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The paper gives a review of those relations that came to existence between the University of Nürnberg founded at end of the 16th century and the Transylvanian Unitarians. Th e paper concludes that aft er the storms of the Fift een Years’ War it became essential for the reshuffl ing Transylvanian Unitarians to fi nd a university where they can send their students. Th is must be explaining the fact that among the members of the group from Kolozsvár visiting Altdorf in 1608 were not only students, but most probably also members of a delegation of the town. Furthermore the paper shows that until the early 1620s more Unitarian students studied here for mostly a shorter period. Th e paper focuses on János Varsolczi enumerating documents about his activity and erudition. Th e closing part of the paper proves that in the surroundings of Erns Soner, the famous professor of Aldorf one can fi nd not only Socinian authors, but also the Trasnylvanian radical Nonadorantist tendencies, which were so familiar amongst the Antitrinitarians in Transylvania. Th e author primarily refers to Martin Seidel and his texts. It was long-known that Simon Pécsi wanted to acquire for himself the manuscript of his most radical work. Th is recent paper also publishes new data and deliberation about this episode.
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During the early decades of the 20th century Estonian culture is especially open to the influences of French and French-language Belgian art and literature. The "Young Estonia" literary school introduces Baudelaire's work to Estonian readers and is looking for examples in French symbolism and decadentism. J. Aavik translates Bourget's work and takes a close interest in Huysmans. Maeterlinck is one of the first French-language symbolist authors translated, soon to be accompanied by Verhaeren. F. Tuglas writes his Jumala saar ("Island of God") probably under the influence of Maeterlinck's symbolist plays. In several Tuglas' short stories J. Aavik finds the art-for-art's-sake frame of mind. These new tendencies meet severe criticism from several older generation intellectuals, who accuse Young Estonians of playing vain aesthetes and imitating an overripe culture instead of creating original artistic works of their own. While comparing V. Grünthal's poem Sügiselaul with Verlaine's Chanson d'automne we can see a strong analogy of theme and motif as well as experimentation with a new form. Blank verse in Grünthal's poem is as new in Estonian poetry as Verlaine's disregard of classical rules in French literature. In his novel "Felix Ormusson" F. Tuglas "flirts" with decadentism in the character of Ormusson as the author's alter ego. Ormusson has recently arrived from Paris and, far from its smoky cafés, enjoys the Estonian countryside and the admiration of two young ladies from a purely aesthetic viewpoint. In the novel Tuglas hints several times to nature as a symbol (following the example of Baudelaire) and introduces into his descriptions some aesthetic vocabulary of the Parnassians. Still, at the end of the novel Ormusson discovers the emptiness of the purely aesthetic world view and here he can as well be compared with Tuglas himself who gradually approached realism, influenced by the formal perfection and realist content of Flaubert's work. As A. Kallas has pointed out, Tuglas's artistic itinerary is the same as that of the whole Young Estonia literary school, whose members ended up in a realistic approach to literature. Still, a search for the "French lady" remains one of the important characteristics of Estonian literature in the early 20th century.
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The article discusses the circulation numbers and some economic aspects of the Eesti Postimees, which was the most authoritative newspaper in Estonia during the National Awakening, and the journal Eesti Põllumees (Estonian Farmer, then called Supplement), both edited by J. V. Jannsen. The material analyzed comes from the ledgers of publisher and printer H. Laakmann. In 1870 the circulation of the first issues of the Eesti Postimees was 1525, reaching 3500 by the first half of the next year. From 1872–1875 the circulation balanced between 2200–2500. In 1876 the number increased to 2900, while the next year 8–10 issues were published 4100 copies each. Here the ledger entries are discontinued. Several researchers have assumed that the Russian-Turkish war (1877– 1878) may have helped to raise the circulation up to 4600–5200. In 1879 the Eesti Postimees appeared twice a week: the main paper on Wednesdays (2500–3000 copies) and the Supplement on Saturdays (1100–1500 copies). In 1880 the circulation was 2000. As for the journal Eesti Põllumees 1000 copies were printed at the end of 1869. Reader interest being low the circulation dropped to 250 by 1878, which caused a temporary stop in publication, but in 1880 the journal was resumed. The ledger also reveals the publishing costs. Considering the subvention received from the knighthoods, the newspaper must have been quite profitable for J. V. Jannsen, whereas the journal's yield was very small, if not negative. The greatest merit of the newspaper Eesti Postimees was the moulding of the nascent Estonian nationalism and public opinion.
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Estonian elementary classroom interaction has been analysed with the aim of comparing repair sequences initiated by the teacher as well as students in different classroom contexts. The survey is based on a transcribed collection of video-recordings of 1–4 grade lessons in the Estonian language and mathematics. The tool used is Conversation Analysis combined with a part of a modified version of the SETT (Self-Evaluation of Teacher Talk) framework created by Steve Walsh. The repair sequences are analyzed in four different contexts: (a) managerial – the teacher introduces or concludes an activity, organizes the learning environment; (b) form and accuracy – the focus is either on precise linguistic forms or on correct answers to arithmetical problems; (c) new skills and knowledge – the focus is on providing and establishing new knowledge and skills; (d) conversation – students are enabled to express themselves, possibly entering a discussion. The main results of the analysis are that both the frequency and form of repair, either student- or teacher-initiated, tend to be contingent upon context.
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Subtitle: A comparison of the attitudes of the European People’s Party and the Party of European Socialists and their influence on the drafting of the Constitutional Treaty of the European Union. This article studies the role of European political parties during drafting of the European Constitution by the European Convention. Its objective is to verify two hypotheses. The first assumes that European political parties (for reasons of capacity the article studies the two largest ones – the European People’s Party and the Party of European Socialists) had an influential role in the drafting process due to the procedures of the Convention. The final draft of the Constitution therefore meets their expectations. The second hypothesis posits that, bearing in mind the nature of the European party system, the parties’ ideas about the future development of the European Union will not differ, but will bear strong similarities. The analysis proceeds in five stages. Firstly, both parties’ basic ideas about institutional reform and their opinions on the Nice Treaty are described. Then there is an overview of both parties’ attitudes towards the Convention’s procedure. Thirdly, the article analyzes the parties’ activities during the European Convention. Following that is an examination of the parties’ evaluations of the constitutional draft, and finally there is a comparison of the parties’ attitudes towards the Intergovernmental Conference created to approve the European Constitution.
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Michel Foucher: The European Republic (Evropská republika) Brno: Barrister & Principal, 2002, 135 pages, ISBN: 80-85947-79-X. Anthony Giddens: The Consequences of Modernity (Důsledky modernity) Praha: Sociologické nakladatelství (SLON), 2003, 200 pages, ISBN: 80-86429-15-6 (2nd edition). Roger D. Petersen: Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 312 pages, ISBN: 10-0521-00774-7. Alvin Toffler and Heidi Toffler: War and Anti-War: Making Sense of Today’s Global Chaos (Válka a antiválka. Jak porozumět dnešnímu globálnímu chaosu) Praha: Dokořán and Argo, 2002, 303 pages, ISBN: 80-86569-16-0 (Dokořán), ISBN: 80-7203-445-6 (Argo). Steve Wood: Germany and East-Central Europe: Political, Economic and Socio-Cultural Relations in the Era of EU Enlargement. Alderhot–Burlington: Ashgate, 2004, 245 pages, ISBN: 0-7546-4309-3.
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This article is focused on the process of democratisation in Taiwan. It reviews the transition of the authoritarian Kuomintang regime, and the specific role of Mr. Lee Teng-hui, former KMT leader and Taiwanese president, as well as the rising importance of the democratic political opposition. The new phenomenon of Taiwanese nationalism is also examined as an important force in local domestic policy. This study puts the case of Taiwan in the context of the debates started by Fareed Zakaria on the relation between democracy and liberalism. I argue that Taiwan’s democratic transition successfully avoided the negative scenario of “illiberal democracy”, and even casts doubt upon Zakaria’s priority of liberalism over democracy in this debate.
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From an historical perspective of European integration, the French language has been particularly privileged. However, one of the most visible results of the last ten years of integration is that French has lost its dominance in the EU. This article analyses the role played by enlargement in the changing position of French. From the perspective of languages of wider communication (LWC) in the EU, the 2004 enlargement saw the EU sharply divided between the big language speakers, mostly in the West, and the small language speakers in the North and East. West-Europeans mostly use their native languages as languages of wider communication, but in the Northern and Eastern parts it is natural to use a language other than the mother tongue. This division poses a challenge to French in particular. In contrast to English and German, while French is seen as a big language (particularly in Northern and Central Europe), it is not seen as a practical LWC.
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The genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and the case of the Bosnian town Srebrenica one year later reminded some observers of the infamous “abandonment of the Jews” in the forties. These events helped strengthen a belief that the western states have the right, or even the obligation, to infringe the sovereignty of less-developed states in the name of universal human rights. This interventionist consensus between Left and Right, between the USA and Western Europe, found its climax in the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999. Bush’s crusade against Iraq interrupted that consensus. Out of the gap which has re-opened between Left and Right and the USA and Europe, two questions have emerged: are there any universal moral grounds upon which states and/or international organisations can base their interventions in the internal affairs of other states? And if so, are there any criteria which can help us distinguish humanitarian interventions from imperial conquests with moral facades? The tentative answers, which will be discussed, are as follows. Firstly, there are basic human rights which we owe to one another not only as members of our respective national communities but also as members of the universal community of humankind. Secondly, the legitimacy of intervention stems from multilateral procedures: the less these procedures are used for decision making, the less legitimate the intervention is.
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Two poems by Marcin Kołodziejski - "Litania współczesna" and "Dwa pokoje"
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Andrzej Friszke - Samobójstwo brzemienne w skutki / Momentous Suicide Krzysztof Persak, Sprawa Henryka Hollanda, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, ISP PAN, Warszawa 2006 Konstanty Pieńkosz - Wiersze bez czytelników / Poems Without Readers On the poems of Maria Łoś, Polish sociologist and criminologist. Maria Łoś, Bo mamy tylko czas, Oficyna Naukowa 2006 Jerzy Wocial - Pułapki religijności sprzeciwu / Catch of Resistance Religiousness Paweł Lisicki, Powrót z obcego świata, Arcana 2006 (Essays)
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In the shadow of priests' leaving with a big media coverage there are the priests' leaving which are known just to their close surrounding. Maybe it will be possible to change some principles and to stop the process of leaving the Church by its priests. The author opts for a stronger and deeper formation of Catholic priests.
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On the spectacle of Przemysław Wojcieszek "Wojcieszek 5: Ja jestem zmartwychwstaniem" / "Wojcieszek 5: I Am the Resurrection" which shows the everyday struggle of an ex-priest in and with the "normal" life.
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Interview with a Polish anatomist about the ethics in the medicine and in the dissecting room. The initial point for the talk is the film "Instnienie" (Existance) on Polish actor Jerzy Nowak who who decides to donate his body after his death for reasearch reasons.
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"Don't spoil the myth of the nation which resisted the communist terror but let's lok for the reasons why everybody got soiled."
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