Jerzy Holzer, Europa zimnej wojny (Jacek Tebinka) Jacek Czaputowicz, Suwerenność (Jerzy Menkes) Katarzyna Anna Nawrot, Kraje rozwijające się we współczesnej gospodarce światowej (Maria Dunin-Wąsowicz) Omówienia
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Keywords: Russia; International Low
The aim of the article is to answer the following questions: did Russia violate international law by executing an armed intervention in Crimea and what are the legal consequences of the Crimean crisis? The author claims that Russia committed aggression against Ukraine, thus violating a peremptory norm of international law. As a consequence, not only Russia is legally responsible for the commission of an internationally wrongful act but also third states and international organisations obliged to bring to an end serious breaches of international law. As well, these latter two are obliged to not recognise the unlawful annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia. The author analyses legal justifications of the Russian actions, such as defence of nationals, intervention by invitation, humanitarian intervention and the right to exercise self-determination. The author claims that the legal arguments presented by Russia are not convincing, taking into account the circumstances of the crisis.
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Keywords: EU; Energy Security
The development of common energy policy in the European Union, including the aspects of energy security and solidarity, is not yet close to completion. Despite the legal basis for the creation of such a policy being expressed in Article 194 TFEU, what is lacking at the current stage of integration, especially among the EU’s largest Member States, is political will. The lack of a common position among the states in regards to, for instance, security of the gas supply to the EU or external policy in general, seriously hinders the development process of consistent common policy at the EU level in the area of energy security and solidarity. With this taken into account, the creation of a common gas market based on the free trade of goods (free movement of gas) between Member States and free access to infrastructure for all suppliers may enable the EU countries to possess comparable energy mixes and import dependencies in addition to similar interests and expectations with regards to common energy policy in the area of energy security and energy solidarity.
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Keywords: Court of Human; European Court
The development of European integration also means a partial restriction in the resolution of matters falling within the competence of the highest courts in Poland, including the Constitutional Tribunal. This situation creates multilevel model interpretation and application of the law. A multilateral, constructive dialogue between national and European courts is inevitable due to the convergence of security systems at the national and international levels and the development of European law in areas that previously seemed to be excluded from this measure.
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Keywords: Rule of Low; EU
A new EU framework to strengthen the rule of law, presented by the European Commission in March 2014, seeks to ensure effective and coherent protection of one of the values on which the European Union is founded. The new framework is to precede and complement the Article 7 TEU procedure and infringement procedures under Article 258 TFEU. Nevertheless, this initiative is just a prelude to future treaty changes that could lead to more systematic and autonomous monitoring of fundamental rights within the EU, depolitisation of the mechanisms ensuring respect of EU common values and strengthening the role of the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union in this area.
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Keywords: Romanian jargon;
The well known and omnipresent word "naşpa" its' origin and meanings form Rodica Zafiu's subject for this article. As many other words used in various jargons, especially the underworld's "naşpa" has a wide range of references more or less negative.
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Keywords: The Romania Mare party; Corneli Vadim Tudor; false patriotism; Securitate;
After exposing the inside goings on of the party Romania Mare the author suggests ironically that the name of Vadim's party be changed from Romania Mare into "Familia mare" - the big family. The false patriotism exulted by the extremist leader Vadim and his political party where a lot of ex members of the secret politic police found sanctuary is strongly denounced. The author warns on the danger represented by these ex Securitate members still active in the politic and military structures.
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Keywords: Romanian journalism;
The author reviews some name of magazines and newspapers active in today's Romania journalistic panorama, all claming to inherit in addition to the famous names they have taken, the literary and social value of the great names from beginnings of Romanian journalism of the 19th century. Famous names of the interwar period such as: "The Trend", "The Truth" and the 19 century ones "The Romanian Courier", "The Bee" are now to be found at the reader's disposal but the legacy of the old titles in respect of quality of writing is rather questionable.
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Keywords: poetry by Cristian Badilita;
Virgil Ierunca, Andrei Plesu, Horia Patapievici, Alex Stefanescu are the famous receivers of the informal dedications, written by Cristian Bădiliţă all magnificent samples of poetry and spiritual portraits altogether. The last part of the article is meant to be by contrast,"a non dedication"but is in fact an ode to poetry as an eternal thing of beauty and life giver.
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Keywords: Romanian vanguard in the interwar period; Sasa Pana;
Saşa Pană was an outstanding editor, writer and poet of the Romanian vanguard in the interwar period. His diary which is an excellent source of information about other poets and writers of the time, (the figure of Geo Bogza, a close friend of Saşa Pană), is given as an example, Pană's struggle as an editor, various aspects of his life as well as and his late activity as a left movement intellectual are some of the topics of this article signed by Ioana Pârvulescu.
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Keywords: Virgil Nemoianu; Tradition and Liberty by Virgil Nemoianu;
The man of distinguished valor and culture Virgil Nemoianu and his book "Tradition and Liberty" make the subject of this article signed by C.Rogozeanu. In contrast to the well-known rational, balanced style previously used in his writings Virgil Nemoianu used a vivid expression in this book. He unsuccessfully tries to debate issues of large interest challenging the Romanian intellectuals such as the canon topic. An unconventional scholar, Nemoianu irritates his the formal academic compeers and, the article concludes, the time for constructive debate is yet to come.
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Keywords: Romanian publishing after 1989;
The author begins the article with the affirmation the in the “Golden Era” there were published quite a few good books in the “spiritual desert” of Romania, dominated by the restriction to publicly say what you thought – and he gives a few reasons why the decision makers in this area made this choice. After 1989, the “thirsty public” waited for the writers to say what they had to say and write. This happened regarding the foreign authors, lots of works from various domains were published. The author makes an analysis of what happened concerning the Romanian belletristic after 1989.
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Keywords: Poland; women in science; science and technology; women; education of girls and women;
This article looks at the share of women in the human resources in science and technology, as well as the R&D personnel in Poland. The author first presents the data about the education of girls and women; the level and profile of their education and the data about the employment of women in the R&D from grade C to A. Next, she describes selected forms of motion of the higher education of women and their employment in the R&D.
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Keywords: National Socialist art; National identity; Estonian art; Baltic art
This article deals with Estonian writings on art during the German occupation 1941–1944 through the prism of nationalism. The communicative role of art in politically and ideologically complicated context has been analysed. For the better comprehension of the context a brief overview of the contemporary discourse of nationalism has been given as well as of the different nuances of the meaning of the notion 'national' – national, nationalistic, national socialist, etc. Nationalism can be reticent and isolated, or, on the contrary, expansive and agressive. In general, 'nationality' has been defined as the manifestation of the feeling of togetherness related to linguistic, cultural, religious, racial and/or territorial self-consciousness.
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Keywords: Netherlandish art; 17th century art; Netherlandish painting; Art Museum of Estonia; Cornelis Mahu; Van Jung; Nicolaes Berghem; Philips Wouwerman
Held in the Kadriorg Art Museum and the Mikkel Museum, the Art Museum of Estonia’s collection of the Low Countries comprises approximately 100 paintings, predominantly of the 17th-century Dutch school. Extensive research has shown that almost half of the collection consists of works either authored by unknown masters, based upon the motifs found in the paintings of famous artists, or that have turned out to be either copies or forgeries of well-known Dutch masterpieces.
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Keywords: Modernist art; National identity; Gender Studies; Estonian art; Baltic Art; art criticism;
This article focuses on the critical reception to the exhibition of women artists that took place in the Tallinn Art Hall in October 1939, and attempts to demonstrate how various models of differentiation, reflecting and reproducing widespread ideologies of the period, existed within the allegedly universal modernist critique. The exhibition's reception in 1939 also reflects the significance of national rhetoric and ideology in the Estonian culture of the 1930s, and in the social processes of constructing and maintaining gender ideology.
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Keywords: Estonian art; Soviet art; Estonian Communist Party
The Bolshevic coup d’etat of 1940 laid the foundations for the re-organisation of the Estonian art scene. The major directions of intervention aimed at destroying the organisational structures of the art life of the independent Estonian Republic and substituting these with a new Soviet system. Any interpretation of artistic events during the first year of Soviet Estonia is impeded by a lack of rigid hierarchies between the different organs of state power as well as between organs of power and art institutions which were still at an early stage in their formation. This article will concentrate on an evaluation of the role of the Estonian Communist Party in the context of art events during the first Soviet year.
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Keywords: Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis; Energy and Environment; Decision Support Systems; Electre; Promethee; Data Envelopment Analysis
Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques are particularly suitable for Energy and Environment (E&E) decisions due to multiple criteria nature of these types of problems and they have been widely applied in this area. Main points that can be taken into consideration when examining the MCDA literature related to E&E are the selection of appropriate method, selection of criteria to be used and the widely distributed application areas. The motivation behind this study is designing such a Decision Support System (DSS) that enables the energy decision makers to perform analysis using different methods of MCDA and different criteria from various application areas and test the applicability of the system through an application in Turkish Energy Sector. The system includes several methods of MCDA and common parameters from previous studies in order to provide different approaches of evaluating decision problems. With this feature, the system stands on the intersection of MCDA and E&E fields. Moreover, an application of MCDA in Turkish Energy Sector has been performed to test the applicability of the system and some conclusions about electricity distribution in Turkey are put forth.
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Keywords: cointegrated VAR; households’ money demand; SUR
By the means of cointegrated VAR we investigated the money demand behaviour of households. Using the traditional determinants and adding variables specific for the sector we succeeded to obtain a relevant description of what influences individuals’ money holdings, gradually increasing the number of variables but also restricting on the irrelevant ones.
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Keywords: hybrid decision; risk decision; TOPSIS
This paper aims at solving hybrid multiple attributes decision-making problems under risk with attribute weight known and a new decision approach based on entropy weight and TOPSIS is proposed. First, the risk decision matrix is transformed into the certain decision matrix based on the expectation value. Then, the deviation entropy weight method is used to determine the attribute weights. And according to the definitions of the distance and the positive/negative ideal solutions for different data types, the relative closeness coefficients can be calculated by TOPSIS. Furthermore, the alternatives are ranked by the relative closeness coefficients. Finally, an application case is given to demonstrate the steps and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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