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The purpose of this article is to show those dealing with issues of contemporary migration studies, what are the basic difficulties arising from quantitative research in this field. Issues concerning definitions are tended to with the most focus. These are best described as multilayered, but aside from problems with deciding the meaning of a given concept, there is a number of influences that come into play – political (teleological), legal, practical, process-wise and temporal. For those reasons, all of the above serve as a point of departure for comments made in regard to measurements, interpretations, access, controversies, and inconsistent and low-quality information found in databases. As a result, data dispersion and fragmentation becomes a nuisance, which significantly hinders the ability to carry out comparative research, both between countries as well as different categories of citizens of a given country. Also discussed is a token data-mining system on the issues of foreign migration. Closing arguments touch on a several chosen aspects of an actual research process, relevant from the standpoint of contemporary migration studies. This reconstruction refers to both Polish and European contexts.
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Most modern studies on migration in Europe (and not only) indicates economic factors as the primary emigration motives. Meanwhile, a detailed analysis of autobiographical narrative interviews with people who have chosen to live abroad shows that very often important priorities are completely different. Not completely invalidating the economic factor, we should therefore pay attention to one of the very interesting and not uncommon cause of mobility, which is the “escape”, where different modalities can be placed on a continuum between “escape from” and “escape to”. Although those two cases are discussed in this article, to the second one will be devoted special attention. This motif is associated with an attempt to escape from the conditions (prevailing at home, in the environment, neighborhood, country), which are defined by individual as suffocating, stifling, not allowing to spread wings and fully express oneself. Interestingly, the experience of “otherness” and getting to know different cultural patterns in another country may initiate the process of “re-patriotisation” – a new “objective” perspective on the place of origin and appreciation of its (previously denied) values.
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The introduction of martial law in Poland in 1981 had serious political, social and economic consequences. It is a period in which significantly increased the migration potential among Poles. This was reflected also among artistic environment. The article shows the fate of artists who have decided to leave the country or remain permanently outside Poland. From biographical stories of artists living in Paris, Berlin, London and New York fragments of narrations relating to this period ware separated and analyzed, due to show various migration circumstances in the context of personal, environmental and historical factors. Although the fate of individual artists had each time an individual shape, it is possible to reconstruct the social mechanisms commonly shared by most of immigrants. An important element of the text is describing the system of repression used by the authorities, such as the so-called passport policy. The text next to the presentation of the fate of Polish émigré artists, deals with the problem of emigration in the category of cultural loss which is bear not only by the individuals but also by whole society.
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The author’s aim is to analyze the nuns’ accounts on their spiritual and physical emigration to the enclosed world. Out of several dozen of sisters’ statements on their vocation, deriving from all sorts Polish religious congregations, the most engaging and extensive ones were chosen. The texts (altogether 20), placed on orders’ websites, were submitted to content analysis, aimed at isolating the dominant threads. They have an important cognitive value and present the dynamics of the vocation, which is not only a personal act, but also a social phenomenon; allow to distinguish factors that determine the choice of this unique way of life. Apart from the segmentation of the accounts according to the semantic key, in the basic scope also their linguistic features were taken into account.
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Article presents research on artists living in Grenoble in 1920–1930. The study included 220 artists related during this period with this city, mainly painters. It shows the specificity and complexity of this environment, addressing inter alia the internal migration of French artists. Author pointed the cosmopolitan character of the local art world in Grenoble, but also to foreign travel conducted by “local artists”. “Locality” is therefore not synonymous with isolation, on the contrary, it may have an international dimension. Describes, inter alia, as trips outside France affected the work of individual artists. In this university and cosmopolitan city, important symbolic place of Italy was important and references to Italian art. Attention was drawn to the fact that the artistic community of Grenoble seems to be characterized by considerable infiltration of various fields of artistic creativity and the lack of a clear separation of fine arts and applied arts in the activity of artists.
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The aim of this article is to describe the socio-historical situation of Polish artists-women (in the late 19th and early 20th centuries), who were going abroad in order to get an education. Through selected “case studies” (biography and artistic creation) showing relationship that occurred between education, immigration, and the fate of the works of painters-women. The cited names of women are known, but also unknown in the art circuit. The reasons for the absence of painters-women in the history of art are complex. It seems that one of the factors of this condition may be emigration. If the artists-women were popular abroad, often overlooked their talent in the country, and their art was absent in the homeland. In turn, successful career abroad did not mean recognition in Poland. An important aspect of the discussion is the issue of women’s socio-cultural role, especially in terms of autonomy, authority, obligations. The article is a sketch to referring to the sociology of artist, art history and sociology of art. The source material were all kinds of studies and texts: historical books, scientific articles, journals, letters, written memories, diaries, an exhibition of paintings, albums, reviews, calendars works, documents of social and artistic life, press interviews.
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The ensuing article tackles the problems of closing small schools. It constitutes an attempt to reflect upon a new phenomenon, which is becoming more and more common, and it is caused by the introduction of austerity in the budgets of self-government entities liable for running educational institutions. This difficult and complicated situation means that local communities are forced to undertake essential solutions towards this new reality, which concerns mainly children and their parents. Discussion over these solutions will aim at searching for effective and economic ways of the running and functioning of small schools appropriated for liquidation. The undertaken problems seem to be justified because of approaching political and economic changes occurring at both national and local scale.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of the allocation of 1 percent of income tax from the perspective of local cooperation between voivodship authorities and public benefit organisations. Research carried out in 2012–2013 confirmed the uneven allocation of 1 per cent between voivodships (amounts that are allocated by residents vs. amounts that voivodship-based organisations have at their disposal) and within voivodships. Research revealed that voivodship authorities do not cooperate with organisations seated there as regards campaigns aimed at obtaining 1 percent of tax. The activities of voivodship authorities' are rather symbolic and 1 percent of tax is still not treated as a financing instrument to obtain money for the region’s development understood as the realisation of common good by locally active organisations.
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In Roman Catholic Church diocese in Rzeszów in December 2012 and January 2013 research was conducted, the main purpose of which was to define how information policy among priests and parishioners looks. During the research it was diagnosed what is meant by the definition of information policy between Church and parishioners. The research has also shown what kind of tools are used in order to communicate with parishioners and if these tools are efficient. The report presents the main communication barriers and what makes this communication more difficult as well. There were 81 respondents, who came from 81 different parishes within the diocese.
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The author presented a vision of Czechoslovakia created by Polish caricatures. The main source was caricatures which were published in Polish satirical magazines „Szpilki” and „Mucha” from 1945 to 1948. The author used quantitative analysis which allowed plots portrayed within the caricatures to be caught. The paper is composed of three parts which contain analysis of the particular caricatures. The first one showed analysis of caricatures which created Czechoslovakia as an enemy of Poland. That vision was connected with border conflicts between the neighbouring countries. The second third parts contain caricatures which presented Czechoslovakia as a friend of Poland. The way Czechoslovakia was presented resulted from the fact that both Poland and Czechoslovakia were members of the socialist bloc countries. The way Czechoslo-vakia was presented changed simultaneously with the changes in the relationships between the neighbouring countries. It was also dependent on the wider context – dependence of both countries on the USSR.
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The article is a qualitative study of the selected aspects of the systemic transformation in Poland experienced by foreigners who lived there. Its goal is show the processes which have been the subject of discussions and debates in Poland for more than 20 years through the eyes of „the stranger”. The research consists of 19 biographical interviews. In the article I reconstruct the ways of political thinking and attitudes towards systemic changes. I pay particular attention to the factors which shaped them – both determinants rooted in the period before the migration (such as: social origin, political views etc.) and experiences from Poland. Differences in perception of the time of so-called „Carnival of Solidarity” and the transformation in 1989 and their sources will be illustrated.
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The study tackles the problem of Poles’ protest activity after the fall of communism. It engages in empirically testing whether the protest mobilization in Poland, compara-tively low in the initial stage of democratic transformation, had strengthened since then. The results of surveys analyzed in the paper prove that whereas the level of protest support had risen, protest activity had even declined. Most active were several occupational groups, who in consecutive waves of protest acted in defence of their economic interests, mainly by going on strikes. Disputes concentrated on values, including the post-materialist, were episodic.
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The article discusses the role played by the European Parliament (EP) in the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement. The aim of this process is to establish a close and mutual political and economic cooperation on both sides. By stressing the importance of EP as the only EU body having democratic legitimacy, and thus defines itself as a „guardian of democracy” in the modern world, analyzing its position on the conclu-sion of an EU association agreement with Ukraine. It should be noted that the EP pays particular attention in the context of the association to the development of democracy in Ukraine and its respect of democratic standards. This authority recognizing the geopo-litical importance of Ukraine is in favour of deepening the EU’s cooperation with that country through the conclusion of an association agreement and calls for granting Ukraine a potential European perspective. However, what is worth noting the EP in numerous resolutions makes conditional the progress in the bringing Ukraine to the EU from the incorporation of the values defined as European (democracy, rule of law, protection of minorities etc.) by Kiev. Therefore, events that indicate a crisis of democ-racy in Ukraine pay such important matter for the European Parliament (e.g. the imprisonment of opposition politicians, including former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko) to which the authorities usually adopt a clearly negative position, often contrasting with more „balanced” opinions of other EU institutions.
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John Bagot Glubb is an almost unknown person to Polish readers. He was the commanding general of the Jordanian Army in the 1940s and 50s. J.B. Glubb played a very important role in the politics of the Middle East. The article is based on British political correspondence and monographs which describe the relationship between Great Britain and Jordan. The article presents the career of J.B. Glubb and his powerful position in the Jordan government between 1946–1956. His unique position was a symbol of the political power which the British government had in this region at that time. J.B. Glubb was suddenly deposed from the Jordan government on 1–2 March 1956. The main aim of the article is to emphasize why his demission was such a political sensation in 1956. That deposal was connected with a decline of British power in this region. The government in London previously had a great influence on Middle Eastern politics and they directed national politics from behind the scenes. J.B. Glubb was at the same time a faithful subject of the Jordanian monarchy and the ideal person to lead informal policy in the behalf of the British government
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The offences regulated by Law no 31/1990 regarding companies is a field which is relatively less explored by criminal law experts and quasi unexplored by civil law experts. This article addresses the offences grouped under Article 275 of previously mentioned law. These offences have several specific elements.Firstly, the active subject of the regulation can only be a person who holds a certain position in the company. Secondly, in the case of some of the offences, the premise of the criminal law regulation is another, corporate law, regulation, which the prior refers to. Because of this situation and because the premises of the other offences regulated by Article 275 are corporate law regulations, it is mainly the duty of the civil law expert to decipher its meaning, as a rigid application of a purely criminal vision in a field of private law can lead to erroneous conclusions, with serious consequences against the subjects of the offence. However, in order to cover all aspects of the interpretation, the criminal aspects have to be addressed with the same care – this is where the role of the criminal law expert unfolds, for the reader – be it a criminal or a civil law professional – to be able to construct a correct idea about a field which is, as previously mentioned, too little explored.
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This paper aims at an analysis of the changes that the new Criminal Procedure Code made in its attempt to reconceptualise the basis for the negative solution promoted by the prosecutor, a decision that can be made only on opportunity grounds. The shift from the concept of social danger - a remnant of the Soviet criminal system, to the adversarial precept of opportunity did not make any groundbreaking changes, but it did offer a more logical basis for such a solution.The principle of opportunity, present in common law, has been europeanized lately, shaped in such a way as to respond to the needs recorded by the judicial body, especially in managing the caseload, but also, and most importantly, to avoid punishing those who, due to the lack of danger that characterizes their crime, do not deserve a penalty. The article focuses on the way that the principle of opportunity is perceived in adversarial systems in contrast with the way that it is implemented in civil law countries.The new regulation is not free of criticism, and the third section of this paper presents the miscorrelations and problems created by our legislator, followed by several ideas that aim to improve this judicial mechanism. Following the ruling of our Constitutional Court no. 23 of January 20th 2016 and OUG no. 18/2016 which modified Article 318 of our Criminal Procedure Code, the force of the principle of opportunity has been diminished by instituting a new procedure consisting in a mandatory confirmation of the prosecutor’s decision by a judge.
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