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Stabilization and Concentration in the Political Party Systems of the Visegrád Countries

Stabilization and Concentration in the Political Party Systems of the Visegrád Countries

Author(s): Attila Horváth / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Democracies evolved from the East Central European political systemic change have almost completed their 20th year. It would not be stretching things to suggest that the past two decades mean enough time to sketch certain tendencies and draw consequences regarding the development of the constitutional and political system. I believe it to be true in the context of political party systems as well: the countries of the region have had at least five or rather more general elections; thus, the peculiarities of the stabilization of multiparty system (which differ even across countries) may be apprehended. This paper aims to display some characteristics of the development of the party systems of the so-called Visegrád countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. full analysis of each party system would exceed the range of this work; therefore, I narrowed the aspects of examination down to the party systems’ stabilization and concentration. The first part of the study is based on my empirical-quantitative investigations, during which I concentrated on the indicators showing the stability and concentration of party systems. My aim here is to demonstrate the different degrees of stabilization and concentration, and I also shortly refer to the possible spheres of interpretation, but the systematic explanation of the described tendencies remains outside the scope of this article.

‘Nationalist’ discourse and the political myth in the Memoranda of Georgios Gemistos Plethon

‘Nationalist’ discourse and the political myth in the Memoranda of Georgios Gemistos Plethon

Author(s): Tomasz Labuk / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

SCIENCE AND EDUCATION FOR INTELLIGENT GROWTH IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR INTELLIGENT SPECIALIZATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

НАУКА И ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ИНТЕЛИГЕНТЕН РАСТЕЖ В КОНТЕКСТА НА ИНОВАЦИОННАТА СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ИНТЕЛИГЕНТНА СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Venelin Terziev,Margarita Bogdanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Centers of excellence (CoE); Centers of competence (CoC); convergence of scientific and technological policy

The report presents a comparative analysis of different policies and approaches for management of centers of excellence (CoE) and centers of competence (CoC) in the context of the convergence of science and technology policy. The potential challenges to its successful implementation in Bulgaria are outlined. Best practices and management models in the USA, UK, Denmark and Finland are discussed. Among the main problems in Bulgaria are the short horizon of integration between the efforts of universities and research organizations on the one hand, and business and public sector on the other, the lack of private investments for the development of research, the need for reforms in higher education aimed at improving the quality of education.

BIBLIOTECILE VIITORULUI: POSIBILITĂŢI INFINITE

BIBLIOTECILE VIITORULUI: POSIBILITĂŢI INFINITE

Author(s): Valentina Topalo,Olga Dascal,Marina Magher,Mihaela Staver,Lilia Ucraineţ,Lina Mihaluţa,Lilia Ababii / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: onfidentiality; personal data; user; code of ethics; webometrics; universities rankings; academic libraries; domain; external links; sources of information;

În capitolul II sunt abordate probleme ce ţin de opurtunităţile şi provocările timpurilor de azi, cu referire la portaluri ştiinţifice globale, reţele sociale, problema protecţiei datelor cu caracter personal.

Valuation as a Semantic Category

Wartościowanie jako kategoria semantyczna

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: semantics; valuation; value; semantic category; semantic determination

The aim of this article is a synthetic explication of value as a category of natural languages. The author treats evaluation in the processes of linguistic activity as a kind of semantic determination of the sentence (or text) elements. Using the notions of standard/norm, parameter of categorization, value scale, etc., the author proposes three types of norms (as the reference points in the evaluation processes): ideal, supposed and real. Other issues that are discussed in the article include the content of the evaluation frame and the structure of the category of value.

Pottery Assemblage from the Excavation of a Household of the Golden Horde period on the Territory of the Medieval Settlement in Alushta (Crimea)

Комплекс керамики из раскопок усадьбы золотоордынского периода на территории средневекового городища в Алуште (Крым)

Author(s): Iryna B. Teslenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Taurica; Alushta; Golden Horde; 14th century; Genoese; pottery

Ruins of the medieval settlement, one of the names of which in the 14th centuries was known as Lusta, are located on the top of a coastal hill between two rivers in the central part of modern Alushta (Southern coast of Crimea). The excavations were carried out there in 1981 (V. Sidorenko), 1984—1994 (V. Myts) and 1998, 1999, 2001, 2009 (I. Teslenko). On the basis of the archaeological data and evidence of written sources V. Myts has determined the Golden Horde period in the history of the town dating it from the end of the 13th to the 80s of the 14th century. During this period a new urban design of the settlement started to form, and several lines of streets with many houses were constructed. But in less than a century the settlement was burned. Remains of some of the household with traces of the fire have been investigated during the excavations. The materials from one of them are particularly interesting. They include the collection of well-preserved ceramic wares of various functions and origin, among which there are about three dozen of glazed table wares from local and overseas workshops, dating back mainly to the second quarter — last third of the 14th century. Analysis of the ceramic assemblage allows to conclude that connections of “Golden Horde” Lusta with the urban centers of the Golden Horde were rather weak, but at the same time the interest of Genoese merchants to this area was rather significant even before the official transition of the coastal land under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Genoa.

Late Eneolithic Painted Pottery at the Settlement of Orlovka-Kartal on the Lower Danube

Расписная керамика позднего энеолита на поселении Орловка-Картал на Нижнем Дунае

Author(s): Igor V. Manzura / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Southeastern Europe; Lower Danube; Late Eneolithic; Cucuteni-Tripolye culture; Cernavodă I culture; Usatovo culture; painted pottery

Fragmented painted pottery is uncovered predominately in the layer and structures of the Cernavodă I culture (the 2nd quarter of the 4th mill. BC). Part of fragments derives from complexes of the Early Iron Age cut into the late Eneolithic layer or is represented by stray finds. According to technological traits the pottery corresponds to painted ceramics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. Several morphological types can be distinguished: cylindrical-conical bowls, relatively large pots with conical or cylindrical neck, jugs with high cylindrical neck, small widely open pots with globular body and small amphora with vertical handles on shoulders. The painting consists of two main kinds. The first kind embraces geometric or curvilinear ornaments composed from broad crossing or complementary bands which find best parallels mainly in the ornamentation of the Cucuteni B2-Tripolye C1 pottery. The second kind of the painting includes net-like ornament or compositions made of narrow crossing diagonal bands (“sparse net”). This kind of painted design is related only to the small vessels with globular body and amphora. Such morphological and stylistic types can be considered as manifestations of particular ceramic tradition of the Cernavodă I culture probably emerged under influence of the Cucuteni B-Tripolye C1 culture. They are broadly distributed in late Eneolithic graves of the Northwest Pontic region and can be regarded as additional evidence for attributing this territory to the area of the late Eneolithic Cernavodă I culture.

Tax Policy in the System of State Administration of the Tax Relations

Tax Policy in the System of State Administration of the Tax Relations

Author(s): Baglan Aimurzina,Aldanysh Nurumov,Mazken Kamenova,Gulnara LESBAYEVA,Ainura Omarova,Karlygash Kenenova,Diana Baltabaevna Muratova,Aigul Moldabekova / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: tax policy; state; real sector; economy;

The study obtained the results of theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation and implementation of the tax policy of Kazakhstan, summarized and systematized the main ways of tax reform of the Republic of Kazakhstan, aimed at simplifying the tax system and improving the efficiency of tax control.

Police Mission in Macedonia

Police Mission in Macedonia

Author(s): Isabelle Ioannides / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Police mission; Macedonia; European Union; civilian and military crisis-management tools;

The ‘lessons learned’ by the European Union in crisis management largely result from the EU’s considerable experience in the Western Balkans, which has helped it to develop its capabilities, institutions and instruments in the European Commission and the Council General Secretariat. A full range of civilianand military crisis-management tools, as well as development and humanitarian assistance, have been put into practice in support of the reconstruction of the Western Balkans, where the EU is now the lead international actor. This chapter concentrates on the implementation of EU efforts towards police reform in Macedonia, where the EU supports the peace process and seeks to bring the country closer to the EU. It provides an assessment of coherence at the operational level between inter-governmental and Community instruments, as well as cooperation between EU operations and other international actors active on the ground.

The European Union as a normative Foreign Policy Actor

The European Union as a normative Foreign Policy Actor

Author(s): Natalie Tocci,Hakim Darbouche ,Michael Emerson,Sandra Fernandes,Ruth Hanau-Santini,Gergana Noutcheva,Clara Portela / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: European Union; Normative foreign policy; Global Partners; Political behaviour;

The opening chapter set out the conceptual framework for exploring the question of Who is a normative foreign policy actor? The European Union and its Global Partners. This chapter constitutes one of several case studies applying this framework to the behaviour of the European Union, whereas the others to follow concern China, India, Russia and the United States. A normative foreign policy is rigorously defined as one that is normative according to the goals set, the means employed and the results obtained. Each of these studies exploreseight actual case examples of foreign policy behaviour, selected in order to illustrate four alternative paradigms of foreign policy behaviour – the normative, the realpolitik, the imperialistic and the status quo. For each of these four paradigms,there are two examples of EU foreign policy, one demonstrating intended consequences and the other, unintended effects.

India as a Foreign Policy Actor – Normative Redux

India as a Foreign Policy Actor – Normative Redux

Author(s): Radha Kumar / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: India; foreign policy actor; Normative redux; political behaviour; EU; USA;

This chapter analyses India’s behaviour as a foreign policy actor by looking atIndia’s changing relations over the past decade with the EU, US, China, Japan,Myanmar, Pakistan, Nepal and, in a historical departure, the former princely state of Sikkim. It argues that though India has almost always been a normative actor, Indian foreign policy is today transiting from abstract, and frequently ‘unrealpolitik,’ views of what constitutes normative behaviour. India’s ‘Look East’policy has been the cornerstone of this transition, indicating that economic growth, maritime capability and peace and stability in its neighbourhood are key goals of India’s present behaviour as a normative foreign policy actor.

Neuropsychological markers of health-promoting behavior and neuropsychological markers of health-threatening behavior

Neuropsychologické markery chování zdraví podporujícího a neuropsychologické markery chování zdraví ohrožujícího

Author(s): Lubomír Vašina / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Neuro-psychology; health-related behaviour; relationship between brain and psyche; health;

Tato kapitola se opírá o nové paradigma pojímání vztahu mezi mozkem a psychikou. Potvrdit, nebo vyvrátit hypotézu, že psychický fenomén je specifický fenomén kvantové povahy (SQC phenomenon), který má nelineární povahu a je více než jedenáctirozměrný, nelze v rámci jednoho výzkumného projektu. Zvýšené nároky jsou dány skutečností, že máme k dispozici pouze takové diagnostické nástroje, které jsou schopny měřit jevy lineární povahy. Přesto chceme v naší výzkumné činnosti dospět k podstatě lidské psychiky a k mechanismům, které zabezpečují fungování živého mozku, nesoucí sebe organizující, sebe regulující a sebe si uvědomující fenomén já, manifestující se na makroskopické úrovni. Tak složitý problém je možné řešit pouze transdisciplinárně a po etapách, kdy výsledky jedné ukončené etapy jsou současně zdrojem informací pro konstituování etapy následující.

Institutional framework for Ukraine’s relations with the EU: limits and opportunities for Slovak-Ukrainian cross -border cooperation

Institutional framework for Ukraine’s relations with the EU: limits and opportunities for Slovak-Ukrainian cross -border cooperation

Author(s): Alexander Duleba / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Slovak-Ukrainian cross -border cooperation; EU; Ukraine;

The aim of this chapter is to identify the importance of the institutional framework of Ukraine’s relations with the EU for the development of cross-border cooperation between Slovakia and Ukraine. The primary aim is to identify the opportunities for cross-border cooperation that the Association Agreement offers in comparison with the previous contractual regime. In this text, we analyse the European integration process of Ukraine from the viewpoint of its impact on the development of bilateral relations of Slovakia with Ukraine on the intergovernmental level and for cross-border cooperation on the regional and local level. We focus on an analysis of those factors in EU-Ukraine relations that have an impact on the elimination of barriers and creation of better opportunities for the development of cooperation on the Slovak-Ukrainian border.

Fragments of the Silver Frames of Liturgical Items from the Excavation of a Large Fortified Settlement near Shepetоvka

Фрагменты серебряных окладов богослужебных предметов из раскопок Большого Шепетовского городища

Author(s): Anna A. Peskova,Aleksandra Yu. Kononovich / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Byzantium; Old Rus; silver frames; icons; procession crosses

Fragments of plates of silver frames of liturgical objects with minted floral ornaments were found in the collection of archaeological materials stored in the State Hermitage Museum and among those originating from the excavations of the Large fortified settlement near Shepetоvka (second half of the 12th — first half of the 13th centuries). They differed stylistically and used to decorate once different objects. It was possible to reconstruct a large procession cross with a lush floral ornament and distinguish two crowns from the decoration of an icon, executed less luxuriantly, possibly by another master. The design and stylistic features of the cross find parallels among the Byzantine procession crosses of the 11th—12th centuries, covered with silver frames. At the same time, the reconstructed cross has significant differences, which allows it to be attributed to the first similar works of the ancient Russian masters of the 12th century (?) who followed Byzantine tradition.

“Priests in Prisons”: Religious Experience in Extreme Circumstances – The Theopoetics of Jan Zahradníček’s (1951–1960) Poems Written behind Bars

“Priests in Prisons”: Religious Experience in Extreme Circumstances – The Theopoetics of Jan Zahradníček’s (1951–1960) Poems Written behind Bars

Author(s): Josef Vojvodík,Jan Wiendl / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Jan Zahradníček; theopoetics; “Humanism without God”; “live in God”; freedom; totalitarism; aesthetic resistance

In April and July 1952 Brno and Prague were the scenes of show trials of alleged “agents in the service of the Vatican and the USA,” contrived by the Communist state security apparatus to dispose of opposition Catholic intellectuals and writers. The trials ended with one death penalty, one sentence of life imprisonment and long prison sentences of seven to twenty-five years. Those convicted included one of the most striking exponents of 1930s and 1940s modern Czech verse, Jan Zahradníček (1905–1960), who was jailed for thirteen years. In the extreme conditions of incarceration Zahradníček never stopped writing poetry, or rather reciting it to his fellow-inmates, who learned the poems by heart. On his release from prison under the general amnesty of May 1960 Zahradníček – in the five months of life left to him – reconstructed the poems. This essay focuses on the theopoetics of his prison poems which picked up on the main topic of his postwar poems (1946–1951): the crisis of man and the tragedy of a humanism without God. Zahradníček’s prison verse is typified by both its striking theopoetic dimension, arising out of the poet’s solidly Catholic faith and religious experience, and its anthropopoetic dimension: in other words, poetry being for man something fundamental, in certain circumstances vital to him and his survival, and affecting him in quite basic ways. It is a special form of freedom within one’s compressed self and a special form of intensified self-awareness. The poems of Zahradníček’s dark years behind bars are not only testament to religious experience in the extreme conditions of brutal totalitarian dictatorship, but also to the fact that under extreme conditions an aesthetic force becomes a force of aesthetic resistance, and to how this manifests itself.

The PLAQUES with PORTRAITS of FAMOUS PEOPLE by KAZIMIERZ CHODZIŃSKI (1861–1921) on the BACKGROUND of the COLLECTION from the COINS CABINET of the NATIONAL

The plaques with portraits of famous people by Kazimierz Chodziński (1861–1921) on the background of the collection from the Coins Cabinet of the National Museum in Warsaw

Author(s): Anna Feliks / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Kazimierz Chodziński (1861–1921), the polish sculptor and medallist, theauthor of an over 100 plaques with portraits of Polish citizens living in thebordering regions of his homeland in Lvov, who were fighting for the independenceof Poland or co-created the first governments and later formed thecultural basis of the country. Portraits changed a little in the following years ofhis short medalist carrier, between 1913 and 1920. As I have observed, he startedwith a private image, which was defined emotionally and, in comparisonto the others, it was tender and soft. Subsequently, there were the portraits ofmilitaries and priesthoods, which became an official form. The images in variousshapes are mostly presented as the portraits of Lvovians aristocracy andintellectuals. It is probable that Chodziński knew them personally, becausethey worked and lived in surrounding areas. His images resemble the oldestclassic school. Additionally, they are realistic in their expression and, in a certainway, they exaggerate or simplify the face presented. However, some faceswere more expressive, while others not. It is possible that the artist, as with theshapes of the plaques, had experimented with the final effects and the artificialcharacter of the surface.

ANCIENT COINAGE IN CENTRAL, EASTERN AND NORTHERN EUROPE PRIOR TO THE MIDDLE AGES - AN OVERVIEW

ANCIENT COINAGE IN CENTRAL, EASTERN AND NORTHERN EUROPE PRIOR TO THE MIDDLE AGES - AN OVERVIEW / PIENIĄDZ ANTYCZNY NA TERENIE EUROPY ŚRODKOWEJ, WSCHODNIEJ I PÓŁNOCNEJ PRZED OKRESEM ŚREDNIOWIECZA - ZARYS PROBLEMU

Author(s): Arkadiusz Dymowski / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: ancient coins; coins finds; Roman period; Migration period; Barbaricum

The chapter is focused on the subject of the pre-medieval influx and uses of ancient (i.e. Greek, Celtic and Roman) coins in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe an understanding of which is crucial for the study of their origin and uses in the Middle Ages and the modern period. The oldest coins found in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe, i.e. in the territory of European Barbaricum, are Greek coins, but definitely the largest category of ancient coins found there are Roman Imperial denarii of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Given the sheer number of denarii brought in, and the size of the territory across which they spread, this was a phenomenon on a scale never observed before and thus in our study area, too. The presence in the finds of issues of other denominations (in gold, silver, or in copper and its alloys) and of other dates (till the 6th century AD) is much lower, but one cannot exclude a possibility of discovery of almost any kind of ancient coins in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe.

ANCIENT COINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN WRITTEN SOURCES FROM POLISH LANDS

ANCIENT COINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN WRITTEN SOURCES FROM POLISH LANDS / MONETY ANTYCZNE ORAZ ICH FUNKCJE W ŚWIETLE ŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH I NOWOŻYTNYCH ŹRÓDEŁ PISANYCH Z ÓWCZESNYCH ZIEM POLSKICH

Author(s): Tomasz Maćkowski / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: ancient coins; written sources; medieval and modern history of Poland

There is evidence that during the medieval and modern period, ancient coins in the Polish lands had different functions, ranging from that of currency to personal ornament. This is revealed by the analysis of their archaeological context when recovered during archaeological excavation. However, all too often the interpretation of the archaeological sources might be affected by the presentist limitations of researchers – which make it harder to grasp the historical reality, encourage the construction of poorly substantiated hypotheses, and generally leading them astray. Therefore, every piece of written evidence which is an expression of the mentality of the people of that age is invaluable for our purpose. In the Middle Ages, very little was written about ancient coins. The earliest reference to them comes from 1445 where they are called “Saint John’s pennies” because of the perceived resemblance of the emperor’s head depicted on them to the image of the severed head of Saint John on a platter. Among the simple folk, this belief was deeply ingrained. As everywhere in Europe a fundamental change came with the beginning of the Renaissance. Roman coins found locally and those brought from Western Europe started attracting wider attention. This is reflected in the written record. The 16th century saw the production of the first treatise on the Hebrew monetary system penned by S. Grzepski. Numerous collections were established. Next to monarchs and members of aristocracy, a major role was played by the inhabitants of three cities found in the Baltic province – Toruń, Elbląg and most of all, Gdańsk. This collecting activity generated collections and auction catalogues that have come down to us. The nobility was ready to view the Roman denarii found in Polish lands as a material historical source confirming their mythical descent from Sarmatians. Furthermore, the iconography of ancient coins provided a model for 17th and 18th century coins, tokens and medals.

Business Internationalization and Modes of Entry into Foreign Markets

Business Internationalization and Modes of Entry into Foreign Markets

Author(s): Gheorghe Hurduzeu,Irina-Eugenia Iamandi,Cosmin Silviu Raul Joldes,Bogdan CERNAT-GRUICI,Radu Filip / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Objectives: - To emphasize the fundamental factors of business internationalization - To study the four strategies of business internationalization - To analyse the stages of business development at international level - To understand the modes of entry into foreign markets

Existing and Prospective Central Paradigms of Eastern Mediterranean Energy Geopolitics in The 21st Century: Do / Will All The Related Parties Seek For Collaborations or Confrontations?

Existing and Prospective Central Paradigms of Eastern Mediterranean Energy Geopolitics in The 21st Century: Do / Will All The Related Parties Seek For Collaborations or Confrontations?

Author(s): Sina Kısacık / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Prospective Central Paradigms; Eastern Mediterranean Energy; Geopolitics; 21st Century;

The Mediterranean Region which has been continuing to be one of the most critically important regions within the context of world history due to its inclusion of several civilizations, old empires and modern nation-states as well as trade routes, natural reserves is preserving its prominence in today’s world. This is because of the discovery of energy reserves in the eastern part of this region since the beginning of 21st century. The finding of especially significant natural gas reserves in Israel, Greek Cypriot Administration and Egypt has been transforming the Eastern Mediterranean region as one of the noteworthy regions that has to be carefully examined in terms of world energy geopolitics.