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Alternative Overcoming of Representation: F. Bacon, G. Deleuze

Author(s): Laura Junutytė / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2014

Keywords: Bacon, Deleuze, figure, sensation, abstract painting, abstract expressionism

This article analyses the logic of sensation, discussed by Deleuze in his earlier books Kant’s Critical Philosophy and Difference and Repetition. In this case the logic of sensation is analysed by invoking the plane of art as experimentation, showing that art, and especially the modern art, being conditioned by certain principles of the logic of sensation at the same time becomes one of the best ways to reveal these conditions. Deleuze determines the art as creation of sensations, making the invisible force visible. The plane of becoming or genesis is inaccessible for everyday experience, impossible to represent, but actually through the way of sensations the artists create, they are capable to render it. Deleuze treats Francis Bacon’s painting as one of the best ways of overcoming representation – that actually was the main problem in classical art - and discusses his painting by invoking analyses of other contemporary art trends, such as abstract painting and abstract expressionism. The way of using the diagram that introduces chaos and disrupts clichés and, thus, frees the sensation, outlines the specifics of every art trend and the success of creation of the sensation. Such aspects of painting inherent to Bacon’s case as haptic space, analogical language and modulation of color are treated as best conditions for creating the sensation. Bacon’s Figures that are not tied to recognisable objects any more sustain the sensation best as the force must be exerted on a body in order to reveal the change of the virtual plane to the actual one.

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Determinants of job satisfaction in a transport company: a Polish case study

Determinants of job satisfaction in a transport company: a Polish case study

Author(s): Janina Jędrzejczak-Gas,Joanna Wyrwa / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: work environment satisfaction; satisfaction conditionings; employee satisfaction survey;

Research background: This article concerns job satisfaction considered as an important impulse affecting employee behavior, with particular emphasis on the analysis of the significance of the factors that shape it. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate environmental factors shaping job satisfaction in a company from the TSL industry. This article addresses the problem of job satisfaction, considered as an important impulse influencing employee behavior, with particular emphasis on the analysis of the importance of the factors that underlie it. The search for an answer to the question of what determines the satisfaction of the employee and whether the employees are diversified based on their preferences in this area, relied on own research carried out among employees of a transportation company. Methods: First of all, for each factor indicated in the questionnaire a measure was calculated — weighted average number of points. Using the criterion of decreasing value of this measure, a ranking of the importance of factors shaping job satisfaction in the surveyed company was prepared. Secondly, in order to supplement the analyses, the correlation between general job satisfaction and particular factors of job satisfaction was examined. The values of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and Kendall's tau coefficients (τ-Kendall) were calculated. The correlation analysis allowed us to examine the strength and direction of the influence of 20 factors on the overall job satisfaction. Findings & Value added: The conducted research shows that the two most important factors necessary to achieve job satisfaction are access to information necessary for proper performance of work and independence in performing the entrusted tasks. The correlation analysis confirmed that in the surveyed company job satisfaction is shaped primarily by factors that influence the employees' needs related to affiliation. On the other hand, the correlation coefficients between general satisfaction and factors shaping the need for respect and recognition and self-fulfillment turned out to be statistically insignificant. Building job satisfaction requires identification of its sources and recognition of the nature of the relationship between general satisfaction and its determinants. Without knowledge of these factors and the extent to which they are responsible for employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction, actions taken by employers may turn out to be misguided and become only a source of costs and not the expected benefits. In conditions of limited resources, employers should optimize activities aimed at building employee satisfaction and focus their efforts on those attributes of the working environment, the modification of which will have the most desirable consequences.

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Innovation, Financial Culture, and the Social-Economic Environment of SMEs in Hungary

Innovation, Financial Culture, and the Social-Economic Environment of SMEs in Hungary

Author(s): Ágnes Gyõri,Ágnes Czakó,Gergely Horzsa / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2019

Keywords: SMEs; innovation; financial culture; financial literacy; corporate financial resources; social-economic environment;

Despite the numerous pieces of research that have been undertaken to aid understanding of the innovative activities of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), only a few have dealt with the interaction between innovation activity and the finance-related attitudes, literacy, and knowledge (competencies) of these companies. The current research focuses on specific aspects of the innovation activities of SMEs in a postcommunist society (Hungary) by taking into consideration elements of both entrepreneurial financial culture and the social-economic environment. Our analysis is based on a national representative survey, 2017. Results show that the presence of a creative financial culture, and the grounding of management decisions correlate with company innovation. We found that subsidies as external financial sources contribute to a larger extent to the innovation activities of SMEs than other external and internal financial resources. Moreover, the study explores the effects of some economic and social competition-related factors.

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Vulnerability and Economic Re-orientation: Rhetoric and in Reality in Hungary’s “Chinese Opening”

Vulnerability and Economic Re-orientation: Rhetoric and in Reality in Hungary’s “Chinese Opening”

Author(s): Wade Jacoby,Umut Korkut / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2016

Keywords: Hungary; China; illiberal democracy; vulnerability; Fidesz;

To what extent do Euroskeptic parties in Eastern and Central Europe have viable alternatives to the European Union and the broad basket of liberal policies promoted by the EU? In recent years, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has used his overwhelming parliamentary majorities to chart a partially new course, and this article inventories one aspect of this new course. The article asks whether Hungary can gain any potential benefits from closer links to China as a partial replacement for resources that might not be available (or that might be lost) from its more conventional European partners to the west. Orbán has often justified both radical constitutional change and economic nationalism as powerful medicines to push back against Hungary’s vulnerability at the hands of its foreign and domestic enemies. In this context, China emerged as both a potential source of new revenue and rhetorical trope that seemed to fit in a broader Fidesz discourse of an “Eastern opening.” This article makes a first attempt to separate rhetoric and reality. It first explores how the ongoing consolidation of illiberalism in Hungary has now also sparked a geopolitical repositioning through the “Eastern opening” during Fidesz’s second term. Second, it seeks to understand the theoretical proposition that new sources of external funding—including FDI and government bond purchases—can help enable a state to execute such a broad geopolitical shift. To do so, it develops empirical material from the fascinating Hungarian efforts to position themselves as a major beneficiary of Chinese engagement with Europe. The article concludes that Orbán’s policies have indeed been broadly consistent with his party’s new rhetoric, but it also concludes that the amount of Chinese investment is, in aggregate, still modest to date.

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“To Cure, Uplift and Ennoble the Village”: Militant Sociology in the Romanian Countryside, 1934–1938

“To Cure, Uplift and Ennoble the Village”: Militant Sociology in the Romanian Countryside, 1934–1938

Author(s): Raluca Muşat / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2013

Keywords: sociology; Carol II; Gusti; peasantry; modernization; interwar; culture; Romania;

Focusing on the project of cultural work (muncă culturală), involving hundreds of university students from different disciplines going to the countryside to study rural life and to aid its modernisation, this article examines the prominent role sociology played in King Carol II’s Romania as a scientific tool for planning rural reform and as a practical project of mass social organisation. Designed and launched by the sociologist Dimitrie Gusti in 1934, cultural work competed with the fascist Legion of the Archangel Michael’s work camps, providing an “official” project of rural modernisation, meant to bridge the gap between the educated youth and the peasantry and increase support for the King. Largely ignored by scholars of this period, this project offers a new perspective on the country’s social, political, and intellectual history, one that concentrates on the “rise of the social” in Romania, to which the transformation of the peasantry was central.

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Wartime Lies and Other Testimonies. Jewish-Christian Relations in Buczacz, 1939–1944

Wartime Lies and Other Testimonies. Jewish-Christian Relations in Buczacz, 1939–1944

Author(s): Omer Bartov / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2011

Keywords: Buczacz; Holocaust; Poland; Ukraine; World War II;

This article analyzes events in the East Galician town of Buczacz during World War II on the basis of wartime and postwar accounts by the Jewish, Ukrainian, and Polish inhabitants of the town. The article argues that such testimonies should be treated as historical documents and that they are valuable in reconstructing the events of genocide and communal massacre during the German occupation of Eastern Europe both because they provide different insights into these events from those available in official documentation and because they “save” from oblivion events that cannot be found at all in other documents.

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Investment in the Manufacturing Industry of Serbia

Investicije u prerađivačkoj industriji Srbije

Author(s): Vladimir Mićić,Nenad Janković / Language(s): English,Serbian / Issue: 4/2017

Keywords: investment in fixed assets; manufacturing industry; structural changes;

The intensity and efficiency of fixed investment in the manufacturing industry are among the basic factors of sustainable GDP growth and structural changes implementation. The developing and transition countries, with low GDP per capita, cannot catch up with the developed economies without accelerated growth and increased intensity and efficiency of investment in the manufacturing industry. For that reason, this paper’s research focuses on the implications of fixed investment in the manufacturing industry of Serbia. The objective of this paper is to highlight how significant it is to efficiently implement investment policy, as well as how important investment is as a means of conducting the industry policy. The central question refers to the effects of investment in the fixed assets of the manufacturing industry of Serbia. It can be concluded that, despite its growth, the investment remains low in comparison with the development needs of both the economy and the manufacturing industry. In the forthcoming period it is necessary to increasingly rely on one’s own strengths, domestic savings, and to boost the efficiency of investment aimed at technological modernization, growing productivity and competitiveness of the manufacturing industry in Serbia.

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Making Bulgarians Socialist: The Fatherland Front in Communist Bulgaria, 1944–1989

Making Bulgarians Socialist: The Fatherland Front in Communist Bulgaria, 1944–1989

Author(s): Ulf Brunnbauer / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2008

Keywords: socialist Bulgaria; Fatherland Front; everyday life; cultural policies; communist ideology; social practices; social change; Comrade Courts;

This paper discusses the activities of the Fatherland Front in communist Bulgaria. The Fatherland Front evolved from the communist-led anti-fascist coalition, which had taken power in 1944, into the largest mass organization in socialist Bulgaria, though without real political power. Since the late 1950s, its primary goal was the creation of the “socialist way of life,” which would signal the triumph of communist ideology in all walks of life. Propaganda campaigns, lobbying efforts, and the peculiar institution of “Comrade Courts” were employed by the Front in its struggle for rendering everyday life socialist. The analysis, which is based on archival records and published texts, elucidates some of the party-state’s strategies to establish cultural hegemony. The activities of the Fatherland Front also reveal which popular practices and consequences of social change were considered problematic by the communist regime, and how they were addressed.

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Cottage Industry Co-Operatives with Applied Folk Art Profile in Hungary after World War II

Cottage Industry Co-Operatives with Applied Folk Art Profile in Hungary after World War II

Author(s): Bence Ament-Kovács / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: applied folk art; cottage industry co-operatives; folk art; Hungarian People’s Republic; socialism

This study deals with the history of the Hungarian cottage industry co-operatives with applied folk art profile after World War II. Since publications in this topic concerning Hungary are scarce, this framework is dedicated to the circumstances under which these co-operatives which employed a high number of people and operated quite successfully up to the beginning of the eighties, came into existence, their operations and the scope of objects produced by them, which are identified as applied folk art today. Having the economic, political and cultural environment of the Rákosi- (1949–1956) and Kádár-era (1956–1989) in mind, just as well, as the current approach of creators and ethnographers to the activity of the co-operatives.

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Folk Artisans and Dissidence in the Nomadic Generation of the 1970s and 1980s

Folk Artisans and Dissidence in the Nomadic Generation of the 1970s and 1980s

Author(s): Fruzsina Cseh / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Nomadic Generation; resistance movement; folk craftsmanship; revival; authentic source

The dance house and folk artisans movements have developed into such a youth subculture in the cultural scope of the socialist Hungary, which the Kádárian cultural policy could support only partially, it was rather placed at the borderland between the ‘tolerated’ and ‘banned’ categories. The so-called Nomadic Generation was attached to the developing domestic dissident opposition just as well as to the cross border Hungarian intelligentsia through many threads, which seemed to be undesirable for those in power. This study outlines a general picture on the characteristics of the folklorist-movement of the 1970s and 1980s, thought to be dissident in nature, then it will show through examples of different life courses and case studies how the search for new paths materialized in folk handicrafts, and what impact this era exerted on the folk artisanship in the period after the political transition

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The Linguistic and Cultural Image of Weaving Craft in Paroemias and Phrasemes (East and West Slavic Context)

The Linguistic and Cultural Image of Weaving Craft in Paroemias and Phrasemes (East and West Slavic Context)

Author(s): Oleh Tyshchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/2020

Keywords: Utilitarian and symbolic function of things; weaving; phraseologism; paroemia; beliefs; structural-semantic model; Slavic-speaking area;

The article suggests a semantic reconstruction of the elements of traditional weaving craft (tools, mechanisms, devices and their parts, raw materials etc.) represented in phrasemes, proverbs and sayings in the Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, and, partly, Czech languages in ethnolinguistic dimension. The units of secondary nomination to denote weaving realia are considered from the point of view of their figurative categorization, structural and semantic typology, directions and processes of semantic dynamics, and conceptualization of weaving terminology, which are reflected, first of all, in dialectal phraseology, similes and paroemias in different local traditions. In the article the emphasis is laid on the symbolic function of the objects of material culture, and on the connected with them pragmatic senses, everyday-life and magic folkways, beliefs (calendar paroemias, symbolic function of chrononyms).

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF INVENTORY COST FLOW METHOD BY THE MACEDONIAN COMPANIES: FIFO, WEIGHTED AVERAGE, AND SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION METHOD

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF INVENTORY COST FLOW METHOD BY THE MACEDONIAN COMPANIES: FIFO, WEIGHTED AVERAGE, AND SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION METHOD

Author(s): Dusica Stevceska-Srbinovska,Angela Ljamova,Snezhana Hristova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: Inventory; valuation; methods; FIFO; weighted average; specific identification;

Inventory valuation is a major topic in the accounting practice. Inventory valuation is reflected in financial reporting, i.e. the balance sheet and the profit and loss account and the choice of the right inventory cost flow method is one of the basic decisions all companies engaged in manufacturing and distribution of goods need to make. Preferably, the chosen method should result in the best income and financial result measurement. However, no method is acknowledged to always be the best for accomplishing these objectives.The main aim of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting the adoption of inventory cost flow method by Macedonian companies. The data was collected by using a questionnaire randomly distributed via email to Macedonian retailing and manufacturing companies and later examined through statistical methods.Analyzing a pool of 56 respondents, we find that the subject of inventory valuation is important as most of the participants consider that they understand the existing inventory valuation methods. The choice of inventory valuation method is mostly affected by the level of education of the manager, understanding of the method and simplicity of the separate inventory valuation methods.

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The Interpretation of Architecture as a Methodological Problem

The Interpretation of Architecture as a Methodological Problem

Author(s): Monika Mitášová,Marian Zervan / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2020

Keywords: Architecture; Interpretation of Architecture;

In this essay, we hope to address a few methodological issues in interpreting works of architecture that have gradually shown themselves to be problematic yet at the same time productive. If we accept interpretation as one possible approach to an architectural work, then the fundamental issue of interpretation becomes the question of the sense of the work in relation to, and in distinction from, preestablished and relatively stable meanings. An equally important range of issues, related to the first and fundamental one, has to do with rethinking not just the relationship between interpretation and overinterpretation, but also positioning the interpretative act: i.e., asking whether interpretation takes the work of architecture as its primary point of departure and defers to its composition and nature (its “workliness”), or whether interpretation is considered the fulfilment of the process of creating the work of architecture. Beyond these ranges of problems, there arise two subsidiary ranges characterizing the nature of interpretation. The first concerns an architectural work’s autonomous and heteronomous semantic layers, and the second relates to the association between the “repeatability” of a method of interpretation and the uniqueness of a work of architecture. We endeavor here to remark on each of these ranges of problems while also striving to propose a possible answer to the questions raised within them. In this process, we draw upon established conceptions of art history, semiotics, and architecture.

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Gender in the Post-Socialist Transition: The Abortion Debate in Hungary

Gender in the Post-Socialist Transition: The Abortion Debate in Hungary

Author(s): Susan Gal / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/1994

Keywords: Gender studies; post-socialist transition; abortion debate; Hungary; Eastern Europe; civil rights; gender equality;

Historical periods have different meanings and implications when seen from the vantage point of women rather than men. For instance, feminist interpretations of the French Revolution show how the social theories, cultural constructions, and ideologies that inspired and guided events were "emancipatory" for non-aristocratic men, licensing their greater participation in public life, but the very same theories. Introduced a new gendering of politics that worked to exclude women of the popular classes and women of the aristocracy who had been powerful in the Old Regime. Similarly, while the Italian Renaissance is usually seen as a time of general expansion in many such cultural spheres as knowledge, artistic expression, and novel forms of social relations, the very changes which brought these for men resulted in a contraction of social and personal options for women. [...]

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Resources and Strategies Used by Young Parents in Serbia

Resources and Strategies Used by Young Parents in Serbia

Author(s): Dragan T. Stanojević,Smiljka Tomanović,Milana M. Ljubičić / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: young parents; resources; strategies; mixed methods; Serbia;

The paper deals with resources available to young parents and the strategies they deploy as a response to various domain-related demands (housing, finance, work, family). First, the structural and cultural features of the social context in Serbia are discussed as the framework for the study. Secondly, the paper analyses young parents’ differences, by socioeconomic status (SES) and gender, regarding their resources, such as housing, finances, and employment, as well as their strategies. The analysis is based on a mixed-methods approach, which brings together the survey results of a sub-sample of 435 parents from a nationally representative survey of young adults aged 18 to 35, and a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 24 young mothers and fathers. The analyses indicate significant SES and gender differences in young parents’ resources and strategies, which are shaped by the structures and cultures of parenthood specific to the contemporary social context in Serbia.

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The Image of the Jew from Northern Bessarabia in the Gendarmerie’s 1940 Investigations

The Image of the Jew from Northern Bessarabia in the Gendarmerie’s 1940 Investigations

Author(s): Daniel-Valeriu Boboc / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2020

Keywords: Gendarmerie, Bessarabia; 1940; image of the Jew; anti-Semitism;

In 1940, after the withdrawal from Bessarabia, the Romanian Gendarmerie carried out investigations in order to establish how it had been achieved, whether there had been humancasualties or material losses, and what attitude the local population and the Soviet Army had displayed towards the gendarmes. The general survey brought about an image of the Jew depicted through ideological stereotypes: a communist, a traitor, a saboteur of the withdrawal efforts of the Romanian institutions’ representatives. The goal of this study is to analyze how this imaginary Jew was drawn up and whether such an image is in keeping withthat of the real Jew, resulting from text analyses and from the study of the political life of the Northern Bessarabian Jews from the interwar period.

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The Strikes of June 1976 in Poland

The Strikes of June 1976 in Poland

Author(s): Michael H. Bernhard / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/1987

Keywords: Poland; strikes of June 1976; strikes of Polish workers; prices increase; withdrawal of the proposed price rises;

Both texts refer to events that began on June 25, 1976, when Polish workers struck in response to a proposed rise in the price of foodstuffs. By striking, the workers presented a profound challenge to the partystate in the Polish People's Republic. An earlier outbreak of strikes in 1970-71 on the Baltic coast and in the city of Łódź had led to the retirement of the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), Wladyslaw Gomulka, for "reasons of health. " He was succeeded by the "boss" of the Silesian party organization, Edward Gierek. Gierek was able to withstand the challenge to his authority in June, 1976, though he was to be less fortunate four years later. [...]

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The Postulate of Grounded Theory in the Perception of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk in Terms of Political Science

The Postulate of Grounded Theory in the Perception of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk in Terms of Political Science

Author(s): Magdalena Lorenc / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Keywords: grounded theory; Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk; museum’s politicality

This article aims to demonstrate the applicability of grounded theory in the analysis of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk in terms of political science. The fundamental question is how to examine the sources which exhibit the ideological character of the space of public museums? In order to answer this question, the concepts by Kathy Charmaz and Adela Clarke are referred to, which have been noticed to offer unused potential for qualitative research conducted in the field of political science. This meant departing from the “classical” versions of grounded theory, created by Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, in favor of what is called “a postmodern turn,” and approaches which synthesize constructivism and social constructionism. Data obtained from primary and secondary sources concerning the main axis of the core exhibition were analyzed. The starting point was my own field research, the results of which were compared with the data from an interview with the museum’s architects and the transcription of a photograph. Inspired by procedures compliant with the non-classical versions of grounded theory, it was demonstrated that the main axis of the core exhibition was designed as a liberal manifesto of freedom. This determined the subject of analysis to be a part of the research field of political science. The spatial solutions applied testified to their designers’ intention to provide visitors with freedom of movement and assembly. They were considered as conceptual categories, related to the absence of a dedicated sightseeing route and the vastness of the space left for visitors. A comparative analysis of codes and categories, however, made it possible to identify yet another interpretative trope, related to the identification of freedom with alienation. In this way, “liberty” has become problematized.

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Atomic Structures in the Denotation Of Abstract Nouns

Atomarne strukture u denotaciji apstraktnih imenica

Author(s): Halima Husić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 14/2021

Keywords: countability; abstract nouns; atoms; polysemy; context;

Countability is a universal lexical category that provides a binary division of nouns into countable and uncountable nouns or is also called count and mass nouns. Usually, count nouns refer to things or objects which can be individuated and thus counted, while mass nouns refer to substances or stuff such as water, wine, blood, or mud for which it is less easy to identify what and how to count. This cognitive division leaves abstract nouns out. Abstract nouns neither refer to things or objects nor to substances or stuff. On the contrary, the reference of abstract nouns is rather heterogeneous comprising different kinds of nouns such as processes, states, events, measure and time terms, and alike. The aim of this paper is to present the challenges abstract nouns pose for theories of countability, and to reflect on possibilities to incorporate abstract nouns in contemporary theories of countability. The research discussed in this paper circles around English abstract nouns but we will also discuss the application of certain semantic phenomena onto Bosnian nouns.

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The Transport of Timber and Charcoal on the Upper Course of the River Drava/Drau

The Transport of Timber and Charcoal on the Upper Course of the River Drava/Drau

Author(s): Elisabeth Johann / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2019

Keywords: rafting; floating; charcoal; forest harvesting; timber trade;

Up to the completion of the Southern Railway Track (Südbahnstrecke) in 1871 the river Drava had a very great economic importance for Carinthia, and this for the inland trade as well as for the export to the neighboring foreign countries downstream. It was the big East-West link-up between Carinthia, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary. In Carinthia itself it was the connection between the well wooded forest areas in the upper reaches with the regions in Lower Carinthia, which had less wood but were developed industrially, and further on with the Pannonian economic sphere. The export of wood, which can be proven already in the 14th century, underwent repeated restrictions at the end of the 18th century, when the forest devotions were abolished. Subsequently however the traffic of rafts and flat-bottomed boats (so called Plätten) flourished, supplying the iron processing enterprises in Lower Carinthia with charcoal, the sawmills in the lower reaches of the river Drava with round timber, and also the ports in the Adria with the much-demanded shipbuilding wood. With the alteration of the river Drava for the production of electricity as well as with the change from transport with rafts to that with the railway the rafting traffic on the river Drava found its end after the Second World War.

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