Keywords: International public law; Sovereignty; Anticipatory self-defense; Ius ad bellum; Ius in bello; Predator drones; Unmanned aerial vehicles; Arbitrary killings; Non-state actors; Tarptautinė viešoji teisė; Suverenitetas; Prevencinė savigyna; Ius ad bellum;
Self-defense in response to armed attacks promulgated by non-state actors is undoubtedly one of the controversial and complex issues in modern international law. Highly economically and technologically developed countries for instance The United States has increasingly relied upon unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, to target and kill enemies in its current armed conflicts. Events such as intervention into a sovereign state, targeted killings and destruction of civilian property causing enormous resonance, interest and discussions among the world's most famous scholars in the field of international law. Moreover, the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles because of its robotic nature, which is not covered by any legal written source of International law and specific entity of non-state actors causing even more controversy. Ginkluotas atsakas į nevalstybinių subjektų išpuolius savigynos tikslais yra neabejotinai viena iš prieštaringiausių ir daugiausiai diskusijų sukelianti šiuolaikinės tarptautinės viešosios teisės temų. Ekonomiškai ir technologiškai pažengusios valstybės, šiuolaikiniuose ginkluotose konfliktuose, priešo gyvajai jėgai naikinti, vis labiau remiasi nepilotuojamų orlaivių suteikiamomis galimybėmis. Tokie reiškiniai, kaip intervencija į suverenios valstybės teritoriją, tiksliniai nevalstybinių subjektų nužudymai ir civilių turto naikinimas, sukelia didžiulį rezonansą, susidomėjimą ir diskusijas tarp garsiausių pasaulio teisės mokslininkų. Nepilotuojamų orlaivių naudojimas karo tikslais, sukelia dar daugiau ginčų, dėl išskirtinių nepilotuojamuose orlaiviuose naudojamų technologijų, kurių naudojimą karo tikslais, nereglamentuoja nei vienas humanitarinės teisės šaltinis bei jų specifinio taikinio, t.y. nevalstybinių subjektų.
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Keywords: Internet law; Internet Service Providers; Civil liability; Internetas; Interneto teisė; Interneto paslaugų tiekėjai; Civilinė atsakomybė
Author evaluates the necessity and scope of the legal responsibility of ISPs for the information transmitted through their networks by third parties and introduces basic principles which could form a background for a unified civil liability system of ISP. Main theories of a civil liability for the information transmitted by third parties are analyzed, the main legal acts and notable cases of this type worldwide are examined. Based on the said analysis, author points outs legal regimes on which the background for ISPs’ civil liability system can be built and presents principles for a model of the global regime of a responsibility. It is concluded that incorporation of principles of Internet freedom and privacy, tech-friendly approach, cyber-territorial jurisdiction, consideration of different functioning of various ISPs and their combination with certain legal regimes is the best possible solution to sustainable and sound development of the global civil liability system of ISPs. Spartus interneto augimas pirmiausiai yra susijęs su interneto paslaugų tiekėjais (IPT), suteikiančiais prieigos prie duomenų per viešo naudojimo kompiuterių tinklą paslaugas. Vieningo interneto teisinio reglamentavimo nebuvimas nulemia kovos su internetiniais nusikaltimais (autorių teisių, privatumo pažeidimai ir kt.), o taip pat apriboja IPT galimybes apsiginti nuo trečiųjų asmenų civilinių ieškinių, susijusių su minėtų nusikaltimų sukelta žala. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra įvertinti IPT civilinės atsakomybės už trečiųjų asmenų perduotą informaciją apimtį ir pristatyti pagrindinius principus, kuriais būtų kuriamas bendras globalus IPT civilinės atsakomybės mechanizmo pagrindas. Straipsnyje yra analizuojamos pagrindinės IPT civilinės atsakomybės teorijos ir priskyrimo modeliai, aptariami pagrindiniai šios srities ES ir JAV teisės aktai bei svarbiausios bylos. Straipsnio pabaigoje pristatomi pagrindiniai teisiniai režimai ir principai, būtini vieningai IPT civilinės atsakomybės sistemai.
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Keywords: Applicable law; Law shopping; Forum shopping; Conflicts of laws; Taikytina teisė; Teismo pirkimas; Teisės pirkimas; Tarptautinė privatinė teisė
Conflict of law rules differ from state to state and therefore can encourage persons to evade those conflict norms to achieve the better law or better court. The main purpose of European Community legal tools for private international law is to ensure the same rules for all the member states in order to achieve proper functioning of judicial area. But the unification of law in European Community doesn’t cover all fields and therefore exists possibilities for law shopping. Law shopping and forum shopping can develop into evasion of conflict norms and in such a case it's against the basic principle of law - that no law can arise from illegal action. Article analyses legal consequences for persons who evade conflict of law norms. Authors analyses the concept of law shopping, forum shopping and evasion of law. The definition of law shopping and forum shopping are ambiguous. On the one hand, person can choose more appropriate law for legal… More information can be found in the article. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami valstybių kolizinių normų skirtumai bei nepakankama kolizinių normų harmonizacija, kuri sudaro prielaidas atsirasti teisės bei teismo pirkimui (atitinkamai angl. law shopping bei angl. forum shopping), o pastarųjų egzistavimas - piktnaudžiavimu teise, teisės apėjimu (pranc. froid à la loi). Viena vertus, laisvas taikytinos teisės ir teismo pasirinkimas yra visuotinai pripažįstamo šalių autonomijos principo išdava. Kita vertus, kai viena ar abi ginčo šalys siekia kuo palankesnio teismo sprendimo, piktnaudžiaudamos teise pasirinkti taikytiną teisę ar teismą kitos proceso šalies teisių sąskaita, pažeidžiami visuotinai įtvirtinti sąžiningumo, protingumo bei teisingumo principai. Piktnaudžiavimas taikytinos teisės kolizinėmis normomis sukelia teisinį netikrumą, pasekmės gali būti visiškai nenuspėjamos. Pasaulyje yra daugiau nei du šimtai teisės sistemų ir kiekviena iš jų tą patį teisinį santykį gali reglamentuoti savitai... Daugiau informacijos ieškoti straipsnyje.
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Keywords: Financial law; Financial market regulation; Systemic risk; EU financial regulatory and supervision reform; Finansų teisė; Finansų rinkų reguliavimas; Sisteminė rizika; ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reforma
The main aim of this work is to answer to the question of how will the EU financial regulatory and supervision reform will impact the development of the fundamental principles of Lithuanian financial market regulation. For this reason in the first part of this article determines the concept of legal principle and the typology of the principles of financial regulation and supervision. The second part is dedicated for the understanding of the EU financial regulatory and supervision reform and in the last part of this article the author examines one of the most important tasks of the financial markets – prevention and management of the systemic risk, which leads to the understanding of the framework of Lithuanian financial markets regulation and supervision. This analysis shows that there is no doubt that European Union financial regulatory and supervision reform will have a major impact on the fundamental principles of Lithuanian financial market regulation. Straipsnio autorius siekdamas išsiaiškinti, kaip ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reforma įtakos pagrindinių Lietuvos finansų rinkos reguliavimo principų vystymuisi šiame straipsnyje iškėlė hipotezę – ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reforma turės esminės įtakos pagrindiniams Lietuvos finansų rinkos reguliavimo principams. Tuo tikslu šiame straipsnyje yra (i) apibrėžiami pagrindiniai finansų teisės principai bei analizuojama šių principų praktinis pritaikymas skirtingose finansų rinkos reguliavimo ir priežiūros sistemose, (ii) analizuojami naujai kuriamos ES finansų rinkos reguliavimo ir priežiūros sistemos reglamentuojantys teisės aktai bei jų galima įtaka valstybių narių teisėkūrai (iii) analizuojama dabartinė Lietuvos finansų rinkos priežiūros sistema ir ją reglamentuojantys teisės aktai; bei (v) įvertinama ES finansų reguliavimo ir priežiūros reformos įtaka atskirų pagrindinių Lietuvos finansų rinkų reguliavimo principų vystymuisi.
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Keywords: TELEVISION; TELEVISION NEWS; CONTRASTIVE POLISH-GERMAN ANALYSIS; CHANNEL FORMAT; NEWS TOPICS
This paper aims to analyze TV news of selected public information magazine programs in Poland and Germany. The contrastive analysis encompasses TV news of the first German national channel ARD and the first Polish national channel TVP1. The focus of the analysis lies on the comparison of framed programs and information service topics broadcast in the two countries’ TV stations during the time when the main topic of all TV news both in Poland and Germany was the radical change in Egypt (selected information services in January and February in 2011). The following aspects have been thoroughly analyzed: service format, share of the hard news and the soft news as well as the national and international news of the information magazine during the given time as well as time dedicated to the main topic of the day. What can be inferred from the contrastive analysis of the information services of the national channels in Poland (TVP1) and Germany (ARD) is that the same information function performed within the same format may show many various differences. While the news on TVP1 seems to compete for larger audiences (i.e., greater share of the sensational news and soft news, the role of the anchor person), the ARD-news continues to prefer a certain sound tradition by offering a classical type of information service, stressing a serious national and international information. The decision to keep an unchanged TV news presentation guarantees the ARD-news a strong market share in the information sector among other public and commercial TV stations.
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Keywords: COLOUR TERMS; LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; POLISH; RUSSIAN
The article deals with the terms of colours as a very important component of language picture of the world. The paper focuses upon the specific features of colour terms on the basis of comparative study of chromatic lexemes.
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Keywords: SEMIOTICS; SEMIOTICS OF CULTURE; HISTORICAL TEXT; PAINTING; IMAGE; VERBAL CODES; VISUAL CODES
In the article the problem of semiosis of the global topic in verbal and visual texts is taken into consideration. In the first section a theoretical framework is introduced, in the second verbal text (i.e. the genre of the synthesis of Polish national history) is elaborated, in the third the similar discussion on visual ‘texts’ is conducted, while in the fourth section final remarks are provided with additional suggestions concerning further investigations. The opening remarks concern the very idea of the topic in verbal texts, notably in historical texts (the operational term final – taken from semiotic works of Boris Uspienski – is introduced). The final – interrelated with the global topic and genre – organizes the whole historical narration and establishes its cohesion; their overwhelming presence enables grasping the very act of data interpretation. Every event or historical figure conceptualized in a historical narration (for instance the Prussian Homage in 1525 or Polish king Sigismund) receives its own meaning only insofar as it maintains its constant relation with the global topic expressed by the title (top-down and bottom-up mechanisms). There are some similarities that the title and global topic possess in the acts of interpretation of painting, notably realistic representations of historical events. For example a piece of Jan Matejko entitled Hołd Pruski (Prussian Homage) imposes on an observer a set of connotative features deeply rooted in the Polish imaginery encoded in language and structured by the national narration. This particular example opens up a discussion about the function of the verbal title and visual ‘text’ in pieces of Giorgione, René Magritte, Kazimierz Malewicz, Marek Rostworowski. The analysis is not finished; it only sketches a very general problem of interrelation of verbal and visual codes that could be analyzed within the field of semiotics and semiotics of culture.
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Keywords: FUNCTIONAL STYLISTICS; DISCURSIVE ANALYSES; DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXT; COGNITIVE EVALUATION; DYNAMICS OF COGNITION
The article deals with the problem of evaluation in scientific knowledge. The author substantiates specific role of evaluation in scientific text. Evaluation is being presented as axiological component of cognitive activity that takes active part in the process of composing scientific production. The author differentiates “cognitive evaluation” and traditional understanding of evaluation as a scale “good – neutral – bad” and states that evaluation penetrates through the entire fabric of scientific text and so can be called the “energy” of mechanism of text making.
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Keywords: RUNET AS NEW SPEECH ENVIRONMENT; TYPES OF DISCOURSE OF RUNET; GENRE AND STYLE FORMS; LANGUAGE OF INTERNET
Leisure discourse is one of the main types of the discourse of Russian-speaking internet. It realizes the aims of a language person for the way of spending time, resting, entertainment. The field of leisure discourse in runet is formed by such micro-fields as communication, self-presentation (designing of a web-person), creative works, hobby, cognition (navigation), playing, sex. Motives and functions of leisure activity of a language person, as well as those genre forms where this activity takes place, have been analyzed.
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Keywords: LANGUAGE ETIQUETTE; HONORIFIC EXPRESSIONS; LEXICAL CONNOTATION; INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
The article deals with the ways of using the loanwords pan / pani in Russian press discourse. In such a context they serve not only to honour the main character of an utterance or its addressee, but also to indicate his different cultural background. Besides, the forms pan/ pani, used in the headlines, are a subject of word plays based on an originality of untypical phrases or common lexical connotations. Taking into consideration the fact that the way of using the loanwords pan / pani does not always correspond with rules of the adopted etiquette, one can speak not only about consolidation of ideas on this matter, but also about creation of its image.
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Keywords: STYLE; STYLISTICS; FUNCTIONAL SYNTAX; STATEMENT; COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS; SLAVONIC LANGUAGES
The tendency in researching language stylistics is that researchers rather start from a certain style and assign language properties to it, including syntactic ones. In the presented article, which is based on the model of functional syntax (Kiklewicz 1999; 2004), the author suggests an opposite research perspective, that is analysis of stylistic properties of specific kinds of syntactic structures. Being completion of the former description rule this research suggestion contributes to a comprehensive presentation of language competence where stylistic markedness of language units constitutes an important aspect. For this reason and due to isolation of categorical content of the function, scope of its meaning and reference the suggestion depicted is so helpful in comparing languages.
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Keywords: PRONOUNS; COLLOQUIAL SPEECH; FREQUENCY; FUNCTIONAL STYLES; EXTRA-LINGUISTIC FACTORS; CONNOTATION; OPPOSITION; ASSESSMENT; INTENSIFICATION; DEPERSONALIZATION
The stylistic peculiarities of the pronouns in the Bulgarian language are examined in the paper. The reasons for the attention towards the pronouns lie in their poor studying as stylistic means as well as in their belonging to the linguistic universalities which gives an opportunity for observations in comparative and juxtaposing aspect. First of all, on the basis of material from the five functional styles, conclusions are drawn about the frequency of the pronominal use in each formation. By discussing the extra-linguistic reasons for the results the marked activity of the pronouns in the colloquial speech is ascertained vs. the comparatively low frequency of use in the business speech. The statistic data are based on a body of 150 000 units for each style. The author quotes data concerning the functioning of the separate groups of pronouns in the five functional styles and the data are bound to the indication bookishness of the texts. The second problem which is discussed in the paper is the axiological and intensification use of the pronouns in the colloquial speech. On the basis of their distribution on the scale us / them the assessment uses are described which are connected with the oppositions near / far, definite / indefinite, man / not man. As a result of the analysis of the cited examples the equalization of the oppositions us /them and good / bad in the use of linguistic means is determined. Part of the examples have counterparts in other languages as for instance in the Polish language and this provides the opportunity to formulate the hypothesis of universality in the assessment uses of the pronouns in the various languages as well.
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Keywords: SACRED VOCABULARY; SPOKEN DISCOURSE; SEMANTIC CHANGE; DESECRATION
Sacred vocabulary in polish spoken discourse can be used as euphemisms, value vocabulary, quasi-sacred exclamation, damns, names of objects in usual reality etc. Semantic changes of the lexis are related to composition, extension and elaboration of meaning. This process is related to phenomenon of desecration, profanation and also to changes of taboo in modern polish culture and society. Sacrum is no more important and can be used to give names various aspects of reality. For this reason, sacred vocabulary can attend variety semantic and pragmatic functions in texts and spoken discourse.
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Keywords: METALINGUISTIC UTTERANCES; STYLISTIC SHIFTS; STYLISTIC NORM
The article investigates the metalinguistic utterances block as a specific set of speech signals, showing the obvious stylistic shifts and the modern times stylistic norms formation. On the one hand, we can see the common process of stylistic lowering of speech, on the other hand, stylistic lowering isaccompanied by disappearing of high stylistic speech. Metalinguistic utterances become the base of the new analysis methodic of stylistic material, complimentary to traditional methods.
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Keywords: THE SPOKEN; THE WRITTEN; LINGUISTIC MEANS; FUNCTIONAL; COMPLEX; SIMPLEX STYLES; VARIETY; REGISTER; IDIOLECT; SOCIOLECT
This contribution deals with the topic of the spoken and the written from the perspective of stylistics; in this context, attention is devoted to some stylistic concepts which currently appear to be controversial or require some revision. It reacts, among others, to the recently published Polish publication by Kordian Bakuła Mówione ~ pisane: komunikacja, język, tekst (2008) [Spoken ~ Written: Communication, Language, Text] and leans toward the understanding of the spoken and the written as two different styles. The analysis of the written and spoken versions of the same story, told by the same person, is oriented above all toward syntactic differences; it serves as an argument for the claim that spoken and written Czech cannot be understood as two different languages, with a differing repertoire of syntactic structures or grammatical means. Though both versions of the narration differ in many ways, they do so through their overall coloring, atmosphere – it means through their style. The idea of spoken and written style is likely in harmony with that of the conceptual written and spoken (as opposed to the medium-specific; cf. Raible 1994). The spoken and the written are further placed in a relationship to concepts from the area of typology of style. K. Hausenblas (1973) considered the style of spoken and written expression to be simplex styles. Perhaps the term macrostyle would be appropriate for them, though it is oriented to the functional styles in the dictionary by Kožina et al (2003). Of the functional styles, the broadly understood “spoken style” is closest to the Czech terms styl hovorový (prostě sdělovací, běžně mluvený, kolokviální) [colloquial style, simple informative style, everyday spoken style], in Polish potoczny, in Russian razgovornyj. However, it is not possible to unambiguously connect style with a particular realized variety; also, the concept of register most likely refers to a point somewhere in between style and variety. The delimitation of the concepts of idiolect (which is close to individual style) and sociolect (which is close to language variety) is also complicated from this perspective; sometimes, for example, a distinction is made between idiolect and idiostyle.
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Keywords: HIGH STYLE; LOW STYLE; NOVEL; MILOS URBAN
The dichotomy of a „high style” and a „low style” goes back to Lomonosov´s delineation of a „high style”, a „middle style”, and a „low style” in his famous Ritorika (1748), or – in the Czech setting – to Jungmann´s theory of styles formulated in his Slovesnost (1820). Though the trichotomy does not solve the problems in classifying styles and genres, the delineation of the three basic stylistic qualities still preserves it validity in the theory of linguistic practices (such as orthoepic variation, lexical choices, etc.), and does not lose its explanatory power in folk linguistic considerations. The manifestations of „high” (elaborated) and „low” (restricted) discursive practices are illustrated using the analysis of a Czech „sophisticated crime novel” Stín katedrály (The Shadow of the Cathedral) by Miloš Urban. In this novel, both practices characteristic of communication competencies of the two main heroes of the novel are linguistically represented, contrasted and hyperbolized.
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Keywords: IDIOSTYLE; WRITER’S LANGUAGE; DICTIONARIES TYPOLOGY; MONOLINGUAL AND BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES; POLISH; RUSSIAN
The author presents an overview of bibliography dealing with Polish and Russian writer’s dictionaries. He shows a concept of lexicographic research on idiostyles proposed by B.A. Larin. He also discusses the issues of creating monolingual and bilingual writer’s language dictionaries.
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