– околу изразите на слобода во претставата Пер Гинт во Србија, Ужице, 2000 год. –
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(Владимир Мартиновски, Пред и по танцот, Скопје, Кликер, 2012)
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(Лидија Димковска: „Резервен живот“, Или-или, Скопје 2012)
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– On expressions of freedom in the performance Per Gint in Serbia, Užice, 2000 –
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Keywords: Zaostrowiecze; Belarus; Holocaust
The annihilation of Jews in the territory of the Republic of Poland during World War II was an operation pursued by Nazi Germany on a grand scale. The facts and the history of the extermination of Jews in large towns are fairly well known but there are still small towns and villages in which the Jews accounted for the majority of the inhabitants before the War but little is known about the subsequent fate of these people. This applies in particular to the areas lost by Poland in the East as a result of World War II. The village of Zaostrowiecze, then located in Nieśwież district of Nowogródek voivodship, falls into that category. Access to source data is complicated by the fact that after WWII this locality has found itself in what is now Belarus, and the political situation in that country makes it hard to conduct in-depth studies in the local archives.
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Keywords: moral panic; National Democracy; political anti-Semitism; politics of fear; political mobilization; Polish Jewish relations
The article examines the relationship between rhetoric and political praxis, and is positioned at the intersection of intellectual, cultural, and socio-political history of Polish lands at the beginning of the 20th century. The paper points to two intermingled processes: firstly and shortly, on a creation by the National Democrats (Endecja) politics of fear and anti-Left hysteria both around a putting down the Revolution of 1905 and the elections to the Russian Duma (1906, 1907) in Russian Poland, and secondly and primarily on a radicalization of the Endecja’s line towards the Jews and so called ‘Jewish question’ at the end of the first decade of the 20th Century. Eventually for the Endecja, both a leading Polish political party and the largest nationalist movement of Eastern Europe of the day, this politics of collective paranoia meant not only a tool for political mobilization, but as well a mechanism for an exclusion of all the ‘non–Polish’ groups from the national collectivity. The author analyzes at length Roman Dmowski's campaign to the 4th Duma in Warsaw in 1912 as a case study of moral panic campaign and claims that both the elaborately and meticulously organized electoral practices of the latter and his stuff and the anti-Jewish boycott afterwards gave the Endecja an opportunity to reintegrate different varieties of its policies into one propaganda war machine against multi-faced ‘Jewish threat’ and all political rivals. Eventually the author argues that the political experience of those days had a long-lasting impact not only on the Endecja’s policies, but also became a pivotal point for the whole Polish political scene in the early 20th Century
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Keywords: anti-Semitism; “Rola” weekly; Jan Jeleński; Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz; anti-Semitic novel; Warsaw; demographics; Judeo-Polonia
In 1817, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, a political commentator and writer engaged in the cause of the reform of Poland's Jews during the Grand Sejm and after the partitioning of the country, wrote a story entitled Rok 3333 czyli sen niesłychany (The Year 3333 or a dream unheard of). While his intentions differed from those of his subsequent imitators, the work nonetheless contains a conglomerate of prejudices making up the phantasmat of Judeo-Polonia. This novelette, first published in 1858, was reprinted many times, including in “Rola”, the first anti-Semitic weekly, edited by Jan Jeleński in the years 1883-1909. Already in 1883, in only the fourth issue of the magazine, Jeleński published a short story: David's Monologue and Dream on New Year's Eve, whose plot was set in 2082 in New Jerusalem, once known as Warsaw. The Jews' migrations to Warsaw and the growth of their population were a course of concern to right-wing political writers, even though this process was a result of industrialization and of making up for delays in economic development of towns located in the Russian partition zone. The turning point in the demonization of the problem was also the polarization of opinion and intensification of anti-Semitism in the wake of the 1905 Revolution and the elections to the State Duma. Already earlier, however, thanks to the writers the phantasmat of Judeo-Polonia captivated the artists and readers, one example of this being the novel by Antoni Skrzynecki Warszawa w roku 2000. But while this phantasmagoria was supposed to be an example of a "negative Utopia", the book Odżydzona ojczyzna (The Motherland De-Judified) written in 1914 presents the benefits of implementing an anti-Semitic program. By that token, in imaginary 1938, the Jewish Warsaw ceases to exist.
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Keywords: Taurida and Odessa Karaite Religious Consistory; Karaites in Russia; Karaite nationality
The article examines a little known fact from the history of the Karaite community in Russia, namely, the publication of a Russian-language official bulletin, the News of the Taurida and Odessa Religious Consistory, which continued for several years. The Bulletin was printed in the Crimea in the years 1917-1919, in the period immediately after the October Revolution. The Bulletin is an important testament of those times, a record of the debates taking place and resolutions passed by the Karaite organizations active at the time: the General Assembly of Members of the Karaite Community, the Congress of Karaite Clergy and the National Karaite Congress. The author of the article puts emphasis on issues related to the discussion of the new national definition of the identity of the Karaite community, promoted by S. Shapshal, which exerted and influence on the social and religious evolution of Karaites taking place in Eastern Europe in the 20th century.
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Keywords: anti-Semitism in the Kingdom of Poland; “Jewish question"; anti-Semitic ideology; “Rola” weekly; Jan Jeleński
The 1870s a breakthrough occurred in the public life in the Kingdom of Poland with regard to the manner in which the discussions on the Jews and their social role were conducted, and alto to the nature of Christian-Jewish relations. This was in a large measure due to the activity of Jan Jeleński, the “first open anti-Semite of the Warsaw press," subsequently jointed by his associates from “Rola” weekly. The article looks at the problem of the reception of thought, disputes and ideological differences accompanying the relations between that group and the conservative landowners' milieu rallied round the Warsaw “Niwa”, which was evolving toward anti-Semitism. These relations were characterized by marked dynamics, which was due, on the one hand, from the ideological evolution taking place in these milieux all the time, and on the other, from the personal reshuffles taking place in the editorial offices of both periodicals. Over time, however, the faith in the "spiritual affinity" between “Rola” and “Niwa” gave way to mistrust leading to a fratricidal struggle for readers, whose climax came in the late 1890s. This is when members of the Congress Kingdom's Roman Catholic clergy engaged in the war between the anti-Semitic magazines, which led to an actual factionalization inside that milieu.
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Keywords: Jews; Europe; Holocaust
The fundamental scientific task of the research, reported in the paper, was to determine the numbers of the Jewish population, living in the countries of Europe during the entire 20th century. The starting point was constituted by the turn of the 20th century, while in the terminal stage the contemporary situation (as of roughly the year 2000) was considered. The analysis concerned not only the numbers of the Jewish population, but also the geographical distribution of this population. The units of political reference were constituted by the European countries within their political boundaries valid for the particular historical periods. It is noted at the beginning of the article that up until the World War I the Jewish population in Europe featured very high demographic dynamics. This applied, in a particular manner, to the Eastern-European Jews, the citizens of the then Russian and Austrian-Hungarian Empires. It is on the territories of these two empires that the majority of the Jewish population of the entire world concentrated. The areas of these two empires were also the sources of the transcontinental Jewish emigration, flowing primarily towards the United States. In the subsequent part of the article the numbers and the distribution of the Jewish population are presented for the inter-war period (at around the year 1930). This has an important cognitive significance, as concerning the period preceding immediately the Holocaust. The following, shortest part of the text is devoted to the consideration of the course of extermination of the Jewish population, as implemented by the German Nazis. Based on the literature of the subject, a quantification is forwarded of the demographic losses, which have been borne by the Jewish nation, according to the various political-administrative units. The latter issue is insofar important, as it gives still rise to essential controversies among the historians and demographers. The subsequent time instant, considered in the analysis, was the year 1950. The choice of this time point enabled to carry out the demographic balance of the Holocaust. The final part of the article presents the data reflecting the current numbers of the Jewish population (meaning around the year 2000), for individual European countries. The statistical analysis presented has shown that between the years 1900 and 2000 the number of the Jewish population decreased in Europe from roughly 9 million to around 1.5 million. This drop was mainly due to the Holocaust, which led to the death of close to 6 million of Jewish people, but also, partly, to the emigration to the United States and to Israel
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Keywords: Adolf Berman; Palestine; Bezalel Academy of Art and Design; Jerusalem; Zionist iconography; Jewish painting; Oriental painting
Adolf Berman (Behrman) was an artist active in Łódź, who became famous for his paintings made during a trip to Africa (before 1911) and the Near East. In Palestine, where he stayed in 1924-1929, he taught art at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem. Meanwhile, he created 270 paintings. He lived in Morocco in the years 1932-1935. Some of his works are in the collections of the Jewish History Institute, Historical Museum in Kraków and other European and Israeli collections. Recently his paintings have been showing up in auction houses in Poland. Berman was a representative of the generation of Jewish artists who started their career at the beginning of 20th century. While demonstrating a strong attachment to the Polish culture, they at the same time valued their origins and were active supporters of the idea of the rebirth of Israel as an independent country; still, Berman's own outlook on Zionism remains unknown due to lack of appropriate sources. Palestine was to him a special place, where, as he claimed, you could “develop undisturbed”. He also took part in an exhibition of Jewish art organised by the 'Tel Aviv' publicity in 1921, and in the “Bezalel” exhibition in New York, in 1926. He remained under a strong influence of Zygmunt Bromberg-Bytkowski, a Zionist activist and an art critic, editor of the “Tel Aviv” magazine and the president of Musical and Literary Society “Hazomir”. Zionist ideas were salient in Behrman's work, but it was the Orient that was the true object of his fascination. He painted mystical desert landscapes, Arabian towns, and genre scenes. He even created a Self-portrait in Arabic Attire. His paintings, which carry Zionist symbolism, such as Zaharias' Tomb, Absalom's Tomb, The Western Wall, or historical paintings of Israel, clearly bear an imprint of the Romantic vision of the East. In his unique art, Berman somehow managed to achieve the impossible: combine Orientalism with Zionist ideas.
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Keywords: Professor Jerzy Tomaszewski
no summary
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Keywords: Joseph ben Abraham the Physician; Abraham the Physician ben Yoshiyah; Joseph Malinowski ben Mordekhay the Martyr; Polish-Lithuanian Karaites; Karaites in Troki (Trakai); Karaites in Nowe Miasto (Naujamiestis).
Joseph ben Abraham the Physician was one of the leaders of the Karaite community in ‘Ir Ḥadasha (Nowe Miasto, Naujamiestis) in the late 17th century. As member of one of the most famous Karaite families of his time, he most certainly received a proper formal education. In addition to his own family ties, he married the daughter of the Shofet Samuel ben Joshua. One would expect such a person to behave properly, according to high moral standards. This paper offers a small portrait of a problematic figure that was unable to adhere to the standards of proper and moral behaviour demanded of a spiritual leader by the Karaite community.
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Keywords: Jews; ecclesiastical court; clergy; debts
In their disputes with Christians, contrary to the regulations included in the privileges, not only did the Jews take their cases before Jewish judges, the governor or the King, but also before urban and ecclesiastical courts. The sources leave no doubt that also the clergy were indebted to the Jews, which was registered in the consistory books of Gniezno. Cases in which one of the parties were Jews are extremely rare. In 1466, a case between Hyczak the Jew and Gniezno altarist Mikołaj Komorski was registered. The latter was in debt to Hyczak and for this reason was threatened with excommunication. The lack of a court judgment indicates that the two parties reached an agreement. Of more than a thousand judgments recorded in the three volumes of the Consistory of Gniezno (the years 1438-1458, 1459-1483, 1484-1525) only 5 concerned the Jews. The first issue, of 1445, concerned the Jews of Kalisz who did not meet the payment of tribute for the right of the parish. Three cases were related to the clergy indebted to the Jews. The last case concerned a vicar, who put the Bible in pledge to Ploma, a Jewish woman, for 30 grzywny (units of silver). Ecclesiastical courts based their judgments on canon law and tried to keep moral and social order.
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„Aschkenas. Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden”; „Einsicht. Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Institut”; „Gedenktstätten Rundbrief. Stiftung Topographie des Terrors”; „Holocaust and Genocide Studies”; „Jewish Culture and History”; „La Rassegna Mensile di Israel”; „Yad Vashem Studies”; „Zion. Rewuon le-chaker toldot Israel”
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Introduction to the section "Anto-Semitism in Polish Lands at theTurn of the Century"
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