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This work seeks to show how Czech scholars working on the history and literary history of the South Slavic peoples have reacted to events in Bosnia and Hercegovina between 1992 and 2008, and to point out typical shortcomings and conspicuous examples of manipulation.
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Debates on the national identity of Bosniaks were initiated in the beginning of the 1960s within the structures of political establishment, yet they were soon ended and transferred to the sphere of science, so that, first as the undoubtedly proven Bosniak national identity in the academic circles, and only then as a scientifically proven fact, it returned to the political sphere whose task was to simply accept what had already been proven by academic circles. Among the leading figures of the ruling elite at the moment of launching and throughout these debates were Cvijetin Mijatović, Branko Mikulić, Džemal Bijedić, who were joined by Hamdija Pozderac in the beginning of the 1970s. Among intellectuals who participated actively from the mid-1960s in the campaigns aimed at the national affirmation of Bosniaks the figures of particular prominence were Muhamed Hadžijahić, Atif Purivatra, Kasim Suljević, Mustafa Imamović and Muhamed Filipović. All of them contributed with their academic work to the affirmation of Bosniak national identity.
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In the historiography of the South Slavic linguistic area the word “taksit” is predominantly used as a synonym for the imdad-i hazariyye tax; moreover, it implies several dozens of taxes and levies contained in tevzi defteri, which was interpreted by alleged expansion of the term “taksit” to all other taxes that were imposed at later stages. This view is not in line with the official Ottoman sources. Ottoman administrative officials implied, in their official documents, under taksit only the instalment of imdad-i hazariyye tax, while, in tevzi defteri, all other levies had their individual names and purposes so that the term “taksit” was not applied on them. The imdad-i hazariyye tax appears also in the shortened form “hazariyye”. In colloquial administrative communication, the Ottoman administration often omitted the term “hazariyye” in its documents and referred only to the collection of “taksit” etc., yet, they knew exactly what they meant by each specific tax given the generally known nature of their job. The annals of Bosnian Franciscans give a certain ground to apply the term “taksit” also on levies that were collected together with hazariyye; however, they are far from being accurate in terms of this issue and are, therefore, interesting for our understanding of the manner in which people understood the Ottoman system of taxation, but not the functioning of the system itself, for which a look from within is needed alongside a thorough analysis of the official ottoman documents. In addition to this, the term “taksit” was used in the general meaning of “instalment” in various fields of finances, while the type of instalment was closer defined by the context in which the term was used.
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So far, historiography has predominantly considered that Duke Sandalj Hranić Kosača could have been described as a usurper of Bosnian royal revenue in 1396 and 1397 due to the fact that Bosnia had a weak ruler on its throne in that period. On should know, however, that St. Demetrius-tribute was a levy of international nature, which implied certain obligations the Bosnian ruler had in the context of the country’s relations with Dubrovnik. The claims made to that effect by some members of Bosnian aristocracy were unfounded since the other side, i.e. Dubrovnik, could not honour them. Our analysis shows that Duke Sandalj Hranić did not have any arrogant ambitions to take over St. Demetrius-tribute either in April 1396 or in November 1397. In 1396, he served his Queen Jelena very loyally collecting this levy on her behalf and he failed to collect the levy only because the old charters were not renewed, while new customs duties were introduced. In November 1397, Duke Sandalj was responsible for the sale of salt in Novi and it gave him an opportunity to exert the greatest possible influence on the smooth functioning of relations between Bosnia and Dubrovnik; consequently, he could be instrumental in the collection of the St. Demetrius-tribute.
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Osvitanje, the first association of Muslim/Bosniak women in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was established in Sarajevo in the beginning of 1919. Its establishment was initiated by Bosniak women-intellectuals from Sarajevo: Hasnija Berberović, Rasema Bisić, Almasa Iblizović, Šefika Bjelevac, Umija Vranić and Asifa Širbegović. These are the goals cited in the Association’s Rules: cultural and educational transformation, economic prosperity of Bosniak women, fight against detrimental customs and the preservation of moral values, as well as emancipation and affirmation of women’s rights and values. In the realisation of these proclaimed goals, Osvitanje undertook different actions, such as manufacture and trade activities, craft vocational school, library, literacy courses, exhibitions of handiwork, weekly meetings, literary contributions of women authors in publications, as well as religious educational programs. Members of this association and its management included educated and wealthy wives of renowned and influential Bosniak intellectuals, civil servants and businessmen. A significant number of them were teachers, while there were also two poetesses - Nafija Sarajlić and Šefika Bjelevac. The Association proclaimed its modern views of the approach to the issue of status of Bosniak women. The Association was active between 1919 and 1930/31, whereas an attempt of its re-activation in mid-1936 failed. Its contribution to the emancipation and affirmation of Bosniak women was invaluable, yet more modest and less significant than the results of other Bosniak associations of that period, such as Gajret or Narodna Uzdanica.
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In Bosnian-Herzegovinian historiography the issue of external colonisation, particularly colonisation carried out by German ethnic element, has often been linked to political motives of the Austro-Hungarian authorities that, if simplified, could be encapsulated in the following manner: Austro-Hungarian administration was aimed at settling a foreign, loyal element (German in particular) in the areas prevailingly inhabited by Orthodox Christian population, e.g. Posavina which resulted in elimination of its influence. The Landesregierung, on the other hand, always emphasised that the purpose of establishing colonies was to provide domicile peasants with higher farming skills and, since arable land was mainly located in the northern part of Bosnia, it was logical that colonies were created there. The process of creation of state-owned colonies was in full swing in the 1880s. Thus, eleven German colonies were created, with settlers from the territories of Hungary, Bukovina, Galicia, mainly the followers of Evangelical Church (Helvetians and Augsburgians). In the beginning, these settlers encountered numerous problems, such as acclimatisation, malaria, shortage of potable water, poor communications and climate disasters. Although these colonies gradually succeeded to consolidate, they never had the status of private colonies that experienced great progress in the true sense of the word “Musterkolonien”. Relationship between these colonists and the Provincial Government was regulated by the contracts on lease of land that determined the rights and duties of settlers, so that settlers who had spent ten years diligently cultivating the land they had got on lease were entitled to assume the right to that land and could apply for ownership right over the plots of land they had cultivated. This was the most significant process that occurred in the state-type colonies at the beginning of the 20th century.
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“Banditry on the Soil of Roman Illyrian Provinces” is a paper that makes an inquiry into the phenomenon of banditry – i.e. organised brigandage – in the territory of Western and Central Balkans in the time of Roman rule. In his analysis of this phenomenon as well as the effects and scope of banditry, the author relies on original literary and epigraphic sources. The former sources offers two pieces of information provided by a Roman author (in the Greek language) and Senator Cassius Dionus and from the collection Historia Augusta. In his work, Cassius Dionus refers to the fall of Pannonia in the time of Great Illyrian Upheaval that occurred from the years 6 to the 9 A.D. wherein he mentions brigands as a phenomenon that had been present for quite a long period of time in the Illyrian territories. The information contained in the Historia Augusta collection refers to the fact that the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius had recruited into his armed forces a great number of brigands from the Province of Dalmatia and the region of Dardania. Epigraphic data offer an abundance of information about banditry. A great number of tombstones contained inscriptions directly referring to the activities and violence committed by these brigands in the Illyrian Provinces. This banditry in Illyrian lands was reduced in the period of ascent of Illyrian Emperors, which can be directly linked to the fact that the Roman rule, now with Roman citizenship, became more acceptable and accessible to the Illyrians.
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For quite a while, the agrarian issue was the most complex and difficult social issue as well as the key political issue in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It reflected not only economic characteristics of rural Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also mutually intertwined relations, national and confessional in particular. Due to this reason, the Austro-Hungarian rule kept the Ottoman agrarian legislation in force until as late as 1912, i.e. until the adoption of the Law on Optional Buy-off of Surfs. Immediately after the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians in 1918, there were open efforts of the ruling circles to implement agrarian reform. A number of laws and by-laws were adopted for that purpose, all aimed at elimination of “feudal relations” in rural areas and at making çift tax payers exempt of this tax and free to tend to the land they had worked on. Although the government had promised the most proper implementation of the law and full respect of human and ownership rights, this process was carried out as a ruthless campaign and merciless repression of Muslim landowners. In the region of Herzegovina, and particularly along the border with Montenegro, there were violent campaigns undertaken by the units of brigands who demonstrated an extreme form of chauvinism against the Muslim population aimed at forcible change of the structure of land ownership. In an attempt to bring some order into the state, the authorities made certain, albeit partially successful, efforts.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina serves as an an example of regions capable of living both under its national and supra-national wings. If a multi-ethnic region, such as Bosnia and Hercegovina has been in the course of its history, wants to achieve harmony, it is vitally important that it has the foundations for dual, whereby regional identity must be supported by supra-regional identity, which is, reciprocally, compatible with it. If these double wings get broken, the region risks to be broken as well. The same works the other way around: the establishment of complex or federal states helps regions like Bosnia and Hercegovina to survive. This is an argument for the thesis that the integration of Europe into one big region is linked to the revitalisation of old (and creation of new) regions. Multi-culturality and regionalism are not inevitably doomed to fail; instead, they can gain new perspectives and chances through the transnational integration processes in Europe
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Articolul de faţă cuprinde studii de cercetare referitoare la caracteristicile persoanei private de libertate şi mediul privativ, trăsăturile şi tipurile de personalitate. Premisele cercetării comportamentului deviant sunt psihologice atât la nivel substanţial, deoarece se cercetează personalitatea infractorului, cât şi la nivel metodologic pentru a se utiliza testele psihologice. Personalitatea infractorului este studiată din perspectivă sinergetică implicând: cercetarea clinică, examinările paraclinice, investigările biogenetice, interpretarea neurofiziologică, cercetarea sociologică, rezolvarea medico-legală. Pornind de la vechea definiţie a ceea ce este omul şi anume, o fiinţă bio-psiho-socio-culturală, personalitatea persoanei care comite o infracţiune nu aduce un nou tipar, o variantă nouă de personalitate umană. Devianţa apare acolo unde societata traversează o criză de adaptare, iar odată ajuns în mediul privativ de libertate poţi să îţi păstrezi echilibrul sau poţi să te confrunţi cu dizarmonii ale personalităţii, dar mai ales căderi psihice.
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