4.90 €

WHY SHOULD SVETOZAR BOROEVIĆ VON BOJNA BE REMEMBERED?

ZAŠTO VOJSKOVOĐU SVETOZARA BOROJEVIĆA OD BOJNE TREBA ZADRŽATI U SJEĆANJU

Author(s): Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Svetozar Boroević of Bojna; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; Croatia; World War I;

Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević (Borojević) von Bojna (Umetići, 13 Dec. 1856 - Klagenfurt, 23 May 1920) was an exceptional personality in Croatiaʼs military history. His exemplary life and wartime career could not, based on the prevalent rules of war of that time, secure him any kind of post-war livelihood, and as a participant on the losing side he endured all of the consequences imposed upon the defeated by the victors, and he found almost no understanding among his fellow nationals. He contacted many in the belief that an honourable life merited honourable treatment, but this was not borne out. The knowledge that all of the previous values had disappeared, and his subsequent fall into hardship and oblivion must have certainly led to his untimely death in 1920. Many years of silence followed thereafter, until 2007, when Boroević, as a Croat of Orthodox faith, was once more spoken of with respect.

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SVETOZAR BOROJEVIĆ: “ON THE WAR AGAINST ITALY”

SVETOZAR BOROJEVIĆ: O RATU PROTIV ITALIJE

Author(s): Željko Holjevac / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Svetozar Borojević; Italy; Austria-Hungary; World War I;

The author briefly reviews the pamphlet written by Svetozar Borojević with the title “On the War Against Italy”, which was published in Ljubljana in 1923, translated by Lt. Col. Mile J. Kasumović, in editions in both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. It had a foreword written by Hugo Werk under the pseudonym Adriaticus. In it, Borojević refuted the claims made in the daily command of the Italian military’s supreme commander, Marshal Diaz on 4 November 1918, i.e., only a day after the signing of the truce with the already fallen Austria-Hungary, that the Italian army, although weaker in numbers and supplies, had won the war. He demonstrated that the Italians had five times the number of infantry troops and an artillery that was ten times stronger, but that the western powers still had to save Italy from complete collapse during the war. The Ljubljana edition of “On the War Against Italy” received a positive review in 17 November 1923 edition of the newspaper Agramer Tagblatt, a Zagreb-based German-language periodical, which particularly highlighted this concluding observation made by Borojević: “Italy can back its arguments in all possible ways at the peace conference, but not on the basis of the sanctity of treaties and the success of its arms”.

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THE TREATMENT OF FIELD MARSHAL SVETOZAR BOROJEVIĆ IN COMPARATIVE CROATIAN, SOUTH SLAVIC AND EUROPEAN BIOGRAPHICAL LEXICOGRAPHY

RECEPCIJA FELDMARŠALA SVETOZARA BOROJEVIĆA U USPOREDBI HRVATSKE, JUŽNOSLAVENSKE I EUROPSKE BIOGRAFSKE LEKSIKOGRAFIJE

Author(s): Josip PRGOMET,Marino Manin / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Svetozar Borojević; encyclopedias; lexicons;

Setting forth from the assumption that encyclopaedia-production in any country reflects the time in which it emerges, the objective of this work is to explore any possible divergences in the treatment of the life and deeds of Borojević among the encyclopaedia entries of various nations. Stated differently, the objective of this research is to ascertain whether there were encyclopaedia entries that were influenced by or were in correlation with the origin of the national encyclopaedic source, with the specific encyclopaedia-production of a given nation. In this context, emphasis will be placed on an inter-lexicographic biographical comparison of national biographical lexicographic entries and an examination of any differences in interpretation in the approach to the material, which may have been caused by the heterogeneity of national lexicographic sources and approaches. The basic hypothesis lies in examining the assumption that the framework of national lexicography focuses on a specific vision, and the objective of this work is to detect these views as encapsulated in biographical lexicographic entries as research units during the period from the 1920s to the present. In methodological terms, the work presents an attempt to ascertain the approach and analysis in articles about Borojević and, in this sense, the focus is on a more factual description of encyclopaedia entries than an analytical and critical approach to their sources, without moving beyond the factual generalizations contained in the encyclopaedic entries. The overview of encyclopaedia entries is based on the assumption that encyclopaedia entries reflect the spirit of the time, and that the idea that lexicographical entries personify the spirit of the time within all limits of national/state or ideological provenance must be either confirmed or refuted.

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FIELD MARSHAL BARON SVETOZAR BOROEVIĆ OF BOJNA ON MEDALS

FELDMARŠAL SVETOZAR BARUN BOROEVIĆ OD BOJNE NA MEDALJAMA

Author(s): Ivan Mirnik / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Boroević Svetozar; First World War; medals; plaques; badges;

Svetozar Boroević (Umetić, 13. XII. 1856 – Klagenfurt, 23. V. 1920) wurde während drei Jahren des Ersten Weltkrieges (1915-1917) auf etlichen Medaillen, Plaketten und Abzeichen, welche man zu Woltätigkeitszwecken (z.B. für das Kriegsfürsorgeamt) verkaufte, verewigt. Seine militärische Laufbahn entwickelte sich in folgenden Stufen: Korporal, VIII. 1872.; Feldwebel, VII. 1873.; Kadett, XI. 1874.; Leutnant, 1. V. 1875.; Oberleutnant, V. 1880.; Hauptmann 1. Kl., V. 1886.; Major, V. 1892.; Oberstleutnant, 1. V. 1895.; Oberst, XI. 1897.; Generalmajor, V. 1904.; Feldmarschalleutnant, 8. V. 1908.; General der Infanterie, 28. IV. 1914.; Generaloberst, V. 1916. und schliesslich Feldmarschall, 1. V. 1918. In der ganzen Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie war er einer der wenigen nicht deutschen Feldmarschalle, oder aus den Reihen der kaiserlichen Familie. Am 2. V. 1905. wurde im vom Kaiser Franz Joseph I. kroatisch-ungarischer Adel verliehen, mit dem Prädikat “von Bojna” (Bojna ist ein Dorf im ehemaligen Bezirk Glina, in der Vewaltunggemeinde Maja, des Comitates Zagreb. Als Svetozar Boroević vom seligen Kaiser Karl in der Promotion vom 2. VI. 1917. mit dem Komturkreuz der Maria-Theresia-Ordens ausgezeichnet wurde, wurde er ipso facto Baron. Auf Medaillen und Plaketten, sowie Abzeichen, kann man nur einen Teil seiner Laufbahn folgen. So trägt er die Rangstufen eines Feldmarschalleutnants, eines Generals der Infanterie und eines Generalobersten. Als er Feldmarschall wurde, hatte man andere Sorgen, als Medaillen zu prägen. Dann kam das Kriegsende und die Zerstückelung der Monarchie. Die und bekannten Medaillen sind Werke sehr guter Meister, geprägt bei renommierten Prägeanstalten in Oesterreich und Deutschland. Für einige Abzeichen bleiben uns die Medailleüre vorläufig unbekannt. Der einzige bedeutende Bildhauer, der Svetozar Boroević auf einem Relief porträtiert hat, war der Kroate Robert Frangeš-Mihanović.

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FIELD MARSHAL BOROJEVIĆ’S SABRE

SABLJA FELDMARŠALA BOROJEVIĆA

Author(s): Tomislav ARALICA / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Svetozar Borojević; sabre; battles on Soča; Austria-Hungary;

In this work, the author describes the ceremonial sabre that Field Marshal (at the time Infantry General) Svetozar Borojević was given by his subordinate officers in the general staff of the Fifth Army (the so-called Isonzo Army), of the Habsburg armed forces, on 2 December 1916 after the successful completion of the critical Ninth Battle on the Isonzo (Soča) River. The sabre corresponds to the type that infantry officers in the Austro-Hungarian armed forces carried under designation M.1861. This designation is somewhat imprecise because after 1861—without any specific regulation being passed—the older M.1850 infantry officer sabre began to be worn in the manner of the M.1861 cavalry sabre. A detailed regulation on the appearance of infantry officer sabres only followed in 1871. These sabres were used until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918. Borojević’s sabre has back reinforcement on the grip and a cross-guard made of iron with engraved decorations depicting laurel branches, on which some details are gilded. The damask cutting edge bears the gilded inscriptions Die Isonzo-Armee Ihrem Fürer and 2. Dezember 1916. The pommel bears the seal of the blade’s producer: WEYERSBERG KIRSCHBAUM CIE SOLINGEN. The iron sheath has ring-shaped hanging loops decorated in the same fashion as the hilt, while the insignia of the Isonzo Army was affixed just below the sheath’s mouth. All iron components of the sabre are burnished to a black-blue shine. The author cites analogies to this example, and provides data on damask blades and their production, and describes the history and variants of the insignia of the Isonzo Army.

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MEMORIES OF MRS NEDA PRPIĆ

SJEĆANJA GOSPOĐE NEDE PRPIĆ

Author(s): Tomislav Šulj,Neda Prpić / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Neda Pripić; Croatian history; Austro-Hungarian Empire; NDH; Zagreb; Political and social life;

Interview with Neda Pripić. Interview conducted by Tomislav Šulj

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Restricting Freedom and Forced Labour in the Legal System of the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945)

Lišavanje slobode i prisilni rad u zakonodavstvu Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (1941.-1945.)

Author(s): Mario Kevo / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Second World War; Independent State of Croatia; Legal system; Concentration camps; restriction of freedom; forced labour; civilian internment; political prisoners;

Following the formation of a camp system and the first deportations, the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia decided to create a formal legal basis for it in order to direct “undesirable and dangerous” persons according to the established order to “re-education” in concentration and work camps. Though restrictions to freedom and forced labour had been mentioned in previous legal practice, it was only after the proclamation of legal decrees at the end of 1941 that a formal legal basis for deportation to camps came into existence. In conjunction with the formation of the legal basis, the Ustaša authorities also completed the structuring of a repressive apparatus which in part had to carry out the decrees directed primarily against the followers of the Partisan movement and members of marginal societal groups. Prior to and alongside this, using an extra-institutional path, the Ustaša authorities carried out measures against the majority of Croatian and Bosnian Jews who were sent off to camps without any legal basis in the laws of the Independent State of Croatia. On the basis of sources and literature the author presents the issue of restricting freedoms and the dispatch of persons to forced labour in concentration and work camps in the Independent State of Croatia, as well as the structure of the repressive apparatus responsible for the execution of the formal-legal basis, but the work does not discuss the issue of incarceration.

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The Plight of the Population of the Independent State of Croatia in camps - A numerical overview

Stradanje stanovništva NDH u logorima – numeričko određenje

Author(s): Dragan Cvetković / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Independent State of Croatia; demographic losses; civilian victims; the list “Žrtve rata 1941-1945” from 1964; camps; Jasenovac; Gospić-Jadovno-Pag; Zemun-Sajmište; Auschwitz;

This work attempts to show the plight of the civilian population in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia in concentration camps on the basis of the partially revised list “Žrtve rata 1941-1945” (Victims of War, 1941- 1945) first published in 1964. On the basis of results obtained from a revision of the list according to current trends in the analysis of the data, the number of deaths that occurred in the camps is calculated somewhere between 173,800 and 184,800. An overview is made which analyzes the territorial origins of the victims, their year of death, the national structure (58.03% Serbs, 16.09% Jews, 12.83% Roma, 6.97% Croats, 0.95% Muslims, and 5.13% members of other or unknown origins), responsibility for deaths (the perpetrators of crimes – 85.25% Independent State of Croatia, 14.28% Germany, and 0.46% Italy), the sites where the most numerous executions were carried out are identified, and all of this is shown against the larger context of the general suffering that took place in the Independent State of Croatia and Yugoslavia.

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Loborgrad – a concentration camp for women and children in Croatia 1941-1942

Das Frauen - und Kinderkonzentrationslager Loborgrad in Kroatien (1941-1942)

Author(s): Carl Bethke / Language(s): German / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Loborgrad; concentration camp; NDH; ethnic Germans; Karlo Heger;

The study focuses on the concentration camp Loborgrad for women and children in Northwest-Croatia from the time of its erection in October 1941, till the deportation of nearly all of its internees to Auschwitz in August 1942. Its about 1500 mostly Jewish prisoners came from Bosnia (Sarajevo) and Nor-thern Croatia, apart from them were some Jewish refugees, among these many from Vienna, plus approximately 200 Serbian women. Before the deportations the latter were sent to Serbia or to Germany in order to perform forced labor. Apparently the camp was under the supervision of the ”Jews Department” of the Ustaša police, however the commander in chief Karlo Heger and the gu-ards belonged to the ethnic German group. Physical abuses are reported from the camp, during epidemics in 1941/42 up to 200 inmates died.

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Vlado Singer and Stjepan Rubinić – from high-ranking police officials of the Independent State of Croatia to concentration camp prisoners

Vlado Singer i Stjepan Rubinić – od visokih policijskih dužnosnika Nezavisne Države Hrvatske do zatočenika koncentracijskih logora

Author(s): Davor Kovačić / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Vlado Singer; Stjepan Rubinić; security forces, police; the Independent State of Croatia; concentration camps; Jasenovac; Stara Gradiška;

With the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia, Vlado Singer and Stjepan Rubinić became high ranking officials of the security and police apparatus of the state. Due to their actions both fell afoul of their superiors and were removed from their positions. They served roughly the same amount of time at the concentration camps in Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška. In distincti-on to Singer, who was killed at the Stara Gradiška camp, Rubinić was released after spending a year in the camp. After his release from the camp he did not formally belong to the Ustaša movement, but he was allowed to conduct busi-ness with Jewish mercantile houses. Following the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia, he withdrew toward Austria, where he lived for some years, after which time information about him becomes unreliable. It is assumed that he lives out of the public eye, as a well-situated man, either in South America or Australia.

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A Research Supplement to the Mutiny of 5th December 1918

Istraživačke dopune o pobuni 5. prosinca 1918. godine

Author(s): Stjepan Matković / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: National Council of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes; army; political parties;

Based on research conducted using previously unknown archival documents, the author examines the transition in Croatian history made by the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The author pays the greatest attention to the mutiny of 5th December 1918 which still induce much discussion in the historiography. The number, significance and behaviour of the people who conspired against the new regime provide a good indication of how this event was used by pro-Yugoslav forces in Croatia for reckoning with the old structures in the Croatian army and opposition politicians who upheld the idea of republicanism. The biggest opposition parties – such as the Croat People Peasent Party and the Party of Right – openly called for peaceful solutions and tried to avoid any form of armed conflict. On the other hand, some officers and soldiers who served in the Croatian Home Guard units were not content with the new situation. They spontaneously decided to organize a public demonstration in the center of Zagreb which turned into a violent confrontation. This bloody event led to the dissolution of the old army units. However, the fallen of the 5th December 1918 uprising are remembered in Croatia as the first victims of resistence to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

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The Provincial Government for Dalmatia (2 November 1918 – 20 January 1919)

Zemaljska vlada za Dalmaciju (2. studenoga 1918.–20. siječnja 1919.)

Author(s): Zdravka Jelaska Marijan / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; First World War; Dalmatia; National Organization of Serbs Croats and Slovenes; National Council of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs;

The Provincial Government for Dalmatia appointed the National Organization for Dalmatia in Split on 2 November 1918 on the order of the National Council of the Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs in Zagreb. Difficult postwar conditions presented it with a number of problems of which the most trying were shortages of supplies and hunger, the spread of communicable diseases, and Italian occupation of parts of the territory resulting in interrupted communication links with Zagreb and among towns in the region. Numerous problems, first and foremost the occupation of parts of its territory, drove the Territorial Government for Dalmatia to call the Serbian army to enter Dalmatia and forced the pace of the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia (and the Kingdom of Montenegro). The Provincial Government for Dalmatia was dissolved on 20 January 1919 by decree of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes as part of a wider process of administrative centralization in the new state.

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The Economic and Social Reasons for the Collapse of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs

Privredni i socijalni razlozi propasti Države Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba

Author(s): Mira Kolar / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Croatia; State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; National Council of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; economic policy; social policy;

This work clarifies the circumstances in Croatia and Slavonia in the autumn of 1918, that is, at the time of the activity of the National Council of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. The unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs was not only desired but demanded by the bourgeois ranks of society in order to preserve their social position and property. In Croatia, such a climate of hopelessness existed that it seemed to the bourgeoisie that acceptance of the internationally recognized and victorious Kingdom of Serbia was the only solution which could erase the stigma of alliance with the defeated forces of the First World War. The fall of 1918 was a time of upheaval and there was no force in Croatia which could have a calming effect on the anarchic conditions, because the old government had collapsed and the new one had yet to establish itself. The reasons for this were many, from discord among politicians, to the lack of financial resources, to the destruction of property and the appearance of looting in many areas. Without conditions, Croatia entered the embrace of Serbia, sacrificing in this process its most capable politicians and qualified specialists who were not in agreement with developments. Following the unification of 1 December 1918, hungry, poverty-stricken and war-deprived Croatia offered rather weak resistance to the hegemonic attitude of the Great Serbian nationalists in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, or, as better known by its later name, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

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Bosniaks and the Creation of the Yugoslav State in 1918

Bošnjaci i stvaranje jugoslavenske države 1918. godine

Author(s): Husnija Kamberović / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bosniaks; Yugoslavia;

The historiographical literature overemphasizes the support of Bosniaks for the creation of a Yugoslav state. The commonplace notion is that Bosniak interests were more truly expressed by the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce (Mehmed Spaho) than by the political leader who was the most influential up to that time (Šerif Arnautović). For a long time Bosniak political leaders held to unclear politics in terms of the postwar position of Bosnia and Hercegovina. In the end, however, the supporters of Yugoslav unification showed themselves to be the dominant force. The proclamation of the formation of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, which included Slovenia, Croatia, Vojvodina and Bosnia and Hercegovina, was accepted with jubilation among a part of the population of Bosnia and Hercegovina. General Sarkotić, the chief of the Territorial Government of Bosnia and Hercegovina, wrote in his diary (Dnevnik) at the time of its formation: “In Sarajevo itself the happiness of the Serbs appears exaggerated, it seems, to a certain measure to have sobered the Croats and Muslims, but the women and youth show themselves on the streets more in national cockades which then everyone generally wears.”

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Bosnia and Hercegovina in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, with particular regard to the situation in Hercegovina (1918–1921)

Bosna i Hercegovina u Kraljevstvu Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, s posebnim osvrtom na stanje u Hercegovini (1918.–1921.)

Author(s): Ivica Lučić / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; Bosnia, Herzegovina; Serbs; Croats; Slovenes; kingdom; nation; state;

With the outbreak of the war and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Bosnia and Hercegovina became a centre of “national concentration” and the newly proclaimed state. The government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was taken over by the Serbian political elite which ascribed to Bosnia and Hercegovina the role of a unified area which would prevent the creation of any kind of Croatian state while strengthening the newly created state and the Serbian dominance within it. The new government established its authority through terror and violence directed against the non-Serbian peoples. It attempted to undermine every political action or publicly expressed demand of the Croats for a federal unit, or an independent state. Mu-slims saw their land confiscated through the Agrarian Reform, which while in part brought to an end feudal relations and corrected historical injustices, also materially ruined numerous families. In harmony with Serbian political tradition the Constitution and other agreements merely acted as “manifestations” to appease “European public opinion.” The interests of other (non-Serbian) peoples were treated as illegitimate or anti-state activities: nationalism and separatism. Various repressive measures were directed at individuals deemed to be the carriers of these interests. Territories in the new state toward which the government lacked sympathy for national or political reasons and which did not figure into particular plans for unitarism were systematically destroyed and neglected. The key argument for unitarism and centralization was a call to the rights and “decisiveness” of the Serbian people, which was intermixed among the others to bring them to “belong to Serbia.” In this spirit the Vidovdan Constitution was brought into being which eliminated historical rights and historical lands, and created the basis for further unitarism and centralization of the state, but likewise strong reasons for dissatisfaction and resistance. States are determined by the nature of their formation. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes came into existence due to historical circumstances as an intellectual creation and not the result of national development. Primarily, violence was used to impose “unity” and centralized government.

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The Politics of the Western Great Powers toward the South Slavs in 1918 and 1919

Politika zapadnih velesila prema južnim Slavenima 1918. i 1919. godine

Author(s): Andrej Rahten / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: World War I; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; Peace Conference in Paris;

The disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918 and the end of the First World War the political elites of the South Slav peoples awaited with fear for the loss of large portions of their ethnic territory, but also with the expectation that the western Great Powers would support their ambitions for statehood. The expectations arose mostly after the proclamation of American President Thomas Woodrow Wilson’s famed “Fourteen Points.” Above all, South Slav political elites in the Monarchy believed that Wilson’s notion of defense for the rights to people to self-determination would trump the Italian territorial demands based on the “London Agreement” of 1915. However, the attitude of the United States, Great Britain, and France at the peace conference in Paris (1919–1920) did not fulfill the expectations of Slovene and Croatian politicians. Wilson did, indeed, put pressure on the Italian delegation on the issue of territorial delimitation with the newly created South Slav state in Istria and Dalmatia, but without great success. With regard to the northern border of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Wilson’s politics in fact contributed to the inclusion of a large portion of ethnic Slovene territory in Carinthia into the Republic of Austria. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes had more support from the western Great Powers in delimiting its border with Hungary and in other sectors. In its final phase the diplomacy of the western Great Powers was disappointing in the eyes of the South Slav political elite, established as it was on the territory of what was once the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, from the point of view of the Karađorđević state, the peace conference merely confirmed the trend toward realizing Greater Serbian territorial pretensions which, with the support of Great Britain and France, was begun during the Balkan wars in 1912 and 1913.

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The Adjustment of Osijek’s Economic Spheres to the new Circumstances (A Review of the two decades after 1918)

Prilagodba osječkih gospodarskih krugova na novonastale (ne)prilike (Osvrt na dva desetljeća nakon 1918.)

Author(s): Zlata Živaković-Kerže / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Osijek; economy; period after 1918; difficulties; adaptation;

As the years after 1918 passed under the clouds of economic instability, shortages, social and political upheaval Osijek’s economic spheres following the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs with the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (1918) had to adjust their activities to new circumstances. Namely, the previous centres of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (Vienna, Graz, Budapest, Pecs, Villany, Barcs, Trieste, etc.) to which they were linked by internal commercial, financial, and other ties were all of a sudden on the other side of the state’s boundaries, that is abroad, while the foreign territories of Serbia and Montenegro became domestic land. At the same time the establishment of the new state upon the demise of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy required the resolution of problems tied to the transit of goods and the completion of commercial contracts with neighbouring countries, as well as the arrangement of taxation, transportation, customs, financial and other matters. All of this directly affected the interests of Osijek’s economic spheres which, despite a developed industrial base, trades, commercial sector and banking system, did not come to full fruition in the new state. The previous conditions of life changed because Osijek began to be left behind Zagreb. Nevertheless, even in the new conditions, due to Osijek’s favourable position along the Drava in terms of transport, a rather quick economic revival was guaranteed.

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The First World War and the Croatian Autobiographical Literature (Research Status, Indications and Possibilities)

Prvi svjetski rat i hrvatska autobiografska književnost (Stanje, naznake i mogućnosti istraživanja)

Author(s): Filip Hameršak / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Austria-Hungary; Yugoslavia; Croatia; First World War; autobiography; methodology; literary theory;

The purpose of this introductory article is a consideration of options that autobiographical sources can offer to historiographical study of the First World War. Accordingly, the first chapter is a chronological overview of the historical works on the First World War published in Croatia and – to a lesser degree – in the whole region, which generally indicates that incorporated themes, putting aside methodological innovation, and partly even their conclusions have directly reflected political and social turbulences from 1918 to 1991. Apart from including larger number of researchers and having better material conditions, British, French, American, German and Australian post-1918 historiographies have generally been developed with significantly more autonomy and without neglecting methodological considerations, especially those concerning auto-biographical sources. The second chapter is therefore an attempt to fill – at least in the short lines – this gap in Croatian historiography, while the third is interested in the not always harmonious touch between historiography and literary theory. The fourth chapter presents a draft of relevant Croatian autobiographical literary corpus, a description of its general features, and an outline of the answers to some of the possible research questions.

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Destroying the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1914–1918): The eye witness account of Dr. Mate Drinković

Rušenje Austro-Ugarske Monarhije (1914.–1918.). Svjedočanstvo dr. Mate Drinkovića

Author(s): Ivica Zvonar / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Mate Drinković; First World War; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; National Council of Slovenes Croats and Serbs; Austro-Hungarian army;

In this article the author provides a short review of the political activities of a prominent member of the Croatian political elite, Dr. Mate Drinković, in the period from the eve of World War One to the end of 1918. A better understanding of his life and activities in this dynamic period is provided by an appendix which contains a transcription of an archival document written by Mate Drinković which is held in the diocesan archives of Đakovo, among the papers of Mons. Dr. Fran Barac. From this previously unpublished and until now unknown document something can be learned of Drinković’s activities during the war, especially at the end of 1917 and during 1918, on the eve of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the creation of the new South Slavic state.

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Imperial Imaginings 1918–2008. The ‘Great Serbian’ Radical Party

Imperijalni imaginarij 1918.–2008. Velikosrpstvo Radikalne stranke

Author(s): Tihomir Cipek / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Greater Serbia; Serbian Radical Party; long-term structure; mental maps;

This text supports the thesis that Great Serbian imperialism represents a “structure of long duration” which vitally determines Serbian politics in the 19th and 20th century. It has already been shown why the manner and form that defined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918 proves that the Serbian political elite saw it as an expanded Serbia, a kind of Serbian empire. The example of the politics of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Serbian hi-story textbooks, and especially the contemporary politics of the Serbian Radical Party with emphasis on its electoral slogans for the Serbian parliamentary elections of 2006 and 2008 point to the basic arguments which prove the thesis that Serbian imperialism is a structure of long duration. It is concluded that the widespread acceptance of Greater Serbian ideology in Serbian society re-presents an “epistemological catastrophe” which is the reason that Serbia is a divided society and an incomplete state.

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