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The article shows how the attitude of Julian Przyboś to Karol Irzykowski developed and evolved. As a young poet of the Cracow avant-garde, Przyboś perceived Irzykowski as a recognized critic and a writer of great authority. In his views, he particularly valued the critical attitude towards the Young Poland movement, the rejection of derivativeness, and respect for the originality of literary achievements. The dispute with the outstanding critic, who accurately pointed to the weaknesses of avant-garde aesthetic ideas, was an opportunity for Przyboś to clarify and summarize his own views, different from Irzykowski’s and Peiper’s. The disputes between Karol Irzykowski and Julian Przyboś reflected ideas clashing in the interwar period and constituted an essential element of literary life.
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Representation of sensual experience is vital for the expression of Karol Irzykowski’s intellectualism. The paradoxical victory of sensual testimony over the mind’s claim is the result of the rejection of Young Poland’s legacy by this literary critic. Between the two world wars (1918–1939) as a rationalist-idealist Irzykowski prefers ratio, spirit and idea over materialism.
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From Irzykowski’s theatrical reviews emerges a special image of their author – it is a man faithful to literature, drama as a literary work, and especially its mental content. This faithfulness gives a special ethical value to his statements about theatre. Irzykowski is able to stand against the general reviewers in defense of the playwrights criticised by them wrongly (as he believes); some other time he is capable of responding viciously and hurling abuse at an author who speaks ill about his profession. He can also criticize the most famous theatre director of that time – Leon Schiller. In the era of domination of the so-called reformers of the theatre, whose writings he knows, his approach to theatre from the perspective of a dramatic work gives his reviews a special value of other modernity.
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The chapter examines texts of a film critic Andrzej Włast published in the “Ekran i Scena” magazine and a book by Karol Irzykowski, whose "The Tenth Muse: Aesthetic Aspects of Cinema" (1924) is the first theoretical study exploring the cinema as art in the Polish language. Both Włast and Irzykowski addressed issues of film movement and montage, film genres, stardom, and others, analyzing contemporary film production in Europe and the USA. It is interesting to follow parallels and differences in points of view of the two critics and writers to show the early stage of film theory in Poland and the ways of discussing the language of cinema, its status as an art form and as part of popular culture.
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The article presents Karol Irzykowski’s film theory from the perspective of a viewer and participant of the newly emerging visual culture. Until now scholars have only treated Irzykowski as a pioneer of Polish film theory, overlooking his role as a regular at film screenings as well as an active reviewer of the cinematic repertory of his day. Szulik draws on Irzykowski’s reviews in “Wiadomości Literackie” (1924–1925) in order to show that his theory was rooted in his participation in and reflection on popular culture.
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The text is an analysis of the polemic that Karol Irzykowski conducted with Marxist literary critics in the interwar period in Poland. The author of the sketch, following the interpretation proposed by Tomasz Burek, tries to show that this is a dispute over what change in the literary field should look like: whether its main driver is the creative subject (as Irzykowski would have wanted) or perhaps the class struggle (as Marxists claimed).
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The article proposes an analysis of Karol Irzykowski’s Beniaminek (Benjamin, 1933), a study and an attack on the literary critic and translator Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński’s activity and writings as well as the reaction of the criticized author. The former’s work reveals to be rather an extensive defence of Irzykowski’s critical writings, and the latter’s answer – a pamphlet. Their dialogue (that didn’t take place) is situated in the context of Polish (and Central-European) cultural immaturity.
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This article synthesises information scattered in memoirs and academic texts: on Karol Irzykowski’s role in the press dispute of 1918–1929 over the drafts and statutes of institutions which were to organise literary life and protect the professional interests of writers (Polish Academy of Literature, Literary Chamber), and also on his work at the Polish Academy of Literature, which existed in the years 1933–1939. This information reveals Irzykowski’s dynamically changing views on the Academy, the drafts of which he reviewed, the statutes of which he first co-wrote and then rejected, and the establishment of the Academy into existence – which he received with resignation, but nevertheless accepted his own appointment to it. In the end, Irzykowski turned out to be the most committed, and at the same time the least respected by other academics, member of the institution.
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The publication concerns the issue of the legal position of a minister, which is regulated primarily by the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 and by statutes. The analysis shows the evolution of this legal position, which took place due to the existence of many fundamental laws in Poland, shaping the competences of ministers in a different way. In this respect, particular attention has been paid to selected provisions of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Poland of 1952, as well as the Small Constitution of 1992, thus acts that directly preceded the binding Constitution of the Republic of Poland and had some impact on the shape of the current systemic solutions. The discussion of the scope of competences and duties of ministers was carried out within the framework of three spheres of the legal position of a minister, which can be distinguished on the grounds of the provisions of the currently binding constitution. These spheres are: the function of a member of the Council of Ministers, the function of a minister heading a department of government administration, and the function of a minister performing tasks assigned by the Prime Minister.
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The article is an attempt to diagnose the problems related to the looted works of art and their restitution. The paper tries to examine the relations between different public administration bodies, which are responsible for the recovery of the Polish heritage. The main focus is put on the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and legal frameworks it uses to succeed. Further and deepened study of the biggest and most important venture of the authorities – the electronic Database of Wartime Losses – allows for a better understanding of historical and systematic problems the state faces when trying to reclaim what once belonged to the Poles or was part of public collections. A comparison with other countries’ attempts to restore their cultural heritage gives a perspective of what else can be done. The lack of coordination and cooperation both between the governmental departments and public institutions with privately-owned enterprises calls for the administration’s immediate and substantive actions.
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The transcription of a certificate of same-sex marriage contracted abroad, even though it is not a new problem, still generates considerable controversy. Administrative courts, adopting views of the overwhelming majority of doctrine, consider transcription of such an act as inadmissible, giving as a reason its contradiction with fundamental principles of the Polish legal order. Therefore, within the framework of this article, an analysis of Article 18 of the Polish Constitution is presented, with particular emphasis on the positions of those representatives of science who do not see this article as an obstacle to institutionalizing same-sex partnerships. The institution of transcription itself, the public order clause and question of evidentiary force of foreign official documents were also characterized. A proper place was also devoted to the jurisprudence of administrative courts, presenting established line of judicature and a „precedent” judgment breaking out of it. Attention was also paid to the highly relevant European Court of Human Rights’ case law, implementation of which could make the problem addressed in this study, at least partially, outdated.
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In the face of the growing complexity and variety of challenges facing the modern state, the need for adaptation and innovation in the legal framework of its operation is becoming an increasingly important issue. The purpose of the article is to present the views expressed in the doctrine relating to the so-called new legal forms of administrative action - i.e. those which - due to their specific features – cannot be classified as the forms traditionally distinguished. The paper opens with an attempt to explain the notion of „legal forms of administrative action” and seeks to indicate a catalogue of such forms. It is followed by an outline of views expressed in legal doctrine relating to the concept and catalogue of new legal forms of administrative action. The following parts are devoted to the characteristics of selected new legal forms of administrative action: a public-law contract, an act of planning, an act of interpretation and an administrative promise.
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