We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The central aim of the inquiry begun in this text is to reach a semantic characterisation of philosophical discourse, that is, to describe the »language«, or the code, of philosophy. This inquiry contains an examination of the views on the nature and purpose of philosophy held by Immanuel Kant and Ludwig Wittgenstein, but many other philosophers, semioticians, linguists and literary theorists are brought into the discussion. In the first part of the text, the view is expressed that, with regard to the peculiar phenomena that characterize philosophy (for example, the absence of »results«, as opposed to science), a theory of philosophy itself is needed, but such that would not itself be caught in the same kind of discourse. Then some methodological restrictions are introduced: mainly, that the »philosophy« to be dealt with is the classical continental philosophy, which is percieved as a body of texts. The aim of the inquiry is then formulated as the description of the code by which these texts are organized; the method of the inquiry is specified as a deductive-hypothetical one.
More...
Treating facticity (facticité) in itself (pour-soi), Sartre sinthetically and logically examines the problem of gratuitness. This article tries to describe Sartre’s claim that human being can not be founded neither by him/herself nor by any other being. He, therefore, says that God has to be contingent. Recognizing the human’s wish to be God, however, Sartre did not recognize that Christian God – the god of Holy Scripures is on a different level from human reality.
More...
The text questions the idea of transgenderism, or more specifically, the positioning of the androgynous paradigm that is ecological (in contrast to the tribal matriarchal paradigm and the hierarchical patriarchal paradigm, as the mentioned differential terms of reference of the three paradigms were defined by Marion Woodman and Elinor Dickson), as a possible Utopian projection into the future; as a radical NO to the present that still has not, regardless of whether we like it or not, fulfilled the possibility of legal and political status for all forms of life.
More...
The starting point of this article is the ontological question: What makes it true that 2+2=4?, that is, what are the truth makers of mathematical propositions? Of course, the satisfactory theory in the philosophy of mathematics has to answer semantical question: What are mathematical propositions about? Also, epistemological question: How do we know them?, as well. Author compares five theories in the philosophy of mathematics, that is, five accounts of the nature of truth makers in mathematical discourse: fictionalism (there are no truth makers because entities of mathematics are fictions, though useful fictions); nominalism (mathematical propositions are true by definition, so the truth makers are in the language); physicalism (mathematical propositions are inductive generalizations from experience, so, the truth makers are physical facts in the world); conceptualism (mathematics reflects the way we think about things, so, the truth makers are ultimately psychological facts) and Platonism (mathematics is about per se existing mathematical reality).
More...
This paper presents Schopenhauer’s views on human sexuality (particularly on homosexuality) and women that were brought out in his works Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung and Parerga und Paralipomena. The article contains a critique of his attitudes and it attempts to answer a principal question: is it possible (and if so, in what sense) to consider a philosophy as being ‘major’ if it contains, and not only incidentally, attitudes of extreme arbitrariness and negative prejudices.
More...
The author gives a model by which it is possible to interpret ethics from the standpoint of gender. Above all, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing the level of particularity and its integration between the universal and individual level. This methodological instruction enables us to recognize social differences that result from various types of repression, and affect the (im)possibility of ethical behaviour of large groups of people. It results in the impossibility of individuals’ (the world of Others) to act ethically and, subsequently, in their being denoted as non-subjects: slaves, victims of mobbing, prostitutes, exiles, exploited workers, the hungry, the unemployed, women…Gender issues in ethics can be approached through the mentioned aspects (entries) of: subject, body (nature) values and relevant topics.
More...
The idea that human beings are or should be independent, is obviously popular, but difficult to understand at the same time. Some examples may show our ambiguity in this respect. Although there is general agreement on the difficulty of determining whether human beings really are free, in the eyes of the law people generally are held responsible for what they have done. Teachers tell us that they want their pupils to become mature human beings, able to determine their own course of life. But do they have any clear idea of the constraints people are subjected to at the quite exceptional moments when indeed they are supposed to make up their minds?
More...