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A Controversial Interpretation of the δίδου Form. The Opinions of Contemporary Linguists and the Forms of the Second Person Singular of imperativi...

A Controversial Interpretation of the δίδου Form. The Opinions of Contemporary Linguists and the Forms of the Second Person Singular of imperativi...

Author(s): Katarzyna Frąckiewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/2013

Keywords: δίδωμι verb; -so ending; Greek poetry

The aim of this article is to analyse the δίδου form, which is regarded by two contemporary scholars to be the poetic form of present imperative middle and passive. The paper presents opinions of Herodian, an ancient grammarian, as well as those of modern linguists researching the behaviour of intervocalic sigma in -so suffix of present imperative middle and passive. The critical analysis of those opinions has been contrasted with the forms present in the poetry of archaic and classical period.

On Defective Verbs and Mood Marking in Hungarian

On Defective Verbs and Mood Marking in Hungarian

Author(s): Károly Gerstner,Tamás Szende,Judit Szépe / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

Keywords: Hungarian; phonology; morphosyntax; Systemzwang (pattern congruence); semantics

In this paper irregular inflection of Hungarian defective verb forms of the type csuklik ’hiccough’, hámlik ’peel’, etc. is discussed. The final shape of the phonological representation of irregular forms in question tends to be subject to rules of segmental sequence organisation, i.e. optimality requirements of the syllable structure. However, parallel normative variants like hajolna and hajlana ’would bend’ with similar optimality values in view of their syllabic structure show that their undoubtedly systematic distribution should be accounted for along the lines of criteria beyond morphophonology. Our ­analysis suggests that the choice between the members of the pairs lies on the argument structure of the verb, that is to say, whether the argument is an agent or a patient, cf. hajolsz and hajlasz ’bend [Indicative, 2sg]’ with the subject agent and patient, respectively.

The root infinitive stage in a null subject language: Romance in the Balkans

The root infinitive stage in a null subject language: Romance in the Balkans

Author(s): Larisa Avram,Martine Coene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: early non-finite forms; root infinitives; imperatoves; Romanian

The aim of the present paper is to determine which early non-finite verbal form is the Root Infinitive analogue in Romanian, an Inflection-licensed null subject language. In particular, we investigate whether the RI analogue is the imperative, as predicted by Salustri and Hyams’s (2003) hypothesis, or whether it is a language specific underspecified form, overused during the early stages of acquisition, as predicted by Wexler et al. (2004).

THE ARCH-METAPHOR OF READING

THE ARCH-METAPHOR OF READING

Author(s): Éva Antal / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2005

Keywords: American New Criticism; metaphors of reading; Miller; Modern / Postmodern reading practices; the Man

This paper is concerned with the modern and postmodern reading practices; more exactly, it deals with the close reading of the American New Criticism and the rhetorical-ethical readings in the Yale-deconstructors’, Paul de Man’s and J. H. Miller’s works. While comparing the main principles of these practices, special attention is paid to the recurrent (circular) metaphors used to display their similarities — and their differences as well.The paper is ’turning around’, is centred on the metaphor(s) of reading, and its circularity shows the curved path/course of the argumentation.

Syntactic restrictions on infinitival imperatives in Czech

Syntactic restrictions on infinitival imperatives in Czech

Author(s): Ivona Kučerová / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2009

Keywords: negative imperatives; well-formedness of syntactic structure; middles; Czech; English

This paper discusses syntactic restrictions on infinitival imperatives in Czech. I argue that for an infinitival imperative to be well-formed, there must be syntactic material asymmetrically c-commanding V in the phase (cyclic domain) of the imperative. I compare this restriction to other cross-linguistic restrictions on roots: in particular, I show that the behavior of Czech infinitival imperatives is parallel to restrictions on middle constructions in English. In particular, I argue that for the English middle constructions to be well-formed, there must be syntactic material asymmetrically c-commanding v. Finally, I discuss Czech infinitival imperatives in the context of Surrogate Negative Imperative languages. I argue that the differences between Surrogate Negative Imperative languages, i.e. languages that ban negative inflected imperatives, and Czech follow from morpho-syntactic differences in negation in this class of languages and Czech.

Editorial

Editorial

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 05/1996

Sentence Types in Appellative Advertisements

Sentence Types in Appellative Advertisements

Author(s): Simona Şimon / Language(s): English / Issue: 09/2010

Keywords: appellative advertisements; types of directive sentences; interrogative and declarative sentences;

The article defines the appellative advertisements, identifies the possible sentence types used in them and proposes a new terminology for five out of the eight sentence types. The corpus comprises eighteen advertisements; two of them analysed in detail in the present article. Finally, the collected data is summarized and conclusions are drawn.

Contents

Obsah

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): / Issue: 3/2010

TOC Issue 3/2010

Contents

Contents

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): / Issue: 2/2011

Contents

Contents

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): / Issue: 9/2012

PATRIMONIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPOUSES IN THE NEW CIVIL CODE IN THE CONTEXT OF RETURNING TO THE POSSIBILITY OF CONCLUDING MATRIMONIAL CONVENTIONS

CONSIDERAŢII GENERALE PE MARGINEA RAPORTURILOR PATRIMONIALE DINTRE SOŢI ÎN NOUL COD CIVIL ÎN CONTEXTUL REVENIRII LA POSIBILITATEA ÎNCHEIERII DE CONVENŢII MATRIMONIALE

Author(s): Adrian Banciu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2010

Keywords: patrimonial relationships;spouses; matrimonial con ventions .

Today, while the Family Code is still in force, the patrimonial relationships between spouses are governed by the disposals of Article 30-36 which settle only the matrimonial regime of common goods, a lawful, unique, immutable and compulsory regime.

A note on the energicus in a Coptic-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch

A note on the energicus in a Coptic-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch

Author(s): Ofer Livne-Kafri / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2009

Keywords: Pentateuch; Coptic; Saadya Gaon; Energicus; Arabic grammar;

The Energicus is an important emphatic form in Classical Arabic “that survived rarely [and] came to be rare or completely absent” in Mediaeval Judaeo-Arabic and Christian-Arabic. In this article I shall discuss some cases of the Energicus in a Christian-Arabic version of the Pentateuch from the 14th century (MS Paris BM copte 1) which is set in parallel columns with the Coptic version. The choices of the Arabic structures similar to the Coptic ones (such as the functions of the Energicus parallel to the Coptic optative and the causative imperative) show the skills of the translator in finding suitable translation solutions. As far as the Energicus is concerned, its usage (although rarely) is also a part of the general trend to cling to classical norms in this Arabic version. The findings of T. Zewi concerning the Energicus in Saadya Gaon’s translation of the Pentateuch fit well into our discussion, both in the methodology and in the conclusions.

Deduction of the Constitutive Possibility of Reason in the Domain of Morality

Deduction of the Constitutive Possibility of Reason in the Domain of Morality

Author(s): Sebastian Pavalache / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Emilian Mihailov; Arhitectonica Moralitatii;Kant;

The stake of the critical effort found in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is establishing and justifying what Kant labels the supreme principle of morality. In this aspect, it is surprising to notice that Kant continues to describe the supreme principle by no less than five formulas, without fixing the system of relations they are enlisted in or the rapport they have with the categorical imperative. This is the catalyst for Emilian Mihailov’s book Arhitectonica Moralității (The Architectonic of Morality) published by Paralela 45 in 2017. Localizing these formulas and enlisting them into a system of relations presents itself as Mihailov’s main effort. The central promise of this effort is, foremost, justifying the possibility that reason can be constitutive in the field of morality, or, more precise, the very legitimacy of an architectonic of morality, and secondly, reinterpreting the formulas of the categorical imperative in light on this theoretical framework.

IMPERATIVES IN CONTACT. LINGUISTIC INTERACTIONS ON THE SAKHALIN ISLAND

IMPERATIVES IN CONTACT. LINGUISTIC INTERACTIONS ON THE SAKHALIN ISLAND

Author(s): José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

Keywords: Sakhalin linguistic diversity; language contact; grammatical accommodation; imperative

The main goal of this paper is to describe some functional and formal similarities in the expression of imperatives and hortatives in various languages which are spoken in the Sakhalin Island. The suggestion is made that such similarities might have been contact-induced language changes that resulted from two common mechanisms: structural (inflectional) borrowing and grammatical accommodation.

Compositional analysis of interrogative imperatives in Hungarian

Compositional analysis of interrogative imperatives in Hungarian

Author(s): Judit Kleiber,Gábor Alberti / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

Keywords: pragmatico-semantic analysis; belief–desire–intention framework; discourse representation theory; discourse markers;

The paper investigates utterances which combine imperative and interrogative elements in Hungarian. We intend to explore the scope of the hypothesis that the pragmatico-semantic content of mixed-type sentences can be obtained compositionally. We present four types of interrogative imperative. The imperative factor is indicated by subjunctive morphology on the verb. The interrogative character is represented by (1) rise-fall intonation which marks polar questions, (2) the discourse marker ugye expressing bias, (3) the particle vajon expressing self reflection or hesitation, and (4) wavy intonation which indicates surprise. We claim that such sentences are primarily questions with their main function being ‘request for instruction’. For the analysis, we take a formal pragmatico-semantic point of view. Our goal is to demonstrate how these sentences can be analyzed compositionally within a belief–desire–intention frame. We apply the formal dynamic discourse- and mind representation theory ℜeALIS. We have found that the pragmatico-semantic content (intensional profile) of each type can be constructed via using two formal operations: concatenation and pragmasemantic blending. The composition produces the required output, namely that the interrogation / bias / speculation / surprise which pertains to an eventuality in the case of a simple question, pertains to the “commanding” of this eventuality in the case of interrogative imperatives.

Similar intentions with different underlying wishes: Intensional profiles of imperatives in Hungarian

Similar intentions with different underlying wishes: Intensional profiles of imperatives in Hungarian

Author(s): Judit Kleiber / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

Keywords: imperatives; discourse markers; pragmasemantic analysis; BDI states; authority;

The paper investigates imperative sentence types in Hungarian focusing on the pragmasemantic contribution of discourse markers. It follows Lauer (2013) in assuming that – though illocutionary force varies widely – sentence types can be associated with conventions of use. The aim is to capture how the addition of extra elements can specify the domain defined by the generalized pragmasemantic representation of imperatives. For the analysis, the formal dynamic discourse- and mind-representation theory ℜeALIS (Alberti & Kleiber 2014) is applied. The paper presents how the central component of imperatives can be captured with an intention-based axiom, and how the pragmasemantic description of the numerous uses – often signaled by dis-course markers – can be generated by “monotonously increasing” the basic in-tensional profile. This typically means the specification of the formula characterizing the interlocutors’ desires behind the utterance, and/or adding elements representing authorities of various kinds.

The idea of positive law – Immanuel Kant’s transcendental argument

The idea of positive law – Immanuel Kant’s transcendental argument

Author(s): Tomasz Bekrycht / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Keywords: positive law; transcendental argumentation; categorical imperative; coercion

In their philosophical projects that address the concept of law, Immanuel Kant, Johann G. Fichte, and Georg W. F. Hegel all employ transcendental argumentation to demonstrate the sovereignty of community and the existence of power. They do this in the attempt to conceptually ground the idea of freedom and reconcile it with the notion of coercion within the framework of the idea of positive law. This article focuses solely on the Kantian pro- ject, since the approaches of Fichte and Hegel take on a more speculative turn in addition to their transcendental form.

The Idea of Positive Law: Immanuel Kant’s Transcendental Argument

The Idea of Positive Law: Immanuel Kant’s Transcendental Argument

Author(s): Tomasz Bekrycht / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: positive law; transcendental argumentation; categorical imperative; coercion;

In their philosophical projects that address the concept of law, Immanuel Kant, Johann G. Fichte, and Georg W. F. Hegel all employ transcendental argumentation to demonstrate the sovereignty of community and the existence of power. They do this in the attempt to conceptually ground the idea of freedom and reconcile it with the notion of coercion within the framework of the idea of positive law. This article focuses solely on the Kantian pro-ject, since the approaches of Fichte and Hegel take on a more speculative turn in addition to their transcendental form.

Serial verb constructions containing the element ‘idź’ in contemporary colloquial Polish

Serial verb constructions containing the element ‘idź’ in contemporary colloquial Polish

Author(s): Małgorzata Gębka-Wolak,Andrzej Moroz / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: verb construction; contemporary Polish; double-imperative structures

The article will attempt to verify the hypothesis stating that, in contemporary Polish (especially in colloquial language), syntactic structures containing two imperative verb forms may be defined as serial verb constructions (SVCs). As our starting point, we assume that structures such as ‘idź głoś’, ‘idź się utop’ (lit. resp. ‘go preach’, ‘go drown’) which are the subject of our analysis, fall into the definition of SVC containing five components: compositionality, being monoclausal, the two verbs being independent and having no linking element and no predicate-argument relation between them. In the analysis that follows, we will concentrate on structures containing the element ‘idź’ (‘go’) and discuss their characteristic features concerning prosody, morphology (mode and number adjustments), semantics and syntax. We consider those characteristics as non-standard, i.e. specific for those types of serial verb constructions.

Kantian Moral Agency and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Kantian Moral Agency and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

Author(s): Riya Manna,Rajakishore Nath / Language(s): English / Issue: 100/2021

Keywords: artificial intelligence; categorical imperative; choice; freedom of will; Kantian ethics; moral agency; utility;

This paper discusses the philosophical issues pertaining to Kantian moral agency and artificial intelligence (AI). Here, our objective is to offer a comprehensive analysis of Kantian ethics to elucidate the non-feasibility of Kantian machines. Meanwhile, the possibility of Kantian machines seems to contend with the genuine human Kantian agency. We argue that in machine morality, ‘duty’ should be performed with ‘freedom of will’ and ‘happiness’ because Kant narrated the human tendency of evaluating our ‘natural necessity’ through ‘happiness’ as the end. Lastly, we argue that the Kantian ‘freedom of will’ and ‘faculty of choice’ do not belong to any deterministic model of ‘agency’ as these are sacrosanct systems. The conclusion narrates the non-feasibility of Kantian AI agents from the genuine Kantian ethical outset, offering a utility-based Kantian ethical performer instead.