Keywords: Freedom of Expression in India
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Keywords: Czechoslovakia; SOE; Reinhard Heydrich; assassination; Josef Gabčík; Jan Kubiš; Operation Anthropoid;
On Wednesday, 27 May 1942, at 10:35 AM, Warrant Officers Josef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš, sent from the UK, carried out the assassination of the acting Reich Protector, SS-Obergruppenführer and Police General Reinhard Heydrich, who was travelling from his home in Panenské Břežany to Prague. We are at present marking the seven decades that have elapsed since this important historical moment (it really was a moment – about twenty seconds long). What role in the whole operation was played by the Special Operations Executive (SOE)?
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Prior to the fall of the communist regime in Romania in 1989, many authors went into forced or voluntary exile as a result of their political views. Although Romania’s democratization process is lengthier and considerably more challenging than initially anticipated, writers have enjoyed greater freedom since 1990 than under Communism. Nonetheless, there are still authors who continue to leave Romania despite the demise of totalitarianism. Yet, since forced exile is not practiced by the new regime, those who leave the country could be classified as cultural expatriates. Like most exiles, however, cultural expatriates develop a hybrid identity since they are simultaneously inside and outside the cultures that they adopted and left. Operating in a liminal space, located in between cultures and languages, authors with multiple cultural and linguistic backgrounds gain a unique perspective on the role of literature as a form of representation and of experimentation with language. This privileged insight distinguishes their writings in a significant way since it can offer a more complex understanding of notions like home, homeland, and national and cultural identity.
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Keywords: immigration; assimilation; identity loss; language shift;
The causes and consequences of the Hungarian emigration to the United States at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries offer a rich field of investigation for various disciplines. The integration of the sociological, statistical, political, and literary aspects provides a productive approach to study the complex phenomenon of immigration. The immigrant ship both in concrete and in metaphorical sense can be regarded as a dynamic intermediate space linking the old country and the desired new one representing the cross-section of the emigrant society with its typical and atypical characters. The work of Sándor Tonelli, a journalist, provides an authentic picture of the twenty-three-day voyage of an immigrant ship from Fiume to New York. During the transatlantic voyage, the passengers not only get further and further away from their native country in space, but the voyage is also the starting-point of a painful process that finally concludes in identity loss and language shift. The parallel study of the different issues linked to the transatlantic migration proves that the themes and motifs occurring in Kaliforniai fürj [Californian Quail], a contemporary Hungarian novel, a family saga written by Imre Oravecz, coincide with the problems studied by sociologists, linguists, and psychologists, and thus the form of the novel is suitable to present to a larger reading public the theme of immigration and the different stages of assimilation as an inevitable consequence.
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Keywords: Geography of Yugoslavia;
The Yugoslav nation, like most European nations, is primarily the creation of its environment. Not only the present population pattern but also the characteristic culture of the nation are mainly determined by geographical structure. It will therefore be profitable to examine the structure of the regions traversed by the Slav peoples in their migrations southward from the basin of the Vistula to the valleys of the Sava, Morava, and Vardar, and to the Dinaric and Rhodope Mountains.
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Keywords: Srebrenica; verdicts; genocide; victims; responsibility; Army and police of the Republic of Srpska; State Security Service of the Republic of Serbia; Directive no. 7; Dutch Battalion (HOBLAT);
There are numerous papers dealing with research of genocide in Srebrenica, as well as papers dealing with denial of it. An insight into a number of publications related to these topics raises the question of whether quantity prevails over quality and how much research on genocide in Srebrenica is based on scientific methods and how much on the arbitrary interpretation of historical events. This paper presents an overview of a large number of published works, with particular emphasis on a more detailed analysis of the work of historians as well as published historical sources. Many trials before national and international courts have been conducted against individuals charged with crimes against humanity and international law, including the crime of genocide committed in and around Srebrenica from 10-19. July 1995. Detailed descriptions of mass executions, with data on the number of victims, forensic evidence, mass graves of primary, secondary and tertiary character, can be found in the verdicts rendered in the abovementioned court processes. The significance of these judgments for the historiography of the Srebrenica genocide is immeasurable. They represent an important historical source and a starting point for any further research. The documents in the possession of the ICTY, which were used in the above processes, are available in the Tribunal’s electronic database and are also very significant for historical science. The verdicts gave a detailed reconstruction of the “nine days of hell,” as judges characterized the period after the fall of Srebrenica. The question of representation of earlier periods in historiography, relating to very dynamic developments within Srebrenica during 1992, 1993 and 1994, is also discussed in the paper. Public discourse on the Srebrenica genocide is completely dominated by topics from July 1995, which gives the impression that the period preceding the fall of the enclave is neglected.
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Keywords: Czechoslovak historiography;
If this collection gives an overview of the harvest of the last twenty-five years, it is because, on the one hand, Marxist historiography has been able, on more than one point, to accept the results of previous research, that, on the other hand, many historians of the previous era, while freeing themselves from outmoded conceptions which no longer met the modern requirements of science, appropriated the philosophical foundations of dialectical materialism and that finally, even in the period preceding the year 1945, one could sense in some works a foretaste of the Marxist conception of history. (as written in 1960)
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Keywords: Iran; Afghanistan; world order
In the modern history of Afghanistan, there are two known occupations and two withdrawals of superpowers from its territories - that of the USSR in 1989 and that of the United States in 2021. These significant events has shaped the modern meaning of the "Afghan question". concerning the place of Afghanistan in the spheres of influence of five major countries: the USSR, the USA, Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The proposed study examines Iran's perspective on Tehran's policy in Afghanistan from 1979 to 2021 in the context of changes in the system of international relations that led to the depletion of the Bipolar Model and the emergence of the Post-Bipolar Model.
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Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; flexibility of labor relations; state of emergency; telework; kurzarbeit;
Legislative changes in the last two years, largely due to the pandemic that has swept society as a whole, have also affected the classic development of labor relations. Law no. 55/2020 on some measures to prevent and combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, in section 3 (art. 16 - 31) established a series of measures to adequately protect labor relations. Measures were needed to protect the workplace even after the end of the state of emergency, in order to avoid the precarious state of the employees generated by the post-pandemic problems. All the changes that labor legislation has undergone have taken into account the highest possible protection of employees by establishing a new workplace culture in terms of interrelationships and health protection.
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Keywords: theater; artistic activities; closing of theaters; digitization of national and European heritage; theater and social media; pandemic
Pandemic 2020 caused the shuttering of theaters. The article provides a historical overview of theater closures in previous centuries and presents new behaviors among actors. It describes the tendency to present performances online even if the theater's identity is to play with an audience. Social media has been used in the process, but the problem of digitizing European heritage was discussed years before the pandemic, also by the European Commission.
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Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; Poland; Polish economy; Central Europe; globalization
The chapter presents a certain classification of the consequences of the pandemic observed in the Polish economy. The analysis aimed to answer the following questions: (1) what can change as a result of the pandemic, and what will not? (2) what scenarios from an economist’s point of view can we draw for Poland for the coming months? (3) how will relations with the countries of Central Europe develop? Covid-19 and the solutions applied to curb the pandemic have a strong impact on the acceleration of certain inevitable changes in the economic sphere or in the technologies and organizational solutions used. This problem constitutes an area of analysis in its own right and leads to the presentation of scenarios for the future.
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Keywords: Romania; Poland; literature; translations; theater; art; culture;
Investigations by: Magda Cârneci, Oana Constantinescu, Sabra Daici, Constantin Geambașu, Anna Gorecka, Kazimierz Jurczak, Marian Popescu, Cristina Sârbu, Olga Zaicik.
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Keywords: phraseological unit; onomastic component; anthroponyms; toponyms; antonomasia; concept; cultural-linguistic aspect
The present paper explores the phraseological meaning and linguistic-cultural aspects of the latin phraseological units, so called “”flying thoughts”, containing onomastic component. The material was selected from “Dictionary of the Latin flying thoughts” (1982), edited by N. Babichev and J. Borovskij. The attention is paid to the semantic of phraseologisms, to different approaches of their synchronic and diachronic description, and to cultural specificity. Reflecting the nature of the Roman conception of the world and the human relationships phraseological units proceed from the subjective human experience. Proper names are linguistic items fulfilling a referential function. The proper names in phraseological units are of great importance in communication where they are signs of cultural, linguistic, geographical, ethnic and social identity.
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Keywords: Juliusz Slowacki; theopneustia; Hexaemeron; Logos; pre-existence
"Genezis z Ducha" (“Genesis from the Spirit”) shows formal affinity with Saint Augustine’s "Confessiones" in the use of Hexaemeron and biblical figures as a figure of the subject’s personal experience. But in Słowacki’s work, the self that speaks is sylleptical. At the same time, it is both a biographical „self” and „I”, literally constructed. The subject writes down visions in the state of theopneustia, but also ostentatiously creates images of the world. He has knowledge resulting from participation in the pre-existence of the Logos, but in the meditation he will save figures of aporia. It is identical with the Logos, but shares the fate of Lucifer. “Placed” by God on the “Ocean rocks” (see Ps 40), or rather Oceanus – it is unknown whether he is only there “out of the body” (see 2 Cor 12,2‒4). Chosen by God, he is not among the chosen people, but among the Egyptians who are “deceived” by Him. In the distant forms of nature, he finds a “memory”, discovers “revelation” and prophetic dreams, but it is not known whether they are all his states as persons, or completely external to him.
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Keywords: pantheonization; pantheon in Hungary;
My study tries to call attention on the connection of "pantheonization" (that is the lingual and non-lingual rites accompanying the admittance of an author in the national pantheon) and its visual representation which is regulated by the community. The reception of the idea of pantheon in Hungary in the 19th century illustrates the connection between great authors and their cult as great men, the institutional ceremonies dedicated to their memory, the idealization of their portraits.
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Keywords: Christianity; The Modern Middle East; Current Situation; Future Challenges; Christian; Middle East; Ottoman Empire;
Christian presence across the Middle East (West Asia) region is facing a variety of acuate challenges which are increasingly considered as existential. In terms of history the current situation might be considered similar to that faced by Eastern Christianity as a consequence of the geopolitical changes in the late period of the Ottoman rule including World War I, the Armenian Genocide, the Syriac Sayfo, and the displacement of the entire Eastern Orthodox population during the early 1920’s with the establishment of the modern states of Greece and Turkey. With the collapse of Ottoman Empire, the wider geopolitical and ecclesial situation significantly changed across Europe, Russia and the former Ottoman territories directly having an impact upon Eastern Christianity this included the Bolshevik Revolution which brought about the near destruction of the Russian Orthodox Church. This in turn severed the historic ties with Eastern Churches in the Middle East until after World War II. In the aftermath of these traumatic events determined efforts were made by the Christian communities in the region to rebuild the Eastern Orthodox, Armenian and Syriac and the Eastern Catholic churches in the context of new nation-states and mandatory governance in the interwar Middle East. World War II followed by the imposition of Communist rule in the Eastern European states and the Cold War impacted upon all Eastern Christians in the Middle East. Regional conflict across the Middle East also felt upon all Christians from the Arab–Israeli conflict in the post war era to conflict in Iraq and Syria, the effects of war have challenged Christianity in the Middle East to the point that many are concerned for its survival. This has included the forced displacement and emigration of Christian from across the entire region. It is critical to understand the dynamics of Christian emigration from the Middle East, the first phase of which began in the later part of the nineteenth century and continued until World War I. During that time, thousands of Christians left the Ottoman Empire in search of economic opportunities, including greater religious freedom and political tolerance. After World War II, socio-economic factors continued to influence the emigration of Christians and to a lesser extent, of non-Christians. In the post-independence period, from the late 1940s to the present time, Christian emigration continued to rise, primarily due to economic insecurity but also due to political instability and military conflicts: the 1948 Palestinian–Israeli conflict, the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the Islamic revolution in Iran, and the series of wars in the Persian Gulf—the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1989), the First Gulf War (1990–1991), and the US lead invasion of Iraq, which began in 2003. To this should be added the Russian Federations invasion of the Ukraine in February 2022 which has an impact on the Eastern Christian churches in the Middle East sharpening relations between the Patriarchates of Constantinople and Moscow and allowing for an increasing influence by the various states in the region on ecclesial affairs in a changing geopolitical situation. Patriarch Sako of the Chaldean Catholic Church centred on Iraq stated “The world economic crisis and the global situation marked by the Russian military invasion in Ukraine are also having serious effects on the network of charitable and social works promoted by the Churches in the Middle East. This circumstance is driving the exodus of Christians from the region of the world where Jesus was born, died and rose again.”
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