Keywords: czasownik weź; status gramatyczny; wypowiedzenia imperatywne; the grammatical status; structural linguistics; pre-imperative weź
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Keywords: education; teaching principle; trainer; relevance; training
Despite mandatory education in training in our country is in a search often confused and purposeless practice. Education and training institutionalized through the schools at all levels is strongly criticized and seen as responsible for current situations occurring in the workplace. Adult education in Romania addressed the deficit. A first question underlying this therapy is that adults are poorly addressed in terms of education in the same manner as the children. Another mistake is that teacher training programs is not sufficiently clear, consistent with the needs of educational reform induced.
More...Keywords: foreign languages; study; educational system
This paper analyses the role and importance of studying foreign languages within the context of a knowledge society of the European Union. The first part of the paper presents the findings of a series of surveys commissioned by the European Commission and undertaken by a team of international researchers in terms of educational initiatives concerning the study of foreign languages in European schools .The paper continues by providing the data relevant for the Romanian educational system. In conclusion, after assessing the positive results achieved so far and a few suggestions, we can state that, even if there still is a lot to be done, estimations have revealed the picture of a continuously developing process expected to bring promising results in the years to come.
More...Keywords: conflict of enforcement; mandatory rules; judges
The considerations developed in the present article draws attention to the occurrences in the daily activities of judges in the courts of some conflicts of law enforcement imperatives. The article is structured and developed on the basis of two different legal texts, but has a common consequences is the occurrences of conflicts between imperative national law or between national and international law imperatives. Thus, a first part of the article analyzes art. 315 para. (1) pr. civil code relating to the requirement for the court of the application of law given by the court of cassation and the second part is regarding the consequences of applying art. 99 letters. º) of Law no. 303/2004 on the status of judges and prosecutors, relating judges obligation to respect in their work and Constitutional Court decisions handed down by the supreme court in the appeal in the interest of the law. I argued that in some circumstances, the mandatory provisions from above are justified and even they must be defeated.
More...Keywords: matrimonial regime;spouses; divorce
Dispositions of the New Civil Code regarding the matrimonial regime are discussed. The author opens a debate regarding the disposals of the primary regime according to the criteria of the given periods in the spouses’ life, that is: normal periods of married life or those of crisis. Rights related to family residence, lease, income obtained from work, marriage expenses are discussed.
More...Keywords: foreign law application; public policy; deviation from standard application of choice of law rules;
Choice of law rules are of an imperative nature and their application is not dependant on the will of the parties. To that extent, we will apply national choice of law rules and even the foreign law to which they refer, even when parties prefer that their matter is resolved according to the national law. However, in particular situations, we will refuse to apply the applicable foreign law despite the reference of the choice of law rules of the forum, because the result of such application would not correspond to the principles of domestic legal system. For such purposes, we use the principle of public policy and by using its protective function, our application of the choice of law rules has corrective effects, whereas we do not apply foreign law, regardless of the fact that such law, according to the will of the legislator, is very closely connected to a particular case. Thus, if the results of foreign law application are incompatible with fundamental values of the national legal system, we must deviate from standard application of the choice of law rules and in a particular matter, find an alternative solution.
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Keywords: imperative of the verb to wait;conversation;spoken language corpora;Czech in the media;overlaps
The article focuses on the occurrence of the imperative in spoken and written discourse. It identifies the most frequent imperatives in the following corpora: DIALOG (spoken Czech in the media), ORAL (intimate discourse), and SYN2015 (written Czech). Imperative forms of the verb počkat ‘to wait’ have the highest frequency in spoken corpora. An analysis of the imperative forms of počkat in spoken language reveals that its most common function is to interrupt another speaker’s turn. Depending on the type of dialogue, the interruption can be done in order to either add or refine information (in a friendly conversation) or to try to get the speaker to answer a question he or she has failed to answer (in political debates). Using an imperative can also initiate a repair sequence, even one targeted at oneself. Imperatives also serve to prevent turn yielding. For these reasons, they often appear in overlaps.
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Keywords: Internet addiction; behavioral addictions; addictive behaviors; treatment; self-regulation; gaming
This commentary proposes an integrative approach of theoretical and empirical considerations when developing policy responses to Internet-gaming disorder and when evaluating their efficacy. It complements the overview by Király et al. (2018) about preventive and treatment programs by referring to a lack of inclusion of internal factors, such as individual aspects and cognitions, and missing empirical evidence. This commentary claims the integration of current research addressing individual predisposing and maintaining factors in order to evaluate existing programs and to enhance the exchange between actors including policy. This integrative approach has the potential to develop successful preventive strategies, which could be implemented realistically and socially responsible.
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Keywords: grammatical word order; imperative utterance; Bulgarian colloquial speech; information structure
The study focuses on word order particularities of the imperative utterance in Bulgarian colloquial speech. Two aspects have been dealt with in parallel: the grammatical word order and the information structure of the utterance. The linguistic material was collected in an informal, everyday setting, wherein people with secondary or higher education were having a casual conversation with their friends and relatives.
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Keywords: ethics; public interest; private interest; evaluation criteria; ethical conduct;
The auditing profession is based on serving the public interest and the exact knowledge regarding the public interest notion is a condition of its advancement. The professions’ commitment to support public interest is factual, a condition of its presence. The individual interest should not be predominant over the public interest and the reconciliation between them is conditional on the application of ethical and professional standards according to the public’s expectations. The ethical values promoted by the ethics code guide the auditors when a conflict arises. Thus, the Ethics Code of the profession protects as much the public interest as the private interest. The study conducted by IFAC in 2010 enables to analyse the position of member bodies in order to outline the significance of the public interest and its association with the auditing profession. The definition of the public interest confers homogeneity to a notion with a broad sense and its evaluation is done through three criteria among which the costs and benefits analysis is the main criterion. The statistical analysis performed, whose starting point was the IFAC study regarding the public interest framework, confirms the extensive meaning of the public interest significance as well as the evaluation criteria. Following the statistical analysis, the appreciation of the public interest definition as ‘too large’ does not meet consensus among the majority of participants to the study. At the same time, the mediation between criteria and their re-ranking represent the main elements of dissension. The authors conclude that the trust generated by defending the public interest is reflected upon strengthening the legitimacy of the profession.
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Keywords: security; sovereignty; intervention; human rights; reconstruction; reconciliation;
The concept of international security in the context of modern international law defines literally the trends of its development and codification. Or, today, not only the segment of state sovereignty has been emphasized, but also the segment of human security, which has to be strictly regulated in respect of the international law and to not be doubtful in this sense. Moreover, the segment of restoring the society degraded after a military intervention perfectly authorized from the international law point of view.
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Keywords: bi-regional cooperation; European Union; African Union; migration; collective security;
At a time when Africa is strengthening its attractiveness, acquiring its own story and arousing the interest of new partners, and when Europe is going through an important economic and institutional crisis, what can the new bases for cooperation between the European Union and the African Union be? The Abidjan summit in November 2017 offered an opportunity to reflect on the achievements of bi-regional cooperation between Africa and Europe in the field of migration, peace and security. It emphasized the priority of education, support for sustainable and inclusive development, and multi-sector cooperation, stating that all of them be carried out within the framework of horizontal cooperation favouring reciprocal Africa-European Union contributions. However, one must be aware of the constraints, weighing on both partners, which hinder implementation of the agreed strategies.
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Keywords: smart contracts; Blockchain; Bitcoin; Ethereum; intermediation; legality; legal nature; conclusion; execution;
Following the economic crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, trust in intermediaries has declined significantly, especially in the financial sector. Against the backdrop of this decline, some initiatives have emerged to remove the “trusted third party” from the contract framework. One such initiative is Blockchain technology and the smart contracts that are concluded through it. Because smart contracts do not require an intermediary or judicial body to review their validity and enforce them, they are seen by some as an alternative, not just to the usual way of concluding a contract, but to private law in general. In this paper we aim to explain how smart contracts operate, to analyze their legal nature and to address some of the issues that may arise regarding the compatibility of this type of contract with legal rules aimed at protecting the weaker party in a contract.
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Keywords: Brezhnev Doctrine; collective security; geopolitics;
Securitatea colectivă nu este un concept nou. Din contră, se poate afirma că securitatea colectivă, ca modalitate de organizare a sistemului internaţional, este un concept cu o istorie multiseculară, pornind chiar de la Congresul de la Viena (1815) şi continuând cu Liga Naţiunilor, Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite (ONU), Organizaţia Tratatului Nord-Atlantic (NATO) şi cu Pactul de la Varşovia (1955). De fiecare dată, indiferent de curentul filosofic al vremii (fie realist, fie idealist), accentul s-a pus pe nevoia de a organiza sistemul internaţional în aşa manieră încât să se asigure fie un echilibru sau o balanţă a puterilor mondiale sau regionale – aşa cum a fost cazul republicilor italiene sau cel al puterilor europene care l-au înfrânt pe Napoleon, fie o stare de pace internaţională – aşa cum a fost în cazul fondării Ligii Naţiunilor.
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Keywords: German; Albanian; comparative analysis; imperatives; imperative sentences.
This work aims to compare two languages that are very different in grammar and pro-nunciation, namely German and Albanian. Since the field of possible investigations in comparative linguistics is endless, the present work concentrates on imperative sen-tences and their respective lingual forms. In detailed analyzes of sentence examples, which are taken from common German-speaking and Albanian grammars, the differ-ences and similarities regarding imperative sentences are shown. As a regulatory framework serves the distinction in German grammar between sentences of request (‚Aufforderungssätze‘) and strict imperatives (commands). At the end of the work, the knowledge gained is summarized in an overview.
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Keywords: imperative mandate; representative mandate; electoral system; Romania;
As the history of political ideas shows, the discussion of the imperative mandate is part of the debate about democracy. Starting from the theories of sovereignty, passing through the theory of the representative mandate with its models, the present text shows that, although despised by constitutionalism, the imperative mandate under certain conditions and the instruments similar to the imperative mandate can even be beneficial for democracy in general, and for the Romanian democracy in particular. The article aims to show that the imperative mandate can subsist in various procedures of democratic control and that in the Romanian case, an opening of the debate about the delegate-type representation and even the recall-type instrument would be required
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Keywords: Romanesque; sculpture; law of the frame; reception; methodology of teaching; introduction to art history; specialist terminology; historiography
The article addresses the topic of the significance of the law of the frame in academic discussion, the classification of artworks, and the pursuit to understand the formal aspects of artistic objects. It has been demonstrated how frequently and to what extent the law of the frame is included in cross-sec- tional publications on the history of art. The analysis has confirmed considerable importance of the said law in the teaching of the history of Romanesque art. Consequently, the basis of the conside- rations contained herein is a wide selection of, mostly, academic and popular academic syntheses, in which – inspired by the idea of the law of the frame and function – original observations were made already in the 1930s and in which the law of the frame was discussed to define and describe the form of artworks. The law of the frame has remained significant until today.
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Keywords: audit; cyberspace; cybersecurity; vulnerability; cyber attack;
Offensive actions in cyberspace against both state institutions and citizens continue to have a significant presence in the dynamics of national security risks. The trend is upward, with the threat evolving both in terms of the number and complexity of cyber-attacks. The recent evolution of cyber-attacks in our country places the cyber threat among the most dynamic current threats to national security, the issue of cyber security becoming a priority for all actors involved.
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Keywords: collaborative theater; actor training; improvisation; British theatre; Joan Littlewood;
This paper aims to investigate the theatrical practices that define the work of one of the most influential voices in 20th century theatre. The practices and methods developed by Joan Littlewood over four decades of work outline a highly personal, inventive and dynamic aesthetic in which the emphasis is on creating cohesion within the team. The team is seen as a ”composite mind”, an ensemble that through rigorous physical and vocal training, complex theme documentation and improvisation, comes to function organically and is able to explore more freely and intensely. The use of a wide variety of means and formulas - music hall, commedia dell'arte, clowning, mime, but also elaborate lighting, cinematic projections, sound effects - and the involvement of the audience in the scenic approach are also defining elements of the theatre promoted by Joan Littlewood.
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Keywords: bilingualism; speaking; understanding; languages;
The paper explored the topic of bilingualism regarding its conceptual variety, explanatory models, existing forms and educational implications. As it is considered an imperative in various multicultural settings, the study looked to examine the implications of being bilingual, and also to underly the advantages and disadvantages of speaking and understanding two or more languages. Given that previous scientific literature has found both positive and negative effects of bilingualism on the cognitive development of individuals, the authors' aim was to identify the different meanings of bilingualism, and based on this to decipher the mechanisms, determinants, and the facilitating conditions by which different degrees of bilingualism are developed. The current study tried to reveal the different facets of bilingualism, assuming the existence of sometimes contradictory, other times complementary conceptual approaches that make understanding such a phenomenon more challenging.
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