Keywords: Allium sativum; arheobotanica; arheologie; context magico-ritual; mormânt; usturoi
The archaeological discovery of four cloves of garlic in a Neolithic necropolis from Iclod (Cluj county) within a child’s grave determined us to discuss its magical-ritual purpose. The paper has been written around this hypothesis. The cloves of garlic were found in a small pot within the child grave. In order to demonstrate our idea we detailed the multiple uses of Allium sativum during time, starting with the clear historical evidence discovered by archaeologists in ancient China, Egyptian tombs, classical Greece, from the Roman period and the Middle Ages. The legends and traditional beliefs about garlic in Romania and other European countries are also reviewed.
More...Keywords: antropomorf; arta plastica; colectie; neolitic; zoomorf
The present article presents some objects of plastic art from the Eneolithic Gumelnita culture, which were discovered at the beginning of the 20th Century in a tell on the area of the Jilava comune, county Ilfov, the site being destroyed during quarrying for gravel. According to some soundings excavated by Dinu V. Rosetti in 1929-1931, at the site Magura Jilava the existence of a single settlement layer of phase B1 of the Gumelnita culture was documented. Due to the planned exploitation of gravel, before the soundings very many objects had been collected from the site. Many of these finds, discovered by chance, were bought by Dr. Constantin Istrati-Capsa for his personal exhibition, which was to form a basis for the second museum institution in Drobeta-Turnu-Severin founded in 1924, named Muzeul Dr. C. I. Istrati. The heritage from this museum was transferred to the Museum of the Iron Gates’ Region in the early 1950´s, where a large part of the former Istrati-Capsa collection is still preserved today. Among the materials of this collection there are nine anthropomorphic-zomorphic sculptures, of which six have never been published: the fragment of an anthropomorphic vessel, an anthropomorphic bone figurine, the clay reprezentation of an hedgehog and three vessel-lids with anthropomorphic handles. In addition there are two pots of daily use and a miniature house discovered by chance at the same Magura Jilava site and which complement the Gumelnita material in the collection of the Museum of the Iron Gates’ Region.
More...Keywords: epigrafie; inscriptie funerara; placuta votiva; relatii comerciale
Die Inschriften zeigen, dass die Einheiten von Tibiscum mehrmals die Legion aus Apulum in verschiedenen Kriegszügen unterstützte. Auch legio XIII Gemina half, wenn es nötig war, der Garnison von Tibiscum. Eine Arbeitsvexillation der Legion hatte wahrscheinlich am Anfang der römischen Herrschaft in Dakien die erste Bauphase aus Stein des Lagers von Tibiscum errichtet. Die epigraphische Evidenz zeigt uns eine genug enge Bindung zwischen den Auxiliartruppen von Tibiscum und dem Oberkommando der Provinz, mit Sitz in Apulum, ins besonders im 3. Jahrhundert. n. Chr. Die militärische Beziehungen zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie hatte auch die wirtschaftlichen Verbindungen ermutigt. So kann man bemerken, dass die von Tibiscum stammenden suri negotiatores in Apulum tätig waren.
More...Keywords: bratara; Bronz târziu; celturi; ceramica; cronologie; fortificatie; Hallstatt; sapaturi arheologice stratigrafie
Die vorliegende Studie ist eine rumänische Variante des Beitrages, der in der Festschrift für Herrn Tudor Soroceanu erscheinen soll, die in der Reihe Biblioteca Historica et Archaeologica in Temeschwar vorbereitet wird. Dort erscheint der gesamte Artikel auf Deutsch.
More...Keywords: arta; Buda; carte româneasca veche; Minei; Râmnic; tipografie; traditie bizantina; xilogravura
At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, books for the Romanians were printed both in centers situated within the Romanian area (Bucharest, Iasi, Buzau, Râmnic, Blaj, Sibiu, Brasov, Manastirea Neamt a. s. o.) and abroad (Vienna, Buda a. s. o.). Among the typographies of that time, the one of Buda held an important position, the Romanians from everywhere deriving profit from its output. About 200 books, having various themes, were printed in Buda, for the Romanians, between 1780 and 1830. Mineiul Mare, covering 12 months, printed in two editions 1804 and 1805 is the most monumental book printed in Buda’s printing house. It contains the biggest title sheet existing in any of the books printed in that typography, which is also taken again in Octoih, 1811, Triod and Strastnic, 1816. The other seven illustrations of Minei (Crucifixion, Annunciation, The Forty Martyrs, Constantine and Helen, Dormition of the Virgin, Samuel and Saul and Sf. Nicholas) have neither been reproduced (excepting the one that represents Constantine and Helen) nor commented on (excepting the title sheet) in the speciality bibliography up to the present. As we have tried to demonstrate, besides the Minei’s text which is influenced by that of Râmnic from 1776-1780, we consider that most of the illustrations proceed from the same source. The documents of Buda’s printing house prove that the xilographs of Minei were achieved by Carolus Fridericus Hederich Frigyes who worked in this typography at that time, as a printer, learning the trade of woodcutting by himself, who also made some wood vignettes. The graphic material of Minei proves that it is traditional (of Byzantine type) both thematically and interpretatively. The illustration Annunciation makes an exception to the rule as itsoccidental influence is more prominent. Other exceptions can be found in certain details of other illustrations such as the rendering of the houses in Dormition of the Virgin.
More...Keywords: arhitectura; cartiere; evolutie urbanistica; fortificatie; oras; Sebes; strazi; turci; vecinatati
economically and demographically, but also urbanistically. There were no noteworthy undertakings in what regards public edifices except for some consolidation and modernisation works focused on the town fortifications. This is when the two barbicans marking the two main gateways of the town, the eastern and the western one, were built. The buildings of Sebes got severely damaged in 1661 when the Turks conquered the town and set it on fire. This event hastened the replacement of the wooden houses, which continued to be quite numerous for that time, with stone and brick constructions. Documents dating from the late 17th Century and the early 18th Century mention the main streets of the town as well as the four neighborhoods on the structure of which the Rosarum, Jacobi, Petri and Siculorum quarters were later built. Beginning with the 18th century, the defensive function of the town fortifications diminishes gradually as a result of the period of relative calm that had settled in Transylvania. Houses are built closer and closer to the walls, the surrounding ditches begin to be filled in and the lakes to be drained off. The plots of land thus obtained were turned into gardens. In the year 1731 the magistrate and the local community give the former Dominican monastery to the Franciscan Order. In 1740 the monastery and its outbuildings were renovated with the support of Empress Maria Theresia. The 18th Century pieces of information regarding the buildings of the town are more numerous and of a better quality compared to the ones dating from previous centuries. The descriptions are more detailed and, occasionally, they refer to importantconstructions such as the Evangelical Parochial Church, the town hall and various elements of the town fortification. One such description is that written by Georg Marienburger in 1785.
More...Keywords: Atanasie; biserica; cultura; episcop; identitate nationala; identitate religioasa; întoarcerea la Biserica Romei; putere; reprezentare; traditia strabuna; Teofil; unire religioasa
This article dedicated to bishops Teofil and Atanasie is part from a collaboration, within the Research programme Unirea religioasa a unei parti a românilor ardeleni cu Biserica Romei (Religious union of a part of Romanians from Transylvania with the Church of Rome), on the agreement between „1 Decembrie 1918” University and „Pro Oriente” Foundation from Vienna. Within the context of researching and interpreting history of Romanians from Transylvania from after the middle of the XVIIth century, beginning from the rapport between State – Church and the syntagm power-culture, in the direction of three coordinates – identity, ideology and representation – are presented and valorized stages and moments from life and activity of bishops Teofil and Atanasie, in the service of the Church and Romanians from Transylvania. If we agree with a certain historiographic formula, according which Religious Union of a part of Romanians from Transylvania with the Church of Rome conferred them the quality of instrumentum regni, then it is proper to report the moment of Teofil (? – 1697) to the effective debuts of the Union, and ending – on the whole – of this difficult process is reported to ruling of Atanasie Anghel (? – 1713), during whom cultural and political demands of Romanians from Transylvania refine, until a certain point of the fight, preparing Romanian society from Transylvania for the moment of Inochentie Micu-Klein, with the sum of national and political demands. As a matter of fact, Religious Union of a part of Romanians from Transylvania with the Church of Rome, in the spirit of the Synod from Florence, on the line of a congruence between eastern and western civilization of Europe, had as ideological and pragmatical base two coordinates: preserving ancient tradition, that is return to Church of Rome (on the line proposed byGherontie Cotore) inclusively acknowledging the Church of the Romanians from Transylvania together with their religion among the acknowledged denominations and their acceptance amongst privileged nations from the political system of the Transylvanian principality. From this view of research and historical interpretation the biographies of bishops Teofil and Atanasie Anghel must be understood, within their essential stages and moments.
More...Keywords: acant; arc romanic; catedrala; croseta; cuburi; împletitura; palmeta; rozetă
Result of association in a homogeneous system of some elements inherited or taken over, of interferences and own experiences, Romanic sculpture was generator of some original shapes, of intense circulation and wide geographical spread in early medieval Europe. Sculptures from Roman-Catholic cathedral from Alba Iulia – objective integrated to our study – are defining for the characteristics of Roman Transylvanian plastic, within choice and interpretation of the ornamental repertoire. Without knowing the abundance and diversity of manifestations occurred within Occidental plastic, Romanic sculpture from the Roman-Catholic cathedral from Alba Iulia made use of all the experiences of Romanic art in the field of architectonical decorum: the combination of joints offered by apparent masonry; discrete geometrical and vegetal motifs, purely decorative or the high expression of anthropomorphous and zoomorphic figurative.
More...Keywords: candela; cadelnita; cutie de tamâie; Hapria; obiecte de cult
The study presents a few altar objects that recently entered the collection of the museum, which were recuperated with similar artefacts of the wooden church from Hapria, deallocated in 2006 due to its severe deterioration. There are reviewed procedures of restoration-conservation to which the vigil lamps, censer and incense box were subjected to, as well as the way of reconstructing the constitutive elements that disappeared over time. In addition, the composition of the metal or alloy from which the pieces were made is referred to, taking as guiding marks interesting and useful information mentioned by some parish „chronicles” from the second half of the XIXth century, as well as from the history of metallurgy. Finally, there are revealed a few aspects concerning the symbolistim of analysed cult pieces and the substances used together with them along the officiation of the priestly ritual.
More...Keywords: cresterea animalelor; cultura Cotofeni; strategie de subsistenta; transhumanta; vânatoare
Câlnic village is situated in south-eastern of Alba County, in the southern part of Plateau Secaselor, in the piedmont area of Cindrelului Mountains, on a left tributary of the river Secasul Mare, at a distance of 28 km of Alba Iulia and 15 km from Sebes. From the Cotofeni culture settlement, phase III b, derived a faunal sample of 590 bones, presented in this paper (table 1). The wild species, according to estimates amount to around 22% of the total presumed individuals, confirming the well circumscribed position of hunting in the food and utility; palette resources provided by large-sized game (deer, aurochs), medium or low (wild boar, fallow deer, hare) will be diverse, including meat, skins, fur, bone and horn. However the management of domestic species is more important than the game segment, it includes in descending order sheep-goat, cattle and pig. Slaughter age profiles suggest different exploiting of species (fig. 1). In the case of small ruminants two cutting „peaks” are found: one up to a year and the next over 4 years, a schedule that would correspond to a large extent to exploitation of meat and dairy products. There is a maximum of cattle slaughter (41.7 %) between 2 -3 years, so during highest fertility. Certainly animals selected for slaughter were primarily male. Killing at that time was obviously for meat. A second cut-peak maximum is reached after 4 - 5 years, and there are individuals of 5 -7 or 9- 11years old. Certainly by-products are sought in this case. For pigs the descending way of their curve is clearly observed in the graph 1, which means marked slaughter up to three years and then reduced. Meat production is ensured by slaughtering throughout the year, keeping an important animal as breeding stock. Perhaps Cotofeni communities, at least towards the end of their evolution, will have undergone some changes that would affect economic life: 1. the composition change of domestic stocks to refocus the animal production on ovicaprids exploitation, 2. an efficiency management of herds, focusing on by-products, especially in the case of cattle, species that required some efforts of livestock maintenance, especially during winter. Exploitation of wildlife in Cotofeni settlements of the territory of Romania is little known although there are currently a number of sites with zooarchaeological analyses. According to these data, it appears clear that inhabitants of Cotofeni settlements practiced the hunting of a variety of mammals for meat, hides, horn and bone in addition to breeding.
More...Keywords: aluminiu; argint; ban; bronz; emisiune monetara; legea monetara; leu
The articol presents 273 coins, belonging to the numismatic collection of the History Museum of Aiud, stamped between 1867-1947 by Carol I, Ferdinand I, Carol II and Mihai I, the sovereigns of the romanian Royal Dinasty at that time. There are also presented coins emitted after the monetary stabilization on 15th of August 1947.
More...Keywords: cercei; cronologie; decor; podoabe; teritoriul României; spatiu balcanic; tipologie
This study proposes a grouping of earrings decorated with curled wire, that were discovered on the actual territory of Romania, a typology and chronology of them. An overview of the issue for the countries from Central Europe and of south-east was presented at the beginning. There follows a repertoire of discoveries from Romania, organized on types of sites (necropolises, settlements and discoveries of unstated type). The type of discoveries has been analysed, as well as the manufacturing materials, execution techniques (for lock-rings, rods and decor). Type I is represented by pieces from Alba Iulia-Statia de salvare, Coconi-Caldarea, Craiova-Fântâna Obedeanu, Dridu-La Metereze, Nufarul-La Piatra, Pacuiul lui Soare and Portaresti-Cetatuie; Pl.1/1-5, 8, 14, 15-18. This had probably the widest spread, being encountered in Korbovo, Bizeljske, Pilin, etc. Typology of pieces from Romania Type Ia (Suceava, Trifesti; Pl.1/19, 21). The piece from Suceava was discovered probably in the same context with another earring decorated with a round setting from silver wire. Similar pieces were discovered in Wallachia in the necropolis from Vadul Anei, being dated throughout the XVIth century. Unfortunately the stratigraphic context and chronology are not very evident for this piece. The piece from the second locality dates from the XIIIth-XIVth centuries. Type Ib (Trifesti; Pl. 1/20). At the moment we do not dispose of definite analogies for this piece, but on the base of general dating of the necropolis it may be dated similarly with the previous piece that came from the same locality. Type II (Craiova-Fântâna Obedeanu; Pl. 1/6-7) has analogies in discoveries from Macedonia, from Prilep, Kocani or from Serbia, in Ribnica. In this last locality, a sheet pendant was additionally added in the lower part of the rod. Type III (Isaccea; Pl.1/10-11) consists, in fact, of the pendants of some earrings. Similar pendants were also discovered only in Niš and Kocani. Pieces from Mâlesti and Hudum-Dealul Hudumului, necropolis 2 cannot be framed within a certain type or variant, they not being whole pieces. In the same situation are pieces from Bornis, Cetateni-Muscel and Cetatea Neamtului, which were not published with illustration or depiction.
More...Keywords: bataille; graphisme; phonétisme; sarrasin; souverain; texte littéraire; toponyme; Valachie
More...Keywords: activism politic; istoric; miscare bolsevica; Primul Razboi Mondial; serviciu de presa; voluntar
Biography of a great historian is, invariably, the biography of a great man. Being born outside the political borders of Romanian state, but within the historical ones occupied by Romanian nation, Alexandru Lapedatu was animated, throughout his whole life, by the feeling of affiliation to a territory which he considered to be connected organically with the political project that started in 1859. Convinced about the role and Transylvania’s importance within a modern and democratic Romania, the historian imposed a duty of honour that is sustaining, both by political actions, and through his historical speech, the national action of Romanians from Transylvania, he always identifying with their cause. Trained as a political man following the activity carried out in the Cultural League and the contact with personalities who activated here, the historian, aware of the necessity of promoting much more consistent actions and at the same time coordinated with those from across the Carpathians, supported publicly, after 1900, the political activism of Romanians from Transylvania, as the only way of realizing and applying a political national programme. Thus, involvement of Alexandru Lapedatu in the Romanian political life had a positive role, the historian influencing, by personal experience gained following the research of national history, numerous decisions taken by the authorities of time. Without sketching an idilic portrait of the historian and political man Alexandru Lapedatu, we must underline his importance within the general evolution of Romanian society, accepting also the existence of some options which, over time proved to be less beneficial. Such a moment was that of the evacuation of the Romanian hoard from Russia, in 1917, in front of imminent offensive of German armies, event in which the historian also took part, as associate of national archives, which were enstranged with this occasion.
More...Keywords: daruri; diplomatie; document; habsburgi; politica externa; sultan; vistierie
To promote political objectives in relation to the Ottoman Empire, Vienna put into action, next to competence and determination, important amounts of money. The first important „pouring” of money was made in March 1548, on the account of the peace agreement from 1547, this way: 30.000 ducats for the treasury of the state, as ”price of peace”; 5.400 ducats representing „gifts” for Ottoman dignitaries from Istanbul; 2.200 ducats for the administrative body of diplomatic legation. Totally, almost 37.600 ducats were spent on diplomatic purposes. A simple calculation shows us that on the whole of diplomatic expenses of Vienna in Istanbul those supporting the staff of its diplomatic legation represented approximately 5-6 %, while those destined to Ottoman dignitaries represented approximately 14 %. If it were to report only to the money that entered thepockets of high Ottoman dignitaries, we notice that the sum allocated to the legation represented only 37 % from that for „gifts”. Out of data offered by documents valorized in this study the conclusion may be drawn that Viennese diplomacy was prudent and pragmatic when it negotiated or made payments in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. To the Ottoman dignitaries it offered much and gave little, always for services provided and never for promises. Practically, the Ottomans received money only in 1548, for conclusion of peace from 1547, and in the following two years, to maintain peace at the border from Hungary. On the whole, in 1548, 1549 and 1550, years when payments were made, the diplomatic expenses of Vienna in Istanbul were approximately of 12.000 ducats. On 1551, on the background of the crisis generated by the intervention of soldiers of Ferdinand I in Transylvania, payments towards the Ottomans ceased until issues concerning „the Transylvanian crisis” were solved.
More...Keywords: canonic; carturar; disertatie; iluminism; Scriptura; tiparitura; traducere
Dimitrie Vaida (1760-1818) was one of the first Romanian scholars preoccupied with the issue of interpreting the Scripture, next to Samuil Micu and Teodor Pop. His interest for this subject is explained by the activity as teacher at the Greek-Catholic Theological Seminary fromBlaj and as tutor of aspirants to priestly dignity. This text focuses on the analysis of the significations of his first work (from 1809), previous to the involvement within the polemics with Petru Maior, as supporter of bishop Ioan Bob. We refer to Învatatura povatuitoare spre cunostinta Sfintei Scripturi, a translation after creation of Fleming Jansenist theologian Joannes Opstraet, De locis theologicis dissertationes decem […], existent both in the library of „Holy Trinity” monastery from Blaj, and personal libraries of clerics Stefan Salciai and Alexandru Fiscuti. From the work of Opstraet, Dimitrie Vaida translated selectively theses referring to Holy Scriptures, Tradition, Church, Fathers of the Church and ecumenical synods. The selection aimed at omission of eminent theological issues, that weren’t indispensable to priests or those who prepared to become priests; on the other side, avoidance of more problematic issues and the other theses (related to authority of Roman pontifs, history, scholastic theology, philosophy and natural reason) resulted in offering a more Orthodox view, from doctrinal point of view, than that characteristic of Opstraet. Translation of Dimitrie Vaida is comparable with another contemporaneous traslation from the creation of Opstraet (printed in Blaj in 1811), known as Tractat despre locurile theologhicesti; differences between versions prove the fact that they were made by different translators. Importance of work Învatatura povatuitoare spre cunostinta Sfintei Scripturi, which remained in manuscript, is conferred mainly by its character of textbook; it rendered rules of lecturing and interpreting the biblical text and fundamental doctrinal notions related to the Holy Script, Tradition and Church, together with their mirroring in the writtings of the Fathers of the Church and canons of the ecumenical synods; last but not least, it is important by ample reproductions from the work of Saint Augustine, De Doctrina Christiana, referring to the exegesis of the Scripture and requests of Christian life.
More...Keywords: articole defaimatoare; cazul Rudolf Hess; Germania; jurnalisti români; Marea Britanie; piloti; raiduri aeriene; Uniunea Sovietica
Began on 10 July 1940, the Battle of England continued with almost the same level of intensity also in the second half of 1941, more precisely with March, because in January and February weather conditions weren’t favourable for flights, fact that resulted in the instauration of a period of relative calm between the two combatants. In the spring of 1941, Hermann Göring realizing the vital importance of supplying Great Britain with working material, started to apply the so-called “tour of ports made by Luftwaffe”. As a consequence, important cities of Great Britain were bombarded, which were also ports, amongst them being, of course, London. Romanian press of the time recorded almost exclusively only the successes of German pilots, these being opposed to failures of British raids over Germany, which ended invariably in minor damages or only bombarding of some civilian targets. Information presented by Romanian journalists must not be taken into consideration ad literam, as they took over information from German press, so that events were presented in a twisted manner. Moreover, there must not be forgotten that Romania was an ally of the Third Reich. German air raid from 10/11 May was the last big air raid led against Great Britain, because, Hitler, not being capable to defeat the resistance of the British, was slightly upset and, finally, not knowing how to act, just like Napoleon, planned a campaign in Russia. Its conquering was perceived as a preliminary stage of the final battle with England. Thus, as July came, the Battle of England practically ended, even if sporadic attacks were still launched.
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