![Polish economic migration to France in 1900-1939. Why was Poland eager to get rid of its citizens?](/api/image/getbookcoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_587938.jpg)
Keywords: Poland; Konstanty Skirmunt; Rapallo; Locarno
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More...Keywords: linguistic awareness; metalanguage; language sources; metalinguistic sources
The article characterizes documents that are useful in the reconstruction of the old language of thought. One can distinguish among them the source material (this is a legacy of the author or period, the status of linguistic awareness is extracted from it on the basis of the analysis of the specific forms of written documents) and metalanguage sources (these are texts expressing a direct attitude to the language). The body of the article fills the description of the latter sources. The author deals with two issues. Firstly, he presents a typology of metalanguage sources. Secondly, he discusses specific variables interpretation useful in the process of explication.
More...Keywords: holiness; Poland; Polish saints; the 10th
Poland adopted Christianity in 966. From the very beginning of the new religion in Poland, all the faithful were encouraged to strive for holiness, especially religious and priests. The first Poles, counted among the saints, were born in the same century in which Poland adopted Christianity. Over the centuries, there were more people who were canonized. The first Polish saints will be presented in the article. We will show Poles who have been counted among the saints from the 10th to the 15th century.
More...Keywords: oneiric journey;death;Zjawienie Emilki;Jan Paweł Woronicz
This article is considering the journey of the death in Woronicz’s book, Zjawienie Emilki. Work of Jan Paweł Woronicz includes vision of death girl, who tells her dreaming sister a story about things she has seen in heaven.
More...Keywords: Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz; Adam Mickiewicz; skein; minor literature; herstory
The article is an attempt at applying the concept of minor literature, borrowed from thejoint works of Deleuze and Guattari, to read Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz’s Żmut. The starting point is the question of whether speaking up by the essayist for a repressed history of Polish romanticism and the over looked actresses of the biography of Mickiewicz qualifies as an attempt to write a “minor” history. However, the purpose of the article is a reflection on the analytical utility of the notion of “minor literature” and the risks (alsopolitical ones) inherent in philological practice based on this notion.
More...Keywords: social sciences; University of Warsaw; economics; political sciences; psychology; sociology; law
History of the social sciences at the University of Warsaw presented in the volume includes five main fields: economics, political sciences, psychology, sociology and law. The authors of the texts - specializing in the history of their disciplines - write about the process of their development on the academic level and about the changes they have been subjected within the University. The most important research currents, as well as the most distinguished representatives of the disciplines and their achievements are also reported.
More...Keywords: sociology of law; law in social life; legal sociology authors; world sociological and legal writings
The first world encyclopaedic guidebook to the most important problems of the sociology of law. It contains nearly one hundred and fifty entries written by eminent Polish and foreign scholars. It is an excellent source of knowledge of the role and importance of law in social life. It sketches portraits of the most distinguished authors of legal sociology and presents their scientific achievements. It also discusses law subcultures, punitive justice, anthropology and atrophy of law, the destruction of norms, the iuridisation of social life, law nihilism, praxeology and feminist sociology of law.
More...Keywords: Litzmannstadt;Nazi propaganda;World War II
The article discusses activities of the Nazi propaganda in Litzmannstadt (Nazi name for Lodz, Poland). Said propaganda promoted central concepts of fascist ideology such as Volk, land and leadership in battle. The goal of political and military action was to restore and maintain the cultural domination over other nations. The Nazi state was ethnically, linguistically and racially uniform – it lacked the concept of tolerance towards ethnic minorities. An important feature of this propaganda was its impact on the activities of administrative organs.
More...Keywords: universal history;history of an individual;Kazimierz Chłędowski
The purpose of my article was to consider Kazimierz Chłędowski in the context of other Polish travellers from the mid-nineteenth century. 19th century was a time of increased travelling and also time of increased number of voyages d’Italie, diaries form journey. Italy has its own special place in the area of peregrine interests. Italy, this specific kind of “summarized history of Europe”, as has it been described by Józef Kremer, in the 19th century gained a different face than in previous centuries. It has to be told, that Italy – as one of the most popular destinations of European intellectual elites – had a twofold symbolism. This country was often described as a synthesis of all journeys, a huge book, from which people could read the secrets of antiquity. Nevertheless it was often called a “tomb for the living”, a place, where there is no future, a fallen ruin. In addition, the community of thoughts and feelings was very strong between Poles and Italy throughout the whole nineteenth century. In this unusual period, one of the most interesting representations of relations between Poland and Italy were literary works and memories of Kazimierz Chłędowski, who reinterpreted this convention. Did the writer’ privacy give readers a chance to find their Italian paths?
More...Keywords: University of Warsaw; 19th century; The Main School; Warsaw Library periodical; history of education
The article presents the relations between the scientific and literary periodical „Biblioteka Warszawska” (”Warsaw Library”) and the Faculty of Philology and History of the Main School in Warsaw (1862–1869). The study shows what kind of information regarding researching, teaching and educational activities of the university was presented in the periodical and how the information was presented. The article recalls the general purposes of the journal and the university concerning Polish culture, education and science.
More...Keywords: linguistic humour; humour; pedagogical innovativeness; heuristic principles; creative education; verbal joke.
Humour at school is one of the factors that shape positive relations within the most important communities – of learners and teachers – and between them. Humour itself generates an appropriate atmosphere for creative education and constitutes an integral element of the structure of each creative process. Applied in various stages of its course; humour allows for obtaining interesting solutions to untypical tasks which cannot be solved with the help of algorithms. What seems to be particularly interesting in this context is the version of humour which expert literature calls linguistic humour or verbal joke. It makes it possible to reformulate the problem in such a way that the task can be solved in an indirect way. The frequently insufficient data are broadened and completed with some supplementary information. Seemingly; these data do not concern the particular problem – yet; as an effect of creative intellectual operations and heuristic principles; they can be transformed into interesting and cognitively valuable solutions to the problem. The application of the creative potential of verbal games in education may have an additional advantage of universal strategies; allowing for the use of non‑ specific transfer. This makes it possible to transfer the principles of using verbal humour to many problem situations in various educational subjects.
More...Keywords: Aleksander Fredro; Larry Wolff; Galicia; Galician identity; modernization
In this article I present a comedy writer Aleksander Fredro as an activist for the modernization of Galicia and modern Galician writer. I interpret his late works in the light of the commitment of the Galician author, I wonder if the concept of transnational ‚Galician identtiy’, proposed by Larry Wolff in The Idea of Galicia, is right, also in the context of the specific identity choices made by Fredro two grandchildren Stanisław and Andrzej Szeptycki, the first of which was a general of the Polish army, and the other – Ukrainian, church dignitary.
More...Keywords: Europe; meeting the Three Emperors; geopolitics; utopia; positivism; conservatism
The article shows the reality of the 80s in the 19th century Europe from the perspective of the meeting of three emperors in little town Skierniewice in 1884 and their impact on contemporary Poles and their way of thinking about the future. This way of thinking wal often utopian (the example is here a book of Theodore Korwin-Szymanowski, who writes about the necessity of the unification of Europe). In the context of these diagnoses an author of this article analyzes The Doll of Bolesław Prus and the discussion on Henryk Sienkiewicz’ historical novels.
More...Keywords: Polish Romanticism; Adam Mickiewicz; reason; madness
Adam Mickiewicz wrote an article O ludziach rozsądnych i ludziach szalonych [On Men of Reason and Madmen] in May 1833. It was published in the emigration journal Pielgrzym Polski [The Polish Pilgrim]. In the article, he distinguished two different groups of people: men of reason, who were inclined for compromise and used the language of treason, and “madmen”, who were devoted patriots – that is to say, ‘mad patriots’. Perhaps patriotism is a kind of madness. At the same time Mickiewicz worked on Pan Tadeusz, the national epic poem which was first published in June 1834. In my opinion there is no contradiction between a realistic, ‘reasonable’ poem and a prophetic journalism included in Pielgrzym Polski [The Polish Pilgrim]. From a patriot’s standpoint it is impossible to be reasonable.
More...Keywords: mystification; poem; literary convention; analysis; legendary dimension; My coat; Recollections from the Past; Letters from a Journey
The following article analyses literary strategies applied by Antoni Edward Odyniec in his Listy z podróży [Letters from a Journey] and Wspomnienia z przeszłości [Recollections from the Past] in reference to Adam Mickiewicz. The author takes a closer look at the tricks Odyniec delivered in his poetry in order to establish a remarkable friendship with Mickiewicz, referring to the poem Mój płaszcz [My Coat] included in Wspomnienia z przeszłości [Recollections from the Past]. The aim of this analysis is to unveil Odyniec’s literary mystification he committed by giving the early 1830s as the time of writing the poem. The author of this article explains why Odyniec camouflaged traces of his literary mystifications and shows that for a conscientious and perceptive reader they were obviously comprehensible tokes of a literary convention.
More...Keywords: Polish Philhellenism; Polish diaspora in Greece; Polish-Greek relations
The article points to the history of Europe in the nineteenth century. The dominant role on the continent at that time was played by the powers that led to the annexation of both Polish and Greek lands. The Polish lands came under the rule of Austria, Prussia and Russia, while the Greek ones came under the rule of Turkey. In 1830, however, a Greek state was established. Gradually during this time, relations between the Poles and the Greeks began to be established, which resulted in the appearance of a small Polish diaspora in Athens and other Greek cities.
More...Keywords: Adam Mickiewicz; literary translator; Goethe; German-Polish translation
The figure of Adam Mickiewicz as a poet, national bard, political activist Sand founder of the Philomath Society is well known. The aim of the paper is to present Mickiewicz in a lesser-known role of a literary translator translating from German into Polish. Thus, an attempt will be made to answer the question about the reasons for Mickiewicz's translation activity and the ways in which these translations were perceived by his literary contemporaries. In order to do so, an analysis will be made of the Polish poet's translation output, critical statements and self-commentaries of Mickiewicz himself. The analysis of the material allows us to conclude that Mickiewicz "was a great translator", but that translation played an "auxiliary" role for him. In particular, translations of the works of Schiller, and later Goethe, were reflected in Mickiewicz's original work, but also contributed to the development of the Philomat Society. Translations from German were a source of inspiration and new aesthetic trends unknown and unpracticed in Polish literature at the time, which in effect opened the gates to European Romanticism. Mickiewicz's translations served as a means of acquiring ideas and knowledge about other literatures, and he himself, despite his successful works, did not identify with the role of literary translator.
More...Keywords: realism; biopolitics; punctum; studium; representation
In the text, I ask a question about the status of realism in 19th-century realistic literature in a situation where it is subjected to various social or moral taboos, as well as to political and patriotic censorship. In this theoretical circle, I try to include the problem of representing suicide in those texts, adding to it the parameter of biopolitics.
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