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Koldere is a small municipality of Saruhanlı district of Manisa. It was a farm of Karaosmanoğlu notable family until the 19th century. Even after notables loss of power, the large part of the land remained as the property of Karaosmanoğlu Sadık Bey. When analysis the 1844-1845 temettüât register of the farm, it is seen the fact that the place was organized as a form of a village. However, the farm also plays an important role in agricultural production, as well as small ruminants. Furthermore, in the mid 19th century, almost all of the Koldere population consists of the Ottoman Greeks.
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In this paper, muftiates which was founded in Tsarist Russia, composed important part of policy of Russian government on Muslim people and Islam religion and lasted for a long time was analyzed. Factors which influenced foundation process of Orenburg Ecclesiastical Assembly, Crimean Muftiate, Southern Caucasia Sunnite and Shiite Muftiates, their duties and authorities were put forward. It was mentioned that religious organizations which have equal rights and authorities were not formed in regions where Muslim people were dominant in Russia. The difference between perspective of Tsardom government and Muslim people towards muftiates were determined, the reflection of this situation on relation between Empire and Muslim people was stated in the sense of policy
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Diyarbakır, after a long imperial experience and in the transition to the Republican period that represents the beginning of a reformist phase, will continue to be administrative, cultural and economic center in accordance with its historical position. Although developmental approaches have been tried to apply during the Ottaman period, it has been stayed away to achieve the objectives due to the deficiencies in the social structure, administrative and financial problems. With the transition to Republican phase, “Birinci Umum-i Müfettişlik” taking public intervention in the center with a regional developmental approach is going to be established. This gives significant clues about overcoming the economic development of Southeastern Anatolia as well as on the general developmental geographic-based political approach of the public. However, the nature of the inherited social structure, financial applications, factors such as industrial and agricultural production factors will be decisive in the struggle to the problem of development in Diyarbakır. Diyarbakır, after a long imperial experience and in the transition to the Republican period that represents the beginning of a reformist phase, will continue to be administrative, cultural and economic center in accordance with its historical position. Although developmental approaches have been tried to apply during the Ottaman period, it has been stayed away to achieve the objectives due to the deficiencies in the social structure, administrative and financial problems. With the transition to Republican phase, “Birinci Umum-i Müfettişlik” taking public intervention in the center with a regional developmental approach is going to be established. This gives significant clues about overcoming the economic development of Southeastern Anatolia as well as on the general developmental geographic-based political approach of the public. However, the nature of the inherited social structure, financial applications, factors such as industrial and agricultural production factors will be decisive in the struggle to the problem of development in Diyarbakır.
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M. Fuad Köprülü who is known with his historian, thinker and the man of letters identity, is also a politician. He, who was the first Kars Parliamentarian of Republican People’s Party in 1935, was among the founders of Democratic Party in 1945. He served as a Minister of Foreign Affairs, minister of state and deputy prime minister between 1950-1956. He resigned from the Democratic Party in 1957, and couldn’t be a politician again, but he was still interested in active politics. He firstly supported The Freedom Party and then the Republican People’s Party. After the army’s confiscating to government on 27th May 1960, due to the events of 6th-7th September, he stood trial in Yassıada and was acquitted. He founded The New Democratic Party in 1961, but because of the fact that he couldn’t get the success he had expected, he had to withdraw from the active politics. In this article, M. Fuad Köprülü’s leaving the Democratic Party, his supporting the opposition party, his standing trial in Yassıada, foundation of the New Democratic Party and the political struggling after it, will be evaluated in the light of archival documents, newspapers of that period and other sources.
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“Rise of the West”, “Grand Question”, “The Great Divergence” are all different nomenclature for a pristine problematic in social sciences: The supposed discrepancy between the “East” and the “West” in a variety of domains whereby the “West” is assumed to acquire supremacy over the “East”. In the former part of our essay we try to acquaint the reader with the aforementioned literature. We do not intend to present a detailed account but just the important milestones delineating only the broadest contours of the discussion. After providing a general overview of the “Rise of the West” literature we dwell upon the “Problem of Chronology” haunting it. We call it the “Problem of Chronology” since it is essentially providing an adequate answer to the following question “When had the West Risen?” We think the researchers have too much engaged in providing an answer to the “Why” question, which is both harder to address and prone to much prejudice. According to us, a better approach is to put “Problem of Chronology” as the central piece of the argument. It is a clear cut and more tangible question to tackle. However, we pinpoint that, providing a solution to the problem requires answering a preliminary question: “In which domains should we seek a chronology?” We argue that a three pronged approach derived from Mann’s theory of social power and realist International Relations theory may be useful in achieving a methodologically satisfactory solution to the problem.
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Turkey and Germany are two countries which have well advanced relations in the fields of politics, economy, military, education and science for many years. These relations contribute to both sides in different aspects. However, when two countries are compared with each other, Germany transfers massive amounts of science and especially technology to Turkey. The present study deals with the transferring scientific experience from Germany to Turkey within the framework of universities, especially focusing on the Turkish-German University. Following a brief history of Turkish-German relations, the importance of the republican period as well as Turkish-German universities regarding the relations between both countries will be analysed through expert opinions and empirical data.
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Somalia, as one of the poorest countries in Africa has been on the top list of the failed states, and tried to meet the challenges such as armed conflicts, poverty and mass migration since 1991. The attempts by the international community to ensure the peace and stability in Somalia have not produced the desired results by 2011. With the famine crisis in the 2011 summer, Turkey has initiated an opening towards Somalia. Turkey’s intervention and aids are soon welcomed by the people of Somalia and the expectations for the provision of the peace and stability have increased. Yet some critiques have arisen about Turkey’s policy toward Somalia. The critiques are focused on Turkey’s work in isolation from the international community, unawareness of Somali’s realities, the lack of institutional capacity and a long term strategy. The historical backdrop, social context and multi dimensional causes of the Somalia crisis indicate that the peace and stability can only be achieved by a long term and comprehensive work coordinated with all actors. In this context, Turkey should review the current Somalia policy and develop a comprehensive strategy.
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Ramadan Principality is a Turkish state which was established in Cukurova, having Adana as center, in 14th century. Uc Ok Turcoman, constituting this state, were Turkish raider lords who served Mamluks from the beginning of the establishment. They showed maximum effort during the campaigns by Mamluks onto the Armenians living in Cukurova, and after the collapse of this state, they secure their position in that region as being subject to Mamluks. Insomuch that Ramazan Beg, signified as “Turcoman Emir”, was accommodated by Mamluks Sultan in Cario, and dressed Khalat. Mamluks attached great importance to the region forming the north border in which Ramadanids was established. They formed three regentships named as Ayas, Tarsus and Sis and constantly supervised these three cities by sending regents from the capital city, Cairo. Despite the attitude of Mamluks, Ibrahim Beg, successor of Ramadan, who took courage from the achievements of Dulkadirids, allying with them revolted against Mamluks, but this revolt did not produce result and moreover cost his life. Since the histories of Ramadan and Dulkadir Principalities, established as subjected to Mamluks in close regions, crossed with each other’s frequently, activities of Dulkadirids will also be mentioned where relevant. But what we know about Turcoman is limited to the information given by Mamluks’ chronicles.
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Amasya is one of the most important cities in the chain of Ottoman silk manufacture. From the standpoint of Ottoman silk production, the early role of the city was in the way of being the entrepot of Iranian silk. In later periods, it is reflected in documents that silkworm-breeding and branches of work and production depending on silk reached very important dimensions. It is observed that from the last quarter of the 18th century onward, tax records regarding silk production are mentioned more than the records concerning the tax of mizan-ı harir. It is also observed that at an accelerating rate within the 18th century, records about mulberry fields and wormhouses are intensely mentioned. In line with what has been stated, it is thought that the dependency on Iranian silk decreased in time. Negative effects of the silkworm disease that was effective in the second half of the 19th century were felt in Amasya too. To the degree that it is reflected in the archival material, it is understood that government officials attended perhaps most sensitively to the Amasya silk- production. When examined under the light of the documents and the information, it is thought that there was an Amasya silk production comparable to that of Bursa. Although the city of Bursa played a dominant role in Ottoman silk production, the total production of a few cities such as Amasya was able to nearly balance the Bursa silk production or perhaps provide a production level above that of Bursa.
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The base of Baghdad Pact, which was organized for the purposes of preventing penetration of the Soviet Union into Middle East, was laid by a convention entered by and between Turkey and Iraq on February 24, 1955, and Iran, Pakistan and England joined the pact at a later date. Effects of Baghdad Pact, which alienated Turkey from the region while reinforcing anti-western camp, on Arabian society were not positive at all; particularly Egypt protested against this pact accepting it to be the heaviest strike on Arabian Union. No Arabian state other than Iraq has taken part in this convention, which is kept open to member states of Arabian Union as well as governments of Middle East wishing to create cooperation. Iraq Government officially announced its secession from Baghdad Pact in 1959 upon the military coup of General Kasım, which was replaced by a new convention including the USA with the new center in Ankara. The name of pact was changed to be Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). Organization completed its historical mission after Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979.
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It has been known that the Akıncıs were in the Ottoman Empire an extention of the corps which provided the border security of the Turkish states. They were named in the Seljuki period as “margraves”. Even the Ottomans were one of these margraves. Adopting a more centralist policy, the Ottoman Empire didn’t leave the border security to margraves as it was the case in Seljuks, but they assigned this job to some akıncı families. Evrenesoğulları in Albania and Dalmatia, Mihal-oğulları in Bosnia, Semendire and Serbia, Malkoç-oğulları in Silistre and Turhan-oğulları in Mora were the most famous ones among these families. The missions of the Akıncıs was to ensure the frontier security, to undertake reconnaissance mission in the regions which would be conquered, to gather intelligence, to raid the enemy territories and to act advanced guards, which was called as the fifth column activities at that time. It is assumed that Evranos Bey established the Akıncı corps. They were the light cavalry forces and had a certain organizational structure. Those with manor were registered in the account book with their descriptions. Their number exceeded fifty thousand during the period of Suleyman the Magnificient. The number of Akıncıs continued to increase until the 16th Century. In 1595, during the attacks carried out against Walachia Voivodina Mihail, who rebelled, the Akıncıs which stayed behind the Ottoman army, which was retreating over the wooden bridge, were nearly destroyed due to the inconsiderate act of Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha. After that incident the Akıncıs could not recover and their mission was undertaken by the Akkerman, Dobruca and Bucak Tatars and Crimea Khanate’s forces. With the exception of the short research of İ. Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, which is based on secondary sources, no serious study has been produced on the guild of Akıncıs by benefiting from the manorial books, muhimme books and local registry books. In this study the “Yergöğü bridge incident” which brought the end of the Akıncıs will be examined by referring to the secondary works of that time such as Mustafa Ali’s Künhül Ahbar and İbrahim Peçevi’s Tarih-i Peçevî. Registers of the Akıncıs in mühimme books of 1595 will also be taken into consideration. The findings will also be reflected in the conclusion.
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