commandments of the state. This politic led to a tendency to reduce the confessional diversity of Romania, based on the principle „one state, one church”. This principle became more and more influential during Antonescu’s rule, when the Romanian Orthodox Church was appointed as the official church and, to some extent, as the „unique” church supposed to guide the spiritual life of the Romanian nation. The adepts of other confessions, especially the Neo-protestants, were forced to embrace Orthodoxy. At first sight, the Orthodox Church was being honored and favored by these measures but, in fact, behind them laid hidden a tendency to cancel the autonomy of the church, acquired by big struggles after 1918. The brutal intrusion of Antonescu’s government in the life of the church was clearly instantiated by the way the authorities dealt with the leaders of the General Association of the Romanian Orthodox Church which, in 1942, were put under arrest only under the accusation that they hadn’t properly emphasized the role played by the state in ensuring the welfare of the church. The scandal that followed afterwards clearly evinced the attitude of the Romanian authorities towards the Orthodox Church, during those days.
More...Political parties are core state institutions of modern democracies. They are key structure of representation and they can therefore be seen as a focal point for numerous crucial questions about what they are, how they organize, what functions they assume, etc. In this framework, the author aims at an understanding of the Romanian parties’ landscape in terms of patterns of organisation. In Central and Eastern Europe, parties are often stigmatised as corrupted, inefficient, unrepresentative bodies. The various studies on this argument lay emphasis on their considerable weakness in terms of structure, behaviour, functions and so on. Without neglecting these obvious criticisms, this article offers a different perspective. The various specificities in terms of organisation can be seen both as signs of inexperience or degeneration but also in terms of adaptation. Romanian parties are not carbon copies of theoretical frameworks; they are a blend of ideal images and local incentives. In line with other regional studies on this topic, this article asserts the lack of relevance of the overemphasized cartel parties’ model in Romania. A patchwork model is therefore more appropriate, as Romanian parliamentary parties tend to promote a hybrid organization by emphasizing a concern for mass structuring correlated with highly elitist management.
More...Keywords: voting behavior; Romanian elections (2004); regional pattern; economic development
The purpose of this research paper is to assess the causes of the territorial distribution of the votes in Romanian local elections held in 2004. Using an aggregate level statistical analysis, I explore three competing theories. The territorial distribution of votes might be first function of geographical localization, people from Transylvania voting against the ruling party and largely favoring the opposition. Counties supporting the opposition are generally the most developed, least rural and wealthiest counties, but in the same time number of these counties are located in Transylvania. All the same, people may support effective and accountable politicians in office and sanction the others. Testing the three hypotheses, I find that the economic voting has no empirical evidence. The only significant factor unraveled is the counties’ location in Transylvania. This factor continues to be significant even when the relationships are controlled with different local development measures, unraveling a regional voting pattern in Romania.
More...Keywords: Europeanisation; european integration; political parties; Romania;
Une vaste littérature a émergé les dernières années sur les transformations à l'œuvre dans les pays de l'Europe centrale et orientale suite à la chute des régimes communistes. La multiplication de ces recherches se justifie pleinement par l'ampleur des changements éthiques et idéologiques, en économie, dans le domaine juridique, au niveau social et politique, en matière de relations internationales. Le rythme des trans formations et leur résultat deviennent plus visibles à partir du moment où les pays de la région démarrent les négociations d'adhésion à l'Union européenne (UE). Le modèle imposé aux nouveaux candidats à l'élargissement a un grand impact sur les «domestic patterns», sur leurs politiques (policies) et leurs institutions (polities), cependant, un des aspects qui est plutôt ignoré dans la littérature de spécialité est l'impact de l'intégration européenne sur les «structures de représentation»3, sur les partis, les groupes d'intérêts, les systèmes politiques etc.
More...Keywords: Political parties; political regime; post-communism; Romania;
La Roumanie postcommuniste est, certes, nettement différente de la Roumanie communiste. Depuis la chute du régime communiste, il y a eu rédaction d'une nouvelle Constitution, il y a eu quatre épreuves électorales, il y a, à treize ans de l'adoption de la Loi fondamentale, une révision constitutionnelle déjà accomplie, de même une certaine volonté politique allant dans le sens de la révision du régime électoral, sans que les deux processus soient manifestement ou nécessairement liés1.
More...Keywords: chronological order; political landscape; Romania;
The chronology was made - under the coordination of Raluca Alexandrescu and Cristian Preda - by the following students of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Bucharest: Cristina Bubu, Octavian Lixeanu, Mirela Mihai, Delia-Elena Mihart, Daniel Olteanu, Laura Popa Mare, Corina Rebegea, who used as sources the written press ("Adevărul", "Curentul", "Evenimentul Zilei", "Național", "România Libera" and the magazines "22" and "Observatorul Cultural"), but also the TV news Antena 1, PRO TV and România 1.
More...Keywords: democracy; political parties; European integration; intergovernmentalism;
This study attempts to explain how the decision-making process is handled in the political parties at the European level. The author proposes to interpret a case study on the European People's Party, while concentrating on the transnational processes developed by the (national) political parties, the parliamentary group in the European Parliament, and the extra-parliamentary party or federation. The broader aim is to assess and understand how the neofunctionalist propositions, the intergovernmental implications, and the neoinstitutionalist observations (apud Simon Hix) explain the development of the Europarties.
More...Keywords: Church; post-communism; society; Romania;
The article seeks confirmation of the hypothesis that the persecution of the Baptist communities during Romania's communist period was due to their refusal to collaborate with the regime. The text begins with a concise historical overview, tracing the ministerial interdictions and destitutions, the intensifying atheist propaganda, the various changes to the Baptist statutes, the protests and the creative adjustments of the believers, which added to the conflict between the authorities and the Baptist Church. After a theoretical excursus into the incompatibility between communism and the Christian preaching, the author performs an evaluation of the extent to which the Romanian Baptists had accepted communism as an ideology, referring to their assessment of communism, on one hand, and including specific examples of the documented methods of the Securitate to impact their behavior, on the other hand. Developing in great detail a case study on the persecution of Reverend Petru Dugulescu, based on the manuscript of his memoirs and corroborating testimonies, she closes with an appraisal of the role and involvement of the Baptist Church in the Romanian society
More...Silvia Marton - THIERRY CHOPIN, La République „une et divisible".Les fondements de la Fédération américaine, préface de PIERRE ROSANVALLON, Plon/Commentaire, Paris, 2002; Alexandra Ionescu - SANDRINE KOTT, Le communisme au quotidien. Les entreprises d’État dans la société est-allemande, Belin, coll. „Socio-Histoires", Paris, 2001; Lucia Dragomir - DANLUNGU, Construcția identității într-o societate totalitară. O cercetare sociologică asupra scriitorilor, Editura Junimea, Iași, 2003; Damiana Oțoiu - CLAUDE RIVIÈRE, Anthropologie politique, Armand Colin, Coll. «Cursus - Sociologie», Paris, 2000; Cristian Preda - ION ILIESCU în dialog cu VLADIMIR TISMĂNEANU, Marele șoc din finalul unui secol scurt, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 2004; Oana-Valentina Suciu - DUMITRU SANDU, Sociabilitatea în spațiul dezvoltării, Polirom, Iași, 2003; Andrei Niculescu - MIHAI COMAN,Mass-media în Romania postcomunistă, Polirom, col. „Collegium", Iași, 2003; Andrei Niculescu - MIHAI COMAN, Mass-media, mit și ritual. O perspectivă antropologică, Polirom, col. „Sociologie. Antropologie. Cercetări și eseuri", Iași, 2003; Ionela Băluță - ELVIRA-ECATERINAIVĂNESCU, Societatea ortodoxă națională a femeilor române (1910-1948,1990-2001), Editura Universitară Craiova, Craiova, 2001;
More...Anca Dohotariu - IONELA BÂLUȚĂ, IOANA CÎRSTOCEA (coord.), Direcții și teme de cercetare în studiile de gen din România, Editura "Universul", Seria publicațiilor Relink, București, 2003; Ruxandra Ivan - ELIE BARNAVI, PAUL GOOSSENS (eds.), Les frontières de l’Europe, Éd. "De Boeck", Bruxelles, 2001, 272 pp; Cristian Anastasiu - PIERO DEL NEGRO, Guerra ed eserciti: da Machiavelli a Napoleone, Editori "Laterza", Milano, 2001, 165 pp; Ioana Manolescu - THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Anchor Books, New York, 2000, 490 pp; Miruna Tătaru-Cazaban - ANDRÉ DE MURALT, L’unité de la philosophie politique. De Scot, Occam et Suarez au libéralisme contemporain, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris, 2002,198 pp; Andreea Boeru - JON PIERRE (editor), Debating Governance: Authority, Steering, and Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, 250 pp; Cezar Ciobanu - MICHAEL SHAFIR, între negare și trivializare prin comparație: negarea Holocaustului în țările postcomuniste din Europa Centrală și de Est, "Polirom", Iași, 2002, 158 pp; Dietmar Müller - MARIANA HAUSLEITNER, Die Rumänisierung der Bukowina.Die Durchsetzung des nationalstaatlichen Anspruchs Grossrumäniens 1918-1944, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, „Südosteuropäische Arbeiten 111", München, 2001, 497 pp; Dietmar Müller - MARIANA HAUSLEITNER, BRIGITTE MIHOK, JULIANE WETZEL (Hgg.), Rumänien und der Holocaust. Zu den Massenverbrechen in Transnistrien 1941-1944. Metropol Verlag, „Nationalsozialistische Besatzungspolitik in Europa 10", Berlin, 2001,180 pp; Dietmar Müller - DOREL BANCOȘ, Social și național în politica guvernului Ion Antonescu, Editura "Eminescu", București, 2000, 397 pp;
More...Keywords: Byzantine theology; Trinitarian theology; triadology; Eustratius of Nicaea; Nicetas “of Maroneia;” Nicephorus Blemmydes; Theodore II Laskaris; hieromonk Hierotheos; Theophanes of Nicaea;
The article is dedicated to the use of logical diagrams in Byzantine Trinitarian theology. Logical diagrams are a kind of logical computation that is often considered to originate with Euler and Leibniz, but they were, in fact, used by Byzantine theologians since at least the ninth century. Nevertheless, logical diagrams were never so widely accepted as they began to be from the late thirteenth century to the early fifteenth century. The diagrams seem to have been introduced into Trinitarian theology by Eustratius of Nicaea (an authoritative philosopher who did not fare as well as a theologian) in his anti-Latin polemics dating to ca. 1112. From there, the use of diagrams was reclaimed in about the 1140s by the Latinophrone Nicetas “of Maroneia” and rejected in 1256 by the anti-Latin theologian Emperor Theodore II Laskaris. Nevertheless, beginning in the 1270s, their popularity and variability exploded. Eventually, triadological diagrams were “canonized” as the legacy of St. Hierotheos of Athens, the teacher of Dionysius the Areopagite, by Joseph Bryennios in the early fifteenth century. Even the “internal” opponent of Palamite theology, Theophanes of Nicaea, resorted to diagrams in defending his own triadology. The figure who rendered diagrams critical for the “Hesychast” theologians was, in the 1270s, hieromonk Hierotheos. He was able to express with diagrams the inconsistency of the mainstream Byzantine understanding of the Trinity. Nevertheless, his own name would come, in the fourteenth century, under a kind of damnatio memoriae, so that his main ideas circulated rather under the name of Hierotheos of Athens. This article argues that hieromonk Hierotheos passed from the Church of Patriarch Joseph to the Church of Patriarch Arsenius (or the Arsenites). Some of the highly authoritative teachers of the Palamites were in disagreement with the Great Church on the Arsenite issue, refusing to accept the act of 1410, where the Great Church had declared the Arsenites to be on the right side of the conflict. This fact could have affected the memory of hieromonk Hierotheos in the milieu where his works were most in demand.
More...Keywords: Greek Orthodox Church; Habsburg Transylvania; episcopal income; private life; interrogation of witnesses; early modern administration;
The appointment in 1761 of Dionisije Novaković, the Serbian bishop of Buda, as head of the Orthodox communities in Transylvania represented a compromise arrived at by the Habsburgs in their quest to solve the confessional troubles that ravaged the principality. The Greek-rite opponents of Catholicism were thus granted toleration and their own hierarch, but the solution eschewed the creation of a separate diocese under the authority of the archbishop in Sremski Karlovci. At the end of a short ministering, the death of Novaković in December 1767 raised the question of his institutional succession, alongside that of his personal inheritance. The latter was complicated by the lack of any valid will, with the government stepping in during the intestacy process to uncover the money presumed embezzled by the bishop during his tenure in Transylvania. During the ensuing inquiry, the attention focused primarily on the funds collected by the bishop on account of the gratuitous gift promised by the Orthodox Romanians in Transylvania at the time of his nomination, which was meant to support the war effort of the Monarchy in the Seven Years’ War. The topic is not entirely new to historiography, but the fresh details in the archival documents sketch a completely different picture from the one usually painted, totally exonerating Novaković. At the same time, the testimonies of those who knew him provided the authorities with more leads to the ways the bishop had abused his position to enrich himself, starting from the annual taxes collected from the priests under his authority, which were on the edge of allowed practices, to the money asked for ordaining or confirming priests to the parishes, which would induce suspicions of simony. They offer a unique insight into the demeanour of Dionisije Novaković, which warrants their publication in full in the Annexes. In the end, the documents become revealing to the rules of conduct and of the expectations that existed with regard to a Greek rite bishop in the Habsburg lands during the eighteenth century. They can equally be read as a test ground to the limits of the imperial bureaucracy that set off in search of hidden money but failed to probe the allegations and did not reach any definitive conclusions after a fiveyear-long investigation.
More...Keywords: the right of first publication; databases; the manufacturer of a database; the legitimate user of a database;
We analyze the databases with a double protection, the general one by copyright, and secondly, by the sui generis right in the situation when the conditions regarding copyright protection are not met. Regarding databases, the European legislation to which our country has acquired through Law no. 8/1996, after the appearance of Directive 96/9/CE, allows two situations of protection of the creator of works and, respectively, of the creator of a database, which obviously can be applied separately or can coexist. The first publication decision rests with the creator of the database, in both situations. The right of „first publication” of the tutor works provided by the international legislation and the national legislation, have in mind as a central element – „the manufacturer of the database”, „the database” and „the rightful (legitimate) user of the database”.
More...Keywords: review; Romania; concentration camp; universe; publishing retrospective;
Depuis 1990, le lecteur roumain a la possibilité de se documenter sur le système concentrationnaire roumain, une réalité occultée et/ou idéologiquement déformée par le régime communiste. L’espace concentrationnaire, sujet tabou dans les régimes communistes, était, à la fois, une réalité appartenant à des milliers des Roumains, dont de nombreux vivent encore, et un fragment de notre réalité commune. Livres de mémoires, journaux, essais, romans, ou bien analyses historiques, les livres de cette réalité constituent une importante source de documentation pour les historiens, les sociologues ou les anthropologues qui se préoccupent au système totalitaire. Les auteurs de ces livres, anciens détenus politiques ou analystes du phénomène, discutent la manière dont la société roumaine d’après 1945 a été violemment privée de ses droits. La politique d’instauration du communisme en Roumanie a culminé par ce qui allait être nommé le Goulag roumain. Notre rétrospective présente un répertoire des volumes, par ordre de la parution et alphabétiquement. Nous prions les maisons d’édition et les auteurs qui publient des ouvrages concernant l’univers concentrationnaire de Roumanie de nous envoyer leurs volumes pour des recensions.
More...Keywords: rade unions; social dialogue; trade union movements; communication; social confrontation; social barricade;
We live in a fast-moving economy whose pace is increasingly driven by globalisation. In this context, information and its quality are essential to assess the reality of the world we live in. Information has been and remains the main and essential means of knowledge, the only way to remove ignorance from our lives. The promoters of all the activities taking place on the planet are motivated by various interests or ideals.
More...Keywords: Bukovina; history; legislation; traditional constructions; construction typologies;
The first part of the article presents some of the legislative measures regarding the construction of buildings in Bucovina, issued during 1783-1863. These relate to: "fire regulation", "regulation and widening of streets and markets and the use of construction materials only", the construction of adjacent buildings etc. In the second part there are described the typologies of traditional construction in Bukovina, a region where the woodworking craftsmanship has taken shape since archaic times. Over the years, techniques have been developed for a comfortable living, from a single-room dwelling with a porch house, the traditional wooden house evolved to a "room-passage room" type of house, with a veranda, an arbour in front of the house and a pantry on the back. The shape, materials, dimensions and construction technique of the doors and windows, the use of natural building materials for the foundation of the house (cut and shaped stone blocks, without any mortar to bind them) complete the harmonious appearance of the traditional Bukovinian house. The decorations of the houses (often fretwork patterns like rosettes, squares, rhombuses, rectangles, moose, ropes, birds, "trees of life") are characterized by sobriety and include symbols specific to the spirituality of the place. The roofs also have decorative elements like the so-called "beetles", or fumigants and pins on the top. Some of the fences, made of beech or plank, have roofs with two slops, with decorative elements (carving or fretwork) on pillars and gates. Regarding the household annexes (stable with barn, cellar or pantry, summer kitchen) - these are positioned around the house and are built of the same materials as the house.
More...Keywords: Petreşti culture; female and male anthropomorphic plastic; Eneolithic; Foeni group; clothing;
The recent discovery of some Petreşti anthropomorphic statuettes allows us to publish them and discuss again the topic of human plastic in the Petresti area, which is so poorly known. The authors proposed a classification of the artefacts, based on individual elements (head, hands, buttocks, legs), a way that allowed to distinguish some details, easily comparable with the plastic of other neighboring cultures. The ornamentation that reproduces in particular, elements of clothing, which allow the partial reconstruction of the port of the era was also part of the study. It should be noted that the study included not only the anthropomorphic statuettes considered Petreşti, but also those attributed to different cultural groups (Foeni, Foeni-Mintia, Hunedoara), which we consider part of the early phase of Petreşti culture (Petreşti A after Iuliu Paul). The lack of new studies regarding the periodization of the culture on stratigraphic bases also reverberates on the chronological classification of plastics, which is why a three-way periodization was chosen (Petreşti A, Petreşti A-B and B respectively). There were found numerous Vinča C heritages in the early stages and specific canons, transferred to the Transylvanian space, where the Petreşti plastic is actually defined. We observe connections with the cultures of Gumelniţa, Precucuteni, Herpály and Suplacu de Barcău, but also Lengyel traditions.
More...Keywords: representations; child; childhood; art; literature;
The status of the child has evolved in time, from all points of view: social, pedagogical, moral, literary, artistic, not having a single image of childhood, but several contradictory images, several systems of representations of childhood. Children were virtually ignored by both their contemporaries and later historians. A small but growing number of current researchers are working diligently to resolve this imbalance. Even so, most of the history of childhood still remains hidden, as most research focuses on the relatively recent past of the last centuries. The present study aims to highlight the representations of the child in arts and literature. We do not follow all the representations, but simply present different trends that can be observed in arts and literary works from various centuries, to evoke the role of the child in literature and transformations, the evolution of mentalities and its rendering in fiction.
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