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WOMEN’S PENITENTIARY IN POŽEGA DURING THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA (1941-1944)

Ženska kaznionica u Požegi za vrijeme Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (1941. – 1944.)

Author(s): Ana Jura / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2013

Keywords: Independent State of Croatia; Criminal legislation; Penalty institutions; Women Požega Penitentiary

The paper primarily shows, based on the archival and printed records from the time of the Independent State of Croatia, as well as the relevant historiography, the structure and functioning of the women penitentiary in Požega during the World War II, from August/September 1941. until its dismissal in September 1944. By using the archival material, which consists of 57 library files kept in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb, the analysis has been done on the structure of women convicts who were staying in Požega during the Independent State of Croatia. This mainly includes various types of offenses and criminal acts and the convictions of the cooperation with people who were considered as subversive elements for the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia. In addition to the analysis of age, nationality/ethnicity, occupation, marital status, level of education, causes for their referral to the penitentiary and the criminal offenses for which they were imprisoned, the paper also brings the most interesting parts of the offenders’ dossiers. Their criminal offenses and files served as a sample to show the structure of the only female penalty institution on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia and to describe the criminal legislation of that State.

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VLADIMIR BAKARIĆ’S STANCE TOWARDS THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CROATIA 1945-1953

VLADIMIR BAKARIĆ’S STANCE TOWARDS THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CROATIA 1945-1953

Author(s): Miroslav Akmadža,Anđelko Vlašić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Croatia 1945-1953; Catholic Church; Vladimir Bakarić; Communist Regime

The goal of this work is to show, based on available sources, the positions and actions of Vladimir Bakarić toward the Catholic Church. In literature which has previously appeared, historians have in large part only indirectly discussed Bakarić’s stance concerning and actions taken toward the Catholic Church. In this work, authors seek to chronologically collect his statements as well as his actions concerning this topic and analyze same within the political and other contexts.

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Transylvania and the Banat at the End of World War I – The Handbook of the Historical Department of the Foreign Office (1919)

Transylvania and the Banat at the End of World War I – The Handbook of the Historical Department of the Foreign Office (1919)

Author(s): Constantin Ardeleanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: Transylvania; Banat; Romania; World War I; Historical Department; Foreign Office

The paper reproduces the handbook on Transylvania and the Banat, former Austro–Hungarian provinces united in 1918 with Romania, prepared by the Historical Department of the Foreign Office for the use of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The handbook is an extremely important source for all aspects related to the two provinces, from historical or geographical data to the social and economic realities in the province. The text proper is preceded by a short historical comment on the activity of the Historical Department of the Foreign Office in 1919–1920.

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A millennium of Belgrade (Sixth-Sixteenth centuries): A Short Overview

A millennium of Belgrade (Sixth-Sixteenth centuries): A Short Overview

Author(s): Jovanka Kalić / Language(s): / Issue: 45/2014

Keywords: Belgrade; history; Byzantine Empire; Serbian capital; King Dragutin; Despot Stefan Lazarević; Hungary; Serbs and Ottomans

This paper gives an overview of the history of Belgrade from the reign of Justinian I (527–565), i.e. the time of Slavic settlement, to the Ottoman conquest in 1521. The millennium can be divided into three thematic and chronological units: the Byzantine era (up to 1204), the Serbian era and, finally, the Ottoman era (fifteenth–sixteenth centuries). Within the Byzantine cultural orbit, and especially during the twelfth century, the city played a major role in the relations between the Byzantine Empire and Hungary. Byzantine emperors sojourned in Belgrade on multiple occasions. The city reached its peak during the reign of Despot Stefan in the early fifteenth century. After his death in 1427, the Ottoman threat cast its shadow over the city. Its inhabitants, the Serbs, defended Belgrade for almost a century (1427–1521), thus defending the whole of Central Europe. Belgrade’s fall into the Ottoman hands was followed by the demise of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1526. Even Vienna was threatened by the Ottomans, in 1529.

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Central and South-Eastern Europe and Serbian feudalism between the 12th and 15th centuries

Europa Centrală şi de Sud-Est şi feudalismul sârbesc între secolele al XII –XV-lea

Author(s): Ştefan Stareţu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 09/2016

Keywords: Europe; Serbia; Stefan Nemanja; Sigismund of Luxemburg; Stefan Lazarevich

This paper presents a brief analysis of the situation in central and South-eastern Europe during the 12th to the 15th centuries, to understand the mechanisms of the political, religious and social movements’ dynamics at that time. Thus, starting mostly from the 12th century, the territory of Eastern Europe was marked by the break between Orthodoxy and Catholicism and by the power relations that resulted from it. Hungarian and Serbian elites were in the middle of these realities. From the time when Stefan Nemanja became the leader of Serbia in 1166, to the fall of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, Serbia’s importance in supporting Orthodoxy in Central Europe and especially in Hungary was overwhelming. Stefan Nemanja was the most important personality in the history of Orthodoxy in the first part of this historical period, and the Brankovich family continued organically the nemanid medieval Serbia's historic prestige, even after its total fall under the Turks, with influences in the Romanian area too. On the other hand, Hungary after the Arpadian extinction basically was in dispute with Orthodox families from Russia, Serbia and Cumania or Bulgarian-Wallachia and with Western families. Sigismund of Luxemburg and Stefan Lazarevich‘ s roles were essential during this period.

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Kopački Rit Traditional Fishing as Cultural Tourism Potential and Environmental Protection Measure

Kopački Rit Traditional Fishing as Cultural Tourism Potential and Environmental Protection Measure

Author(s): Zlata Živaković- Kerže,Darko Mrkonjić / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2016

Keywords: Kopački Rit; the Danube; ecosystem; wetland; traditional fishing; cultural heritage; tourism;

Kopačevo is a Croatian Danube Region wetland village where a unique type of fishery was developed. Due to the late 20th century ban on fishing and related traditional activities, today the last generation of fishermen, who have these skills, has all but disappeared. At the same time, this represents a threat to the ecosystem, because without maintenance the meanders are disappearing due to the plant deposits. Consequently, the Traditional Fishing Society seeks to protect the traditional skills as cultural property, tourism potential, and an environmental protection and monitoring measure. The aim of the research was to estimate the environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability of a possible revitalization of traditional fishing in Kopački Rit.

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Cumans and Mongols in the Region of Srem in 1241-1242: a Discussion on the Extent of Devastation

Cumans and Mongols in the Region of Srem in 1241-1242: a Discussion on the Extent of Devastation

Author(s): Đura Hardi / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2016

Keywords: Srem (Syrmia); Cumans; Mongols; 1241; southern Hungary; Bela IV; John Angelos

On the eve of the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241 in order to defend the country as successfully as possible the Hungarian King Bela IV welcomed Cumans to his state (1239). They had previously clashed with the Mongols in the area of the Black Sea region of steppes and they were threatened by them. However, after the murder of their khan Kotyan, Cumans left Hungary in 1241 and found refuge in neighboring Bulgaria. During the retreat southward they devastated the Hungarian border area of Srem (Marchia) and shortly after that armed Mongols themselves passed through this land. On the basis of the analysis of known and indirect sources still not considered in historiography in the context of this topic and based on the views of historiography the author investigates the possible extent of Cuman and Mongol devastation of Srem and these areas in the south of Hungary from 1241 to 1242. The author of the paper adopts a critical approach towards the news of Master Roger, who was particularly shocked by the Cuman destruction of Marchia. His report was credible, but the writer did not have the opportunity to stay in Srem before or after the invasion. The author believes that the Cuman and Mongol invasion did not fully and dramatically influence the depopulation of Srem and the disruption of the local economic life; instead, this invasion had devastating consequences only in some of its segments.

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Banat problem in Roman-Jugoslavian reports

PROBLEMA BANATULUI ÎN RAPORTURILE ROMÂNO-IUGOSLAVE (1919-1923)

Author(s): Andrei Avram / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 11/2018

Keywords: Romania; Yugoslavia; Peace Conference from Paris; Banat; borders;

At the end of the First World War, between Romania and Yugoslavia started a conflict because of the establishment of the borders between the two countries, but also because of the Banat problem. The Romanian-Yugoslavian debate dedicated to Banat is part of a series of conflicts that came at the end of the First World War, when the great empires have disappeared also. Despite of all the disagreements, the two states succeeded to step over the Banat different. Later, the two states, Romania and Yugoslavia were members of the same alliances, the little Antanta and Balkan Antanta and developed interesting and fruitful relationships that helped to the strengthen of their relationships and better communication between them.

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The ‘Quiet Force’: The Role of Legal Education in the Disciplining of the Hungarian and Croatian Nobility in the 1760s

The ‘Quiet Force’: The Role of Legal Education in the Disciplining of the Hungarian and Croatian Nobility in the 1760s

Author(s): Ivana Horbec / Language(s): English / Issue: 53/2017

Keywords: education; law; 18th century; reforms; Habsburg Monarchy;

Examining the Habsburg educational policy towards the Hungarian and Croatian nobility in the 1760s through the perspective of the Vienna Court the author analyses the Court’s attempts to overcome conflicting interests of the traditional structures of the estates and the proto-modern state. With the Vienna Court assuming control over education in the second half of the 18th century, tendencies began to appear focusing education on contents that favor the interests of the ruler’s sovereignty and attempts to ‘politically discipline’ become a constituent part of teaching material. These tendencies became especially prominent in the reform of legal education through which relations between the ruler and the estates, between the state and its inhabitants as well as the rights and obligations of political subjects were defined, with emphasis on the meaning of public good, prosperity and necessities of time. The Vienna Court’s education policy in the 1760s presented a turnabout in the history of legal education in Hungary and Croatia and a period of assertion of new educational standards for public servants.

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FACTORS OF OCCURRENCE AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HAJDUK ACTIVITIES ON THE SLAVONIAN -SYRMIAN TERRITORY IN THE 18TH CENTURY

ČIMBENICI POJAVE I ODRŽIVOSTI HAJDUČIJE NA SLAVONSKO-SRIJEMSKOM PODRUČJU U XVIII. STOLJEĆU

Author(s): Veljko Maksić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 17/2017

Keywords: hajduks; banditry; Slavonia; Syrmia; 18th century;

Hajduk activities occurred in the territory of the Slavonian and Syrmian area throughout the 18th century. As a starting point for this issue in this paper, first of all the term hajdučija (hajduk activities) was explained, i.e. its correlation to banditry. The elaboration of the term is followed by research into the topic, that is into the factors, occurrences and sustainability of hajduk activities in the Slavonian-Syrmian area in the 18th century. The circumstances that led to the appearance of hajduk activities in the Slavonian-Syrmian area, as well as those which did not directly influence it, but contributed to its sustainability, are discussed. The circumstances are roughly categorized as socio-economic and military-political factors, factors of a dysfunctional Austrian administration, geographical, mentality and popular support factors.

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German Public Schools in the Slavonian Military Border Zone before the Introduction of the General School Regulation (1774)

DEUTSCHE VOLKSCHULEN IN DER SLAWONISCHEN MILITÄRGRENZE BIS ZUR EINFÜHRUNG DER ALLGEMEINEN SCHULORDNUNG VON 1774

Author(s): Robert Skenderović / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: institutional phase of education; „German schools“; Croatian-Slavonian Military Border; Public schools;

History of the organized institutional phase of education in the Croatian-Slavonian Military Border Zone begins with the system reforms in the early 18th century. Before that period, schools in the Slavonian Military Border Zone were founded due to the initiative and care of the Catholic clergy, especially the monks, as well as the Orthodox clergy for the Orthodox population. After the Peace of Karlowitz (1699), new military districts were established in Slavonia, Srijem, Bačka, and Banat (Slavonska, Potiska and Pomoriška Military Border Zone). Establishment of these military border zones was followed by numerous organizational reforms. At the beginning of the 18th century, the military authorities also started to develop a school system in the Military Border Zone. At that time, the first regulations concerning the teaching of children in German were published in Potiska and Pomoriška military border zones. This led to the creation of a primary school system with the primary purpose of teaching German as a command language in the region. In the subsequent decades, this process extended to other parts of the Military Border Zone, including the Slavonian one. From 1703 to 1774, the first stage of organizing education in the Croatian-Slavonian Military Border Zone took place. Initially, the schools were mostly controlled by the Church: the parish or the monasteries. At that time, the issue of funding these schools was still unresolved, and there was an open problem of Serbian, i.e. Orthodox pupils. However, from the 1750s the systematic opening of German schools began. For this research, records of the canonical visits proved particularly valuable, since they contain exhaustive information about schools in specific parishes. They show that the system of “German schools” was established by the 1760s, a decade before the promulgation of the General School Order of Maria Theresa.

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CONFLICT BETWEEN THE COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT OF YUGOSLAVIA AND THE FRANCISCAN PROVINCE OF HERZEGOVINA: ACTIVITY OF THE CROATIAN FRANCISCAN COMMISSARIAT OF THE HOLY FAMILY IN THE USA (1954-1980)

CONFLICT BETWEEN THE COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT OF YUGOSLAVIA AND THE FRANCISCAN PROVINCE OF HERZEGOVINA: ACTIVITY OF THE CROATIAN FRANCISCAN COMMISSARIAT OF THE HOLY FAMILY IN THE USA (1954-1980)

Author(s): Miroslav Akmadža / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Croatian Franciscan Commissariat in Chicago; Herzegovinian Franciscan Province; communist authorities; Yugoslavia;

The author of the paper analyses the policy of the communist regime in Yugoslavia towards priestly emigration on the example of the Croatian Franciscan Commissariat in Chicago. The Yugoslav authorities conditioned the more liberty for the Church and Franciscan order with the changes in the Commissariat, which would prevent the anti-Yugoslav activities of the Franciscans there. Given that the Franciscans from Herzegovinian received considerable financial support from the Commissariat, they sought to find a way to satisfy the state authorities without disturbing cooperation with the Commissariat.

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MASS SHOOTINGS IN KRAGUJEVAC DURING AND AFTER WORLD WAR II (1941–1945). TESTIMONIES AND MEMORIZATION

MASS SHOOTINGS IN KRAGUJEVAC DURING AND AFTER WORLD WAR II (1941–1945). TESTIMONIES AND MEMORIZATION

Author(s): Boris Tomanić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Kragujevac; Serbia; World War II; German Soldiers; Communist Authorities; Mass Shootings;

From the beginning of World War II, mass and continuous shootings were carried out in Kragujevac, a city in central Serbia. First, German soldiers executed over 2,790 civilians in Šumarice on October 1941. Later, in November of the same year, the German authorities formed the Metino Brdo camp, where partisan fighters and civilians were tortured, killed, and deported until June of 1942. Then, the German soldiers murdered hundreds of civilians in retaliation near the Military Technical Institute in Kapislana, from the autumn of 1942 until the autumn of 1943. After the liberation of Serbia in the autumn of 1944, the Communist authorities started with executions of ideological and political enemies on Metino Brdo and Kapislana. In this article, we will attempt to perceive this issue from a new angle, by analyzing archival materials, testimonies and memories of survivors, recent relevant literature, and relying on other disciplines close to historiography.

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On the Origins of Komitats in the First Bulgarian Empire

On the Origins of Komitats in the First Bulgarian Empire

Author(s): Nikolay Hrissimov / Language(s): English / Issue: 9/2019

Keywords: First Bulgarian Empire; Byzantium; Frankish state; komitats; marks; administrative units; comes; komit

The article gives a critical review of previous views on the origin of komitats as administrative units in the Early Medieval Bulgarian State. Among the Bulgarian researchers, the opinion of their Byzantine origin prevailed, while the only Western researcher dealing with the problem, T. Wasilewski, advocated the thesis of their relationship with Western Europe, suggesting some of the conclusions of I. Venedikov. It is concluded that at the beginning of the 9th century, when Bulgaria expanded its territory almost doubled, its population is multiethnic and already has direct neighbors in the face of Byzantium and the Frankish state needed a new administrative division. The administrative division of the two countries is decided in two fundamentally different ways. In search of ways to solve the problem, the Byzantine themae system and the marks of the Frankish state are presented. Between komitats and the themae system the similarities are only formal, whereas the comparison with the marks proved to be much more efficient. In this case, similarities are found with regard to their location, their way of setting up, the powers and the way of appointing their governors, as well as the names and powers of the governors. The presence of komitats on the northern and western borders of the Early Medieval Bulgarian state was established, but not in the direction of Constantinople. These parts are directly subordinate to the central government, and this division of ‘inside’ and ‘out’ is characteristic of both early-medieval Bulgaria and the Frankish state of that period. It is pointed out the possibility that the Boritarkans are an intermediary between the central authority and the komitats, and on the basis of the source data the possibility is presented that they are directly subordinated to the komiti.

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Tito’s Concordat – The 1996 Protocol on the Negotiations Between Yugoslavia and the Holy See from a Legal Perspective

Tito’s Concordat – The 1996 Protocol on the Negotiations Between Yugoslavia and the Holy See from a Legal Perspective

Author(s): Marko Božić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: The Holy See; 1966 Protocol; Concordat; Modus Vivendi; Yugoslavia; communist secularism

The paper discusses the 1966 Protocol on the Negotiations Between Yugoslavia and the Holy See that has already been subject to several historical analyses focusing primarily on negotiations leading to it rather than the document itself. The initial hypothesis is that the legal profile of the 1966 Yugoslav Protocol may indicate its hidden political weight and a deeper historical meaning. In order to discern it, the paper examines the Protocol as an instrument of international law, aiming at explaining the way its form and substance have reflected difficulties and affected changes in relations between a Communist state and the Roman Catholic Church in Tito’s Yugoslavia. Therefore, the paper compares the 1966 Yugoslav Protocol with its Eastern-European equivalents and discusses its impact on further evolution of the Yugoslav constitutional and legal framework.

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At the King’s Table… or about How the People of Sibiu Prepared for a Royal Visit at the End of the 15th Century

La masa regelui … sau despre cum s-au pregătit sibienii pentru o vizită regală la finele secolului al XV-lea

Author(s): Paula Cotoi,Alexandru Ștefan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 28/2020

Keywords: accounting registries; food; urban administration; medieval city; money; Sibiu; Hermannstadt; Nagyszeben; King Vladislaus II of Hungary;

In the fall of 1494, King Vladislaus II of Hungary established his court in Sibiu (Hermannstadt / Nagyszeben) for about one month. The sovereign’s stay was recorded not only briefly, throughout the royal charters issued here in that particular time frame, but also in a more peculiar manner. Two accounting records, drawn up by the town’s authorities, illustrate the joint effort for a good hosting of its king. A constant concern, reflected in these two historical sources, was precisely the supply of food and the providing of related services, such as water transportation, food preparation, or animal slaughtering. Although published more than a century ago, these accounts have not been exploited so far to the full extent of their data and of their analytical perspectives. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to put into context the royal presence in Sibiu, but, more importantly, to highlight what this moment meant in terms of food, with its various features. These two accounting sources can be interrogated from the perspective of the consumed goods, the costs involved, the communal (from Sibiu’s hinterland and not only) or individual contribution, sometimes determined by gender. Given that the event articulated itself as a time of celebration, food itself had an exceptional character, an aspect suggested by these financial records, especially regarding the quantities they noted down. Thus, they outline the profile of a city capable of assuming and sustaining the presence of the Hungarian royal court, while also letting the specifics of the local economy to be seen – from acquiring oriental spices, to preparing vegetables and meats from local or regional households.

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Historical Weather Data from Chronicon Conventus Franciscani Brodii in Savo (1706–1932): An Attempt to Reconstruct Microregional Weather Patterns and their Influence on Daily Life

Historical Weather Data from Chronicon Conventus Franciscani Brodii in Savo (1706–1932): An Attempt to Reconstruct Microregional Weather Patterns and their Influence on Daily Life

Author(s): Katarina Botić / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2020

Keywords: Sava river valley; Slavonski Brod; Franciscan Chronicles 18th – 20th century; Early Modern Period; Contemporary History; historical weather data; historical climatology;

Historical weather data from Chronicon Conventus Franciscani Brodii in Savo (1706–1932) consists of numerous entries regarding weather patterns, such as storms, hail, extreme pluvial episodes, drought and cold periods, flooding and periods of Sava river freezing, grape harvests etc. Franciscan monastery in question is situated on the left bank of the Sava river, in a region specific for its microclimate conditions while in the wider region, it is situated at a very sensitive spot between hydrologically active regions of northern Balkan Peninsula and the Alps. The data is analysed and compared to reconstructed Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) and other available climate data such as temperature, precipitation and consequently flooding episodes. Influence on daily life is considered. Regardless of strong bias in quality of entries Chronicon is a highly valuable source of information.

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Pandemic Management Systems and Migration

Pandemic Management Systems and Migration

Author(s): Margareta Gregurović,Snježana Gregurović,Josip Kumpes,Simona Kuti,Sanja Lazanin,Dubravka Mlinarić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2-3/2020

Keywords: pandemic; migration; COVID-19; pandemic management; xenophobia;

Fast development and transmission of disease poses a health threat for a larger population and affects the functioning of almost all social systems, both within and outside nation-state borders, thus also affecting the possibilities of free migration and movement. The main aim of this article is to discuss the principal mechanisms of disease control in relation to migration in various socio-historical contexts. It identifies and compares historical patterns and contemporary measures of preventive control systems while considering the wider social context and migrants’ specific position. This paper combines the historical insights into various administrative and political systems in Europe and Croatia that have sought adequate measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases with the current state of the affair in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the regulation and management of the contemporary COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions have been introduced on cross-border movement and travel. Those restrictions and quarantine measures have abruptly halted not only international but also migration within the borders of nation-states, especially during the first wave of the pandemic in spring 2020. Emphasis has been placed on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on labour and forced migration, as well as on the trends in public attitudes on immigrants affected by pandemic management mechanisms.

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BEING BYZANTINE IN THE POST-1204 EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE (POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, CHURCH AND RELIGION)

BEING BYZANTINE IN THE POST-1204 EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE (POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, CHURCH AND RELIGION)

Author(s): Filip Van Tricht / Language(s): English / Issue: 71/2022

Keywords: Byzantium; Frankokratia; Latin Romania; political history; church history; cultural history

The impact of the Latin conquest of Constantinople has often been treated from either the perspective of the Western newcomers who established themselves in various Byzantine territories, or from the perspective of the Byzantines who left the regions that came under Latin control and who managed to establish themselves elsewhere (Nicaea, Epiros, Trebizond). In this contribution the momentous consequences of the Fourth Crusade are addressed from the perspective of those Byzantines that came under Latin rule. By zooming in on a selection of individuals and subgroups a picture is sketched of the varied Byzantine experience within the confines of the (Latin) Empire of Constantinople after 1204. Attention will be given to the various – political, religious, socio-economic and cultural – spheres of society. The focus is on the capital and the region around Constantinople, but other regions come into view as well (Thessaloniki, Adrianople, Philippopolis, Achaia/Morea, Attica, Beotia, Euobia, Crete, etc.). Chronologically this contribution is primarily limited to the period until the loss of Latin Constantinople in 1261.

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Demographic and Actual Losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians Caused by World War II: Estimates, Calculations and Lists

Demografski i stvarni ljudski gubici hrvatskih Nijemaca i Mađara prouzročeni Drugim svjetskim ratom. Procjene, izračuni i popisi

Author(s): Vladimir Geiger / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: World War II; Croatia; human losses; Germans; Hungarians;

An overview of the most systematic calculations and estimates of the demographic and actual human losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians caused by World War II and their comparison, and the comparison of these calculations with indicators in historiographical, popular, and victimological works—and, above all, the much more reliable lists of human losses by name—clearly points towards the need of questioning the reliability of the number of both demographic and actual humans losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians—and especially the structures of these losses—in the calculations and estimates that are most commonly referred to in Croatian historiography and in the Croatian public scene.The lists of human losses by name that cover Croatia—and Yugoslavia—in World War II, which can never be complete and without error, nonetheless contribute greatly to correcting calculations and estimates of actual human losses. Lists of victims by name cannot be considered final. The fundamental issue with lists of names that were created primarily based on testimonies rather than original documents is that many data providers did not know the circumstances, time, and place that a certain person lost their life. Along with the necessary and unavoidable supplements and corrections in lists of names, there are also noticeable changes in the structure of human losses, including transfers from one national/ethnic group to another, which can also be seen in the case of Croatian Germans and Hungarians.There are clearly serious dilemmas regarding the demographic and actual human losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians. The number of persons who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the country, as well as the number of those who were ‘assimilated’, is questionable, and therefore the numbers of actual and demographic human losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians are also questionable. Namely, the number of those who emigrated, and above all the number of ‘assimilated’ persons, are assumptions or even guesses in even the most systematic calculations. The indicators of the lists by name are indispensable not only in analyses of human losses, most of all actual losses, but also in the corrections of calculations and estimates of demographic human losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians.There is no doubt that there remains a series of open questions and counter-questions in historiography and victimology regarding the number of demographic and actual human losses of Croatian Germans and Hungarians and the structure of these losses.

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