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In 1823, an event occured that changed the life of the island of Tinos for good to make it the most important site of religious pilgrimage across Greece: an icon of the Annunciation was found, which began to work miracles and was named as the Megalochari of Tinos. The icon’s discovery coincided with the Greek revolution against the Ottomans that led to the liberation of the country. The very topic of the icon, the Annunciation, was believed to be a sign of the divine support for the cause of the Greeks. In the future, this fact played a significant role for the icon’s popularity and for the rapid formation of a lasting cult. This study seeks to explore the role of the images in forming and spreading the cult to the miraculous icon of Tinos and in establishment this important place of pilgrimage in the Balkans, as it has not been examined for the time being. The miraculous icon of the Annunciation of Tinos was discovered rather late and the cult to it was created and formed according to long-established patterns, by using means relevant to the time. The legend about the discovery of the icon and the reconstruction of the church was soon recorded and published. A number of prints featuring views of the architectural complex and the miraculous icon were printed in the period 1827–1860. One of the prints, a copy of which is kept in Sofia, features the story of the icon’s discovery. An icon reproducing a print of Tinos (NAM, Sofia) is yet another evidence of the pilgrimage from Bulgarian lands to Tinos. A similar icon is kept at the Church of Zoodochos Pigi in Istanbul. The extant copies of prints and the icons chart the area where the cult to the icon of Tinos spread out.
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The article covers the issue of the health condition of elderly people and their needs regarding medical care. The author introduces the analysis of the health condition of elderly people in Poland on the basis of statistical data. Next, the following issues concerning senior citizens are described: benefits of physical activity, poverty and its influence on health condition, sick leave absence and its influence on social insurance system, nursing and medical care system, social services. In the conclusion the author gives his forecast on the demand of medical care for elderly people in the context of demographic changes.
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The aim of this article is to introduce the issue of the living conditions in pensioner households in comparison with other households in Poland. The article begins with a general background on features and statistics of old-age pensioners households. Next, the author discusses following questions related to pensioners’ situation in Poland: their income and expenditures in comparison with other social groups, housing conditions, risk of poverty and results of a pension system reform of 1999 on their financial situation. The articles is based on data from Household Budget Survey by Central Statistical Office (GUS) and other scientific research.
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The author introduces selected aspects of the population ageing processes in Poland. The article addresses the most important demographic trends and figures. First, the author discusses the causes and trends of demographic changes. Subsequently the author gives the forecast of demographic changes in Poland. In the last section the article covers the consequences of the population ageing and the challenges for social and economic policy it causes.
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This paper provides an overview of measures taken by governments and other organizations towards senior citizens. This article first provides theoretical introduction, presenting definitions of policy on ageing, policy on elderly people and difference between these notions. In the next section the author introduces various policy tasks undertaken by governments, local governments, international organizations and other institutions towards ageing and elderly people.
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The aim of the paper is to present the opinions of Poles on ageing and senior citizens. The main focus is placed on the question of Poles’ attitude towards active ageing, i.e an idea to encourage older people to stay involved as citizens (in various areas, including employment). In order to place mentioned issues in context, the author begins with a review of psychological theories on ageing and its consequences. Next, the results of various public opinion surveys (both nationwide and conducted solely among seniors) on ageing and elderly people are discussed.
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This article describes the family situation and caretaking needs of elderly people in the light of the quantitative research results. The author introduces various aspects of senior citizens family conditions in Poland, including their marital status, generational composition of families and their living situation. The next part of the article is devoted to caretaking needs. As the elderly people need help with their everyday activities, the author discusses the following issues: indicators of caretaking needs, size of the population that requires an assistance, role of family and state institutions in that respect.
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This paper covers the issue of demographic changes in European countries and their impact on the state pension systems. This author first discusses the current demographic trends (decreasing fertility, increasing longevity, change of age structure) and their socioeconomic consequences. The next section is intended to address pension reforms adopted in several EU member states (United Kingdom, Italy, France, Sweden, Germany, Hungary), their rationale, aims and agenda.
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Ova knjiga je samo povod da se šire progovori o temama koje obrađuje. Ona je izazvala dosta pažnje na kršćanskoj strani sve do samog pape Benedikta XVI. koji se o njoj pohvalno izrazio i više puta je citirao u prvom svesku svoje knjige o Isusu.
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Finding a priest to serve as pastor in a specific parish is very important and can also be very complicated. This explains why Canon Law has 13 canons dealing with this matter. This article presents the canons in the old Canon Law (Codex iuris canonici), published in 1917 and the canons of the new Canon Law in order to offer a comparison and facilitate better understanding of the new canons. The article primarily deals with the removal but also the replacement of a pastor. The article lays out the regulations which the diocesan bishop should follow in both cases, and it offers suggestions to pastors on how to handle this situation, especially in cases where the pastor may believe that replacement or removal is inappropriate. The regulations dealt with in this article apply only to diocesan priests, while other regulations apply to pastors from among the religious.
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The application of Bogomil perspectives is logically apparent in their way of living. From the perspective of cult and morality, their starting point was Christianity, but they diverge from Christianity reinterpreting it according to their needs. As a result they reduce the sacraments to just two: baptism and confession; and they alter these in a radical way, giving them completely new meaning. In doing so they not only break the bond with Christianity but – as seen in their rituals – they develop a deep hatred toward Christianity. The primary function of prayer and ascetic practices is the building of the sect, rather than a personal relationship with God. Characteristic of Bogomil ethics is a dualistic abandonment of the material world and a belief in the perfection of their teachers here on earth, which makes these teachers immune from sin. Their orthodoxy, as found in their cult and moral regulations, is illusionary and serves as a means of proselytism and a form of protection from persecution. It is only possible to understand their uncoordinated and very often contradictory actions and their manner of following teachings if we take into account their graduated system of initiation and affiliation and their esoteric organization. If we view things from their perspective, it is wrong to call them heretics, because they formed an original religion; a religion, paradoxically, whose only connection with orthodoxy is its anti-Christianity.
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U prošlom broju časopisa Vrhbosnensia objavili smo četiri članka pok. profesora Krunoslava Draganovića na zajedničku temu „Katolička crkva u otomanskoj Bosni u XIX. stoljeću“. Navedeni članci odaju izvanredno poznavanje te tematike, a Draganovićev glavni izvor bila su izvješća austrijskih konzula u Bosni (i Hercegovini) slana tijekom XIX. stoljeća nadležnom ministarstvu u Beč; danas se čuvaju u Državnom arhivu u Beču. Iz toga niza koji se bavi otomanskom Bosnom u XIX. stoljeću preostala su još dva znanstvena rada iz pera istoga autora. Prvi je članak opći prikaz posljednjih desetljeća otomanske vladavine u Bosni, a drugi govori detaljnije o pojedinim vezirima (carskim namjesnicima) i njihovoj upravi u navedenome razdoblju. Za razliku od četiri vrsna i dovršena članka objavljena u prošlom broju Vrhbosnensie, kod ova dva koja slijede očigledne su manjkavosti, točnije njihova nedovršenost. Uvjeren sam da bi ih sam Draganović još jednom pregledao i tek onda dao u tisak. Budući međutim da njega nema, članke dajemo javnosti na uvid u takvu, nedovršenom obliku, jer je bez obzira na sve ipak riječ o tekstovima nastalim na temelju izvorne građe koji nam uz to pružaju brojne nove i dosada nepoznate spoznaje o tematici koju tretiraju. Osobito se nedovršenim čini prvi članak („Pogledi na zadnja desetljeća turske vlade u Bosni“), u kojem ima i previše ponavljanja istih podataka, podnožne bilješke su nedovršene, ponekad na nekoliko stranica nema gotovo nijedne, a neke su navedene, ali bez sadržaja – ostali su samo brojevi bilježaka, iza kojih pak nema ništa. O nekim sadržajnim nedorečenostima, dapače pogreškama, ovdje neće biti riječi – to prepuštamo onima koji se na znanstven način bave tematikom otomanske vlasti na našim prostorima.
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From its beginnings, spreading among the pagans, Christianity was in contact with Hellenistic culture, and especially with Hellenistic philosophy. As a result of this, Christianity began, albeit reluctantly, a process of close engagement with Hellenistic culture based on mutual respect and highlighting those elements of the culture that Christians regarded as being sound. Far from being painless this process was in fact very painful and it was characterized by tension and by fundamental disagreements. Disagreements arose first of all within the Christian community, which did not have a common stand about accepting or rejecting philosophy; it was therefore necessary to establish internal clarity. At the same time, the relationship with philosophy as an external collocutor was problematic because it was necessary to avoid extreme solutions – from one side a radical rejection and from the other non-critical acceptance. The process reached its conclusion in a positive way with mutual respect, thanks to those Christian writers who understood as well trained philosophers that there was no fundamental contradiction between Christianity and philosophy – a truth which these writers learned from their own rich life experience. In the article, which is divided into three parts, the author shows that Clement of Alexandria was one of the most meritorious of the early Christian fathers, the first to explain and defend wholehearted acceptance of Greek philosophy, contrary to some Christian circles which preferred a radical rejection of philosophy. The first section describes how in the early Christian era the “question of philosophy” was complex and delicate and how acceptance was accompanied by resistance, for example in the writings of Tatian and Tertullian. Resistance can also be seen in some circles of the Alexandrian Church who criticized Clement’s position. The author seeks to reconstruct central arguments of “enemies of philosophy”. In the second and third sections of the article the author describes Clement’s method of addressing these arguments and his demonstration that philosophy serves as a helpful propaedeutics of Christianity.
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This essay explores some of the fundamental ethical issues and concepts that arise in research involving children. After introducing basic concepts and definitions, we reconsider the fact that children should not be viewed exclusively as objects of protection but as individuals who have rights, and as active participants in society. This is one of the basic ethical challenges in research involving children. The development of lifesaving treatment for lethal childhood diseases depends on advances in pediatric research, yet child-subjects can be at risk of harm even when intentions are good. Worse yet, children may be exploited or abused in the course of unethical studies. Often, children are both vulnerable subjects who need to be protected from potential research risks and “therapeutic orphans” who have been denied access to the benefits of research. In recent times some governments have promoted the inclusion of children in clinical research and have provided researchers and the pharmaceutical industry with new financial incentives, a move which has potential benefits and drawbacks. Despite years of debate and controversy, fundamental ethical questions about pediatric research persist. The twin goals of access and protection are not easily reconciled. Arguments for and against the participation of children in research are compelling, and the stakes are high. For decades, research policy protected children but failed to provide incentives for the conduct of pediatric research. Coupled with the disincentives associated with the additional protection required by regulation and the lack of a substantial market for pediatric drugs (relative to adults), children were categorically denied access to research and its benefits. Only in the last ten years has the pendulum begun to swing in the other direction. The development of a pediatric ethics that is based on genuine respect for children and their best interests requires that justification for pediatric research go beyond pure utilitarian motivation. Pediatric ethics is premised on this respect, even if it requires that such respect come at the expense of progress against childhood diseases. Individual benefit must take precedence over collective benefit, and the pediatric research community must remember that our responsibilities to individual children outweigh more speculative concerns regarding potential benefits to future generations of children. The balance must never tip in favor of science that benefits others over the best interests of the child-subject. Knowledge gained from research is part of our commitment to the benefit of our future but must be acquired in a way that recognizes the vulnerability of children and respects their inherent worth.
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Faith, understood as a person’s response to God revealing himself to him or her, is not a totally private reality and nor is it directed exclusively toward eternal life. On the contrary, faith is lived within a community and includes the struggle to build a more humane world. Since the world is not a static reality but a reality that, similar to an organism, is constantly developing and changing, there is a need to understand contemporary man and woman as well as the world in which they live in order to proclaim the Good News in an appropriate way. Taking into consideration the variety of different circumstances in the world, every Christian community should analyze the social realities in its own country and judge these in the light of the Gospel and the principles of the social teaching of the Church. This process of analyzing and judging is presented in this article as a “pastoral circle” consisting of four phases: identification, social analysis, theological reflection, and pastoral planning. The presentation of the “pastoral circle” contains an explanation of why the social analysis has been undertaken. After placing the social analysis in the pastoral context, the authorpresents a concise general overview of the social situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina based to a great extent on statistical data. Since statistical data cannot of itself serve as the basis for pastoral planning, the author seeks to explain, through historical and structural analysis, the causes of the present crisis, taking into consideration three major areas: political life, economics, and cultural life.
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This paper analyzes the idea of God that is developed in the Discussion about Essentials (Rasprava o bitima), a philosophical work written by the earliest Croatian philosopher Herman Dalmatin. Special attention is given to analysis of the two core essences - as Dalmatin refers to them in the first book of his Discussion - causation and motion. By analyzing the phenomena of causation and motion, Dalmatin reaches a conclusion regarding the existence of God similar to that of Aristotle. A similar interpretation of God is still found in contemporary philosophy of religion, and it includes the so-called cosmological argument. Therefore, the paper focuses on how Herman refers to God and compares this to contemporary accounts of the same subject. The aim is to show that in Dalmatin’s work we can find elements that can be interpreted as a version of the formulation of what is today known as cosmological proof, though obviously in a still underdeveloped form.
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In “The Year of St. Paul”, during which we celebrate 2,000 years since the birth of the great apostle, this article deals with the still unsolved mystery of where St. Paul was shipwrecked on the way from Caesarea to Rome. This event is described in the Acts of the Apostles. There are three locations where the shipwreck is thought likely to have happened - Malta, Mljet, and Cephalonia - and each can make a plausible claim to be correct. This article first discusses the Malta and Cephalonia theories before going on to make a larger argument in support of the theory that the shipwreck took place off Mljet in the Adriatic Sea. The article cites a book published by Ignjat Durdevic in 1730, as well as other historical and contemporary scholars who accept Mljet as the location of the shipwreck; but at the same time it cites scholars who dispute this conclusion. Special attention is given to contemporary experts on sea currents and wind patterns, who have been able to shed new light on the issue through computer simulation of Paul’s travels. Interestingly, some scholars have abandoned the widely accepted Malta tradition in favour of the Mljet theory. One reason for this is the absence in Malta, historically and today, of poisonous snakes, which is at odds with the account of St. Paul being bitten by a poisonous snake. In addition, it is argued that the well-informed author of the Acts of the Apostles would never have referred to the inhabitants of Malta as “barbarians” (ba,rbaroi). Also, it would have been impossible for Alexandrian sailors not to recognize Malta. However, these reservations might also be applied to the island of Mljet, which, like Malta, was called Melita (Meli,th) and is situated in the Adriatic (VAdri,a). The weight of evidence offers a reasonable basis not to exclude Mljet as the possible location of St. Paul’s shipwreck.
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Meni je čast i radost što s vama ovdje u Sarajevu smijem podijeliti nekoliko svojih misli o svjetskom etosu i dijalogu. Obojici sam svojih prijatelja, prof. Mati Zovkiću i Alenu Kristiću, veoma zahvalan za ovaj poziv na Katolički bogoslovni fakultet. U mojoj svijesti Sarajevo nije samo grad užasne patnje, kako smo se to nedavno ponovno mogli podsjetiti također i u njemačkim medijima. Za mene Sarajevo prije svega posjeduje i auru grada dijaloga. Vjerojatno se ni u jednom gradu svijeta, čak ni u Jeruzalemu, na tako uskom prostoru kao ovdje jedna pokraj druge ne nalaze džamija, sinagoga, katolička i pravoslavna crkva. A koliko znam iz pripovijesti mojih prijatelja, međureligijsko su susjedstvo i suživot u Sarajevu pred rat bili razumljivost sama po sebi sve do u obitelji. Večeras bih svim ljudima želio pružiti nekoliko misaonih poticaja i pobuda koje se ne zanimaju samo za veoma važnu materijalnu i socijalnu obnovu Sarajeva nego već godinama i za ponovnu izgradnju društvenog i međureligijskog dijaloga na ovom mjestu.
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Mirko ŠIMIĆ, Die katholische Kirche in Bosnien-Herzegowina 1991- 1995. Die katholische Kirche in Bosnien-Herzegowina in der Zeit des Umbruchs (1991-1995) und im Licht Der Enzyklika „Pacem in Terris“, Saarbrücken: Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, 2010., 229 str. Darko TOMAŠEVIĆ (ur.), 120. obljetnica Bogoslovije. Znanstveni skup povodom obilježavanja 120. obljetnice organiziranog filozofsko-teološkog studija na Vrhbosanskoj katoličkoj bogosloviji (Sarajevo, 16. listopada 2010.), Sarajevo: KBF Sarajevo, 2011., 288 str. Celestin TOMIĆ, Otkrivenje. Komentar. 2. izdanje o petoj obljetnici smrti autora, Zagreb: Veritas, 2011., 399 str. Philippe CHENAUX – Emilio MARIN – Franjo ŠANJEK (ur.), La Chiesa croata e Concilio Vaticano II, Citta del Vaticano: Lateran University Press, 2011., 469 str. Michael IPGRAVE (ur.), Izgradnja boljih mostova saradnje. Muslimani, kršćani i zajedničko dobro. Izlaganja četvrtog seminara „Building Bridges“ (Izgradnja mostova) održanog u Sarajevu 15.-18. maja 2005., Sarajevo: el-Kalem, 2011., 212 str. Carolyn OSIEK – David L. BALCH, Families in the New Testament World. Households and House Churches, Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville, Kentucky, 1997., 329 str.
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