Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
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Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
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The text represents a speech delivered by the Prime Minister of Montenegro at the opening of a conference organized by the Southeast Europe Association on March 28-30, 2003, at Herceg Novi, Montenegro, entitled “Dialogue on the Future of the Western Balkan Region: Montenegro”. After the approval of the Constitutional Charter and the foundation of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro, the government of Montenegro has passed a comprehensive reform strategy, including reforms in the fields of economy, administration, and education. Besides other objectives, these reforms aim at harmonizing laws and regulations in Montenegro with those of the European Union. Without any doubt, the government in Podgorica had favoured the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation and separate independence of Serbia and Montenegro. But the Belgrade Agreement of March 2002 is regarded as a viable compromise under the prevailing circumstances. Montenegro is fully dedicated to fulfil its obligations taken on under the agreement. Yet, the new federation is seen as an atypical model of a state, requiring a differentiated approach in the SAP process of the EU. The assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Djindjić is regarded as a warning to European capitals and to Brussels that the Balkan region needs to be approached with a special precaution. Djukanović considers europeanization to be the only viable way for Montenegro, irrespective of the option of a referendum for a new state order after a period of three years.
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Interview with Professorar Žarko Korać, Vice President of Serbia.
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The text represents a speech delivered by the representative of the German Foreign Office at the opening of a conference organized by the Southeast Europe Association on March 28-30, 2003, at Herceg Novi, Montenegro, entitled “Dialogue on the Future of the Western Balkan Region: Montenegro”. Montenegro, like the other countries of the Western Balkans, is confronted with three major challenges today: 1. The need for functional and efficient state structures that also match the obligations in relation to the EU. Serbia and Montenegro require a common foreign representation, a common economic area with common tariffs and market. Within the union with Serbia, Montenegro can enhance its attraction to foreign investors, its foreign influence and the dynamic of reforms. 2. Peace and stability demand multi-ethnicity as a concept without alternatives. Ethnic co-existence – already a reality in present Montenegro – must be preserved. 3. Democracy and the rule of law: Democratic transition must continue and include the whole society, with the civil society playing a key role. Establishing the rule of law is a prerequisite for democratic change. The fight against corruption, organized crime, smuggling and human trafficking must be reinforced with great determination.
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After the failure of the UN peace mission in Cyrus, the European Union – as decided at the end of 2002 at the EU summit in Copenhagen – only accepts as a member the Greek part de facto and the whole island de jure. Following a brief pause and relaxation in the Iraq crisis, the intercommunial talks, in which the EU Commission will play an important role, will probably be resumed at the beginning of 2004. Due to greater tension in the broader Middle East and Gulf region, the security dilemma acquires a new dimension for Turkey that is linked to the new interaction in this complicated region. For Turkey achieving security again through military intervention, as it was the case in Northern Cyprus, could lead to permanent setbacks from the new center of conflicts that would require constant increased mobility. To all appearances the governments in Athens and Ankara will continue to cooperate closely with each other; they will not play up the Cyprus question any longer. Thus a process of growing together in Cyprus can be seen as a result of the improved relations between Athens and Ankara.
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This paper proposes a framework to gauge the degree of volatility transmission during the subprime crisis of 2008 between U.S stock market and developed stock markets (France, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan) by deriving tests for conditional independence among daily volatility measures and identifies the important transmission channels on these macroeconomic variables (Real interest rate, Productivity index, Ratio of M2 to FER, Exchange rate, Terms of trade, account transaction). We use univariate and multivariate GARCH models to investigate the proprieties of conditional volatility and to estimate the volatility spillover effect by using specifically the Baba-Engle-Kraft-kroner BEKK-GARCH model and time varying correlation (DVEC). The GARH model shows the volatility persistence of U.S and developed stock markets. Based on the BEKK-GARCH model, the estimation parameters result are statistically significant identifying the volatility spillover between U.S stock market and developed stock markets. The results of the time varying correlation show that correlation increased between U.S and developed markets during the subprime crisis period. These finding results prove the contagion effect of U.S financial crisis of 2008. The estimation results of time varying correlation and BEKK-GARCH between the macroeconomic variables of U.S and developed countries prove that the trade link as a pertinent channel transmission of Subprime crisis.
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As a genuine social phenomenon sport draws benefits from the system of contests and events that entails important economic sectors in the development of its material basis as well as in the increase of its scientific basis by the involvement of the research institutions in the sports issues. The papers tackle the issue of performance in sports where professional sports are determining.
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This paper describes the concept and characteristics of financial accounting, in general and particularly, it describes the concept and characteristics of management accounting, from the perspectives of various local and international authors. In the first part, the paper presents a brief history of the development of management accounting from the theoretical point of view and, in the second part, is a brief description of management accounting in practical terms. Research in the history of accounting and management accounting was for some time considered to be of low value (because it isn’t perceived to be made "scientific") or as an approach of finding practical answers to current problems.
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In this paper, we analyze the effect of international financial integration on financial soundness in emerging and developing economies. To measure financial soundness, we use Financial Soundness Indicators (FSIs) developed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with aim of assessing strengths and vulnerabilities of financial systems. To estimate financial soundness, we use a panel dataset of emerging and developing economies from six regions of the world over the period 2000-2010. We use the Generalized Least Squares Method for panel estimation. The results show that the degree of international financial integration increases financial soundness of emerging and developing economies. We also examine the effect of the interaction between international financial integration and crisis on financial soundness. We find that our results are not confirmed in crisis situation.
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The paper deals with the application of power-types in business process modeling, particularly within Resource-Event-Agent (REA) business ontology. This ontology, which originates from accounting information systems, has gradually extended into full-fledged tools for business processes and information systems modeling. To cope with the rules imposed by standards and budgets and to integrate concepts of planning into the business process model, REA ontology introduces power-types as part of the REA value model (business process). These models can be arranged into an REA value chain which can then comprise the whole application. However, relations between individual REA value models within the REA value chain do not currently meet all modeling requirements. The aim of the paper is not only to describe but also to reveal all of the variations of power-type utilization within REA value models and to extend these possibilities so that they may be applied to the REA value chain concept.
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Enterprise size structure is understood from historical point of view. Today enterprise size structure is connected with better capture of global market. For evaluating sizes of companies the basis is very simple classificatory point of view – number of employees. In the Czech Republic 1,1 million enterprises realize active entrepreneurial activity. The most common legal form of business is micro-firm (nearly 95%). Number of large enterprises is much lower – it is only 0.2% and they realize about half of the Czech economy. These enterprises have decisive influence on real economic and business processes. Our analysis brought approximate profile of large enterprise in the Czech Republic (according to the number of employees, legal form of business, branch, owner, localization). By realizing insight into selected large enterprises in the Czech Republic there come out externally important questions that concern their capital ties, managing and decision-making practice in the Czech Republic.
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European Union member countries are currently exposed to negative implications of the economic and debt crisis. Questions associated with disputable implications of fiscal incentives seem to be contrary to the crucial need of the effective fiscal consolidation that seems to be necessary to reduce excessive fiscal deficits and high sovereign debts. While challenges addressed to the fiscal policy and its anti-cyclical potential rose steadily but not desperately since the beginning of the economic crisis, the call for fiscal consolidation became urgent almost immediately and this need significantly strengthen after the debt crisis contagion flooded Europe. In the paper we provide an overview of main trends in public budgets and sovereign debts in ten European transition economies during last two decades. We identify episodes of successful and unsuccessful (cold showers versus gradual) fiscal (expenditure versus revenue based) consolidations by analyzing effects of improvements in cyclically adjusted primary balance on the sovereign debt ratio reduction. We also estimate VAR model to analyze effects of fiscal shocks (based on one standard deviation in total expenditure, direct and indirect taxes) to real output. It is expected that responses of real output to different types of (consolidating) fiscal shocks may vary and thus provide more precise ideas about a feasibility (i.e. side effects on the macroeconomic performance) of expenditure versus revenue based fiscal consolidation episodes. Economic effects of fiscal consolidating adjustments are evaluated for two periods (pre-crisis and extended) to reveal crisis effects on fiscal consolidation efforts.
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Company performance measurement using profit indicators seem to be overcome. Currently, the tendency to apply new synthetic metrics involving actual activities into future results of a company has occurred. One of more and more popular methods of performance measurement and management is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) the use of which has increased significantly over the past 10 years. In response to the contradictive opinions on the BSC this paper presents findings during the period of 2008-2011 on implementation of the BSC in Slovak companies. Key problematic issues of the BSC system implementation were identified and possible solutions were suggested. The emphasis is on the MICMAC (Matrice d'Impacts Croises Multiplication. Appliquee a un Classement, angl. Cross-Impact Matrix) method to point out its broad use within the strategic management. The analysis is based on a non-functionality of the BSC if the system does not meet all requirements. Hence, the proper knowledge of the factors influencing the BSC is essential.
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This paper describes the economic potential of remittances, especially in comparison with the Official Development Assistance (ODA) in selected South Asian countries. It appears that remittance transfers contribute to the increase of GDP per capita in South Asian countries and beat the ODA both in absolute values and in the effectiveness. The results of the empirical model that employs seemingly unrelated regressions demonstrate the importance of remittances over ODA, and support the implementation of targeted development policies devised by the West in order to support efficient remittance transfers which represent one of the best ways how to promote development and growth in less-developed economies.
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Certain representatives of the study of early German history (Frühgeschichte –cc. the fi rst Millennium AD) blame their predecessors for the fact that the substanceand methodology of the defi nition of ethnicity has remained unchanged since 1945; essentially the question of ethnicity is still defi ned by the 19th centuryromantic ideas presupposing the unity of people, language, (archaeological)culture and race. While historians did undergo a change of paradigm andleft behind the ideology of “völkisches Denken” to create a study of history thatis modern as regards its methods, laws and theories, archaeological students ofancient and early history remained unaff ected by this. Archaeologists formallyentrenched themselves behind the archaeological analysis of the fi ndings andseemingly only dealt with these fi ndings and the cultures, wholly ignoring ortreating matters of history and ethnicity with unnecessary care. Th is approachhad been maintained by the researchers and school founding universityprofessors of the 50’s-70’s and their students. After 1945 it became possible forprofessionals to treat “ethnic identity” as a purely scientifi c question rather thana political one. The doubts regarding Gustaf Kossina’s theories could come tolight; the approach equating “object” with “ethnicity” was left behind. At thetime, however, archaeology lacked a unifi ed and modern concept of ethnos, thatcould have served as the basis for research. The possibility of change and renewalfor the German archaeology of the early middle ages came from the field ofhistory and, partly, from ethno-sociology. The authors most committed fromthe point of view of ethnic interpretation acquired their degrees under JoachimWerner at Munich University; their works are closely related to those of theMaster both as regards their contents and their methodology, therefore the defi -nite ethnic program of Werner’s school has defi ned the German research of theearly middle-ages for several decades.
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The study of the archaeological fi ndings of the 10th century Carpathian Basin asnational archaeology.Ethnogenesis had a defi nitive effect on the evolution of Hungarian historicalconsciousness, too. The assessment of the foundation of the state, the Magyarconquest and the events of the preceding period was often linked to mattersof daily politics. Obviously, these links were bi-directional: ideological trendsaff ected scientific theories while drawing on them as well. The paper reviews the issue from the point of view of archeology, presenting the main theories, thecauses for their evolution and the eff ects of the main trend on subsequent archeologicalresearch. Retracing the process of archeology becoming a professionalscience, we review the history of research from the recognition of the remnantsof the Magyar conquest. The final chapter dwells upon the eff ects of modernand post-modern (post-processual) theories, the relationship between academic science and the nationalistic ideas of the late 20th century and the modern trendsof research.
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The paper intends to provide a brief overview of the objectives and expectations characteristic of the medieval archaeology of the states of the Northern-Balkansduring the last hundred and fi fty years. According to our fi ndings, the followingcommon traits may be discovered as regards our subject:1. In all countries of the region, medieval archaeology evolved within theprocess of the acquisition of national independence, the process of “nationbuilding”. It was a part of the intellectual struggle that was the motor of national independence. The circumstances of this evolutions explain why the archaeologists of the various states of the Northern-Balkans had to and have to fi nd presetanswers to certain questions, answer, which coincide with the national-romanticist theories of historiography in the given country.2. In the area under examination, medieval archaeology is distinct to thedifferent states. This segmentation is so deep, that the various independent,“national” researches focus on the past of the given nation exclusively, along thelines of ad hoc territoriality, a concept formulated by László Szakra in anotherconcept, but very fi tting to our subject as well.3. Due to society expectations toward medieval archaeology, two questionshave become prominent in research. These two research topics are: the ethnogenesisof the given people – to provide the ground for the imaginary “rights ofthe fi rst settlers” – and the material culture of the given people during the middle-ages to illustrate the “glory of old”.4. The communists’ rise to power in the Northern-Balkans after 1945 hadonly a partial and temporary eff ect on these priorities. The return to traditional,“national” questions within the archeological researches of the region had startedas early as the 1950’s. In the case of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, thereformulation of the national aspect was strengthened by the fact that the communistnomenclatures of these two states wished to rid themselves from Moscow’s guardianship.
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This paper describes the rules for conscience clause applying to doctors and nurses in German law. German legal system provides the right to refuse to participate in carrying out abortions. It is available not only to doctors but also to those who might be involved in the abortion procedure as well. The legal system also provides the right to refuse to participate in treatment of embryos.
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The author examines the procedure for granting consent to ratification of international agreements in relation to the Treaty of accession of Croatia to the European Union. In accordance with the rule of systemic application of the Constitution, the procedure for granting consent to ratification of the Treaty should, to the greatest possible extent, respect the principle of state sovereignty and sovereignty of the nation and, therefore, the procedure specified in Article 90 of the Constitution should be applied.
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The conflict between the protection of authors’ work and their right to financial benefits on the one hand and a demand for broad access to cultural goods on the other requires the existence of regulations concerning fair use rules (both personal and public).The bill, however, raises doubts about the compatibility with Article 64 paragraph 1, in conjunction with Article 31 paragraph 3, of the Constitution. The authors consider the bill to be the wrong way to implement Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. There is doubt as to whether the bill is consistent with international conventions.
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