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The economic growth of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) was emphasized by the global economic crisis from 2008 and it seems to continue in the years to come. However, this economic growth needs to be supported by trade, foreign direct investments, and important energy resources, and it already had many negative effects over these countries’ environment. Within the international institutions, many countries request major reforms regarding the vote procedures as well as a bigger responsibility of the Western countries for the costs of the climate change. Therefore, this paper will try to present, in a comparative way, the challenges regarding the economic growth, trade, foreign direct investments and energy resources in the BRICS. On the other hand, we will try to identify the BRICS’ strategies over these problems. Finally, we will analyze the negotiations of the BRICS with international institutions, such as UN, G20, WTO and IEA, regarding the global economic and energy governance.
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Isaac Newton’s scientific legacy is well-known. What’s less well-known is that he was a staunch, though unorthodox, Christian, an alchemist, theologian, and Church historian. These facets of Newton’s life and work often seem at odds with our perception of the genius behind the calculus and universal gravitation. In five articles, by leading scholars in the field, the editors of this symposium seek to unveil this “unknown Newton”. In doing so, a much more coherent picture of Newton’s intellectual life emerges.
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The paper is trying to present a post – realist approach in order to explain the essence of the Chinese foreign policy, its main strategic trends of thoughts, and its perception about the complex contemporary world. Daoist and Confucianism roots within the content of some keyconcepts of the Chinese strategic contemporary trends are also identified as an effort to better understand the Chinese strategic culture and the way it shapes the future of international relations. Accommodating interests of the main characters is not a kind “idealistic objective”, but rather it reveals a new foundation for realizing a “harmonious global society”, by connecting different perceptions of the main civilizations about the ”global governance” and about manking as a ”community of common destiny”. Far from expressing some utopian views ”such as analyzing some of the main Chinese key-concepts as being the ”harmonious world”, a ”New Security Concept” or ”New Type of Relations between Great Powers” it can represent the beginning of a new stage in implementing ”global governance” paradigm.
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The integration of the Eastern-European states into the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence at the end of the Second World War represented a complex process that aimed all the vital sectors in those states. In a relatively short period of time, the political, economic, social and cultural life of the Eastern-European states was radically transformed, according to the models imposed by Moscow. The Soviet Union imposed its control over Eastern Europe because it had strategic, political, military and economic interests in this region. The states in this region became, after the Soviet Union broke relations with its former Western allies, the main suppliers of resources for the recovery of the soviet economy. The soviet control over the Eastern-European economies took many forms: from the brutal transfer of raw materials, finite products and technology during the first years after the war, to more subtle methods, as the establishment of “mixed enterprises”, the initialization of bilateral agreements and finally by establishing the COMECON. The establishment of the COMECON in January 1949 was one of the measures taken by Moscow in order to counteract the effects of the Marshall Plan and to consolidate the Soviet influence in the satellite-states from Eastern Europe. This measure was preceded by other actions meant to strength
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The project of translating and editing a major philosopher’s complete correspondence for the first time in a certain language poses difficulties not only for the translators, but also to the language itself, the more so as Romanian has not been systematically acquainted to the fundamental concepts of early modern thought. Translated by Vlad Alexandrescu, Robert Arnăutu, Călin Cristian Pop, Mihai-Dragoş Vadana and Grigore Vida, the second part of Descartes’ Complete Correspondence pursues the goal started in 2014. As was the case of the first volume, the text of the second volume is based on a multitude of sources, for instance the Clerselier edition, the Adam and Tannery edition or more recent and specialized editions.1 The 303 letters translated in the present volume prove to be more than mere biographical concomitants to the Cartesian oeuvre. The philosophical consistency of the correspondence is not only due to the ethos of interlocutors such as Huygens, Hobbes or Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and rises above the seventeen century epistolary tradition. Rather, it is determined by the nature of Descartes’ works which originate in a vivid philosophical dialogue with his peers of the Republic of Letters. The volume covers the period of 1639-1644. Indeed, these years were critical for Descartes’ philosophy, as both the Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) and the Principles of Philosophy (1644) were published. The volume begins with an extensive chronology written by Vlad Alexandrescu.2 In 1639, Descartes was living in Haarlem and was still collecting objections to the Discourse on Method. He was looking forward to publish them along with his replies, an idea which he gradually dropped. In a letter to Mersenne from November 1639 (114-119) he was already considering writing a new version of his metaphysics, and in 1640 he begins the first part of the Principles “in an order which can be easily taught” (312-316). Along with the gathering of objections to the Meditations and the development of the Principles in the following years, his relationship with Regius and the beginning of his correspondence with Princess Elisabeth are particularly interesting.
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