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The argument from design, recast today in the Intelligent Design movement, relies critically on the contrast of designed things with undesigned things. This poses a problem for Christians, however, because they affirm that God designed the whole universe. How then can we call anything undesigned? I argue that this problem is equivalent to the problem of free will, or the problem of moral evil, and as such can be addressed by the same philosophical frameworks developed in the past for addressing those issues, in particular the notions of different levels of description and Augustine’s different levels of giftedness.
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Most educated people nowadays, I believe, think of themselves as Darwinians. If they do, however, it can only be from ignorance: from not knowing enough about what Darwinism says. For Darwinism says many things, especially about our species, which are too obviously false to be believed by any educated person; or at least by an educated person who retains any capacity at all for critical thought on the subject of Darwinism. Of course most educated people now are Darwinians, in the sense that they believe our species to have originated, not in a creative act of the Divine Will, but by evolution from other animals. But believing that proposition is not enough to make someone a Darwinian. It had been believed, as may be learnt from any history of biology, by very many people long before Darwinism, or Darwin, was born. What is needed to make someone an adherent of a certain school of thought is belief in all or most of the propositions which are peculiar to that school, and are believed either by all of its adherents, or at least by the more thoroughgoing ones. In any large school of thought, there is always a minority who adhere more exclusively than most to the characteristic beliefs of the school: they are the "purists" or "ultras" of that school. What is needed and sufficient, then, to make a person a Darwinian, is belief in all or most of the propositions which are peculiar to Darwinians, and believed either by all of them, or at least by ultra-Darwinians. I give ten propositions which are all Darwinian beliefs in the sense just specified. Each of them is obviously false: either a direct falsity about our species or, where the proposition is a general one, obviously false in the case of our species, at least.
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Author analyzes attempts to draw a demarcation line between science and religion. He presents arguments of proponents of the idea of strict separation of these domains and indicates flaws of this approach. He suggest also that defining the criteria which could serve as the basis of demarcation of science and pseudoscience is highly problematic, if not impossible. Most modern philosophers are more and more inclined toward to recognize that what is crucial is not whether a theory is scientific but whether it is true or evidentially justified. Author discusses also achievements of modern philosophy of science, especially the results of work on the methods of historical science which are applied also in philosophical and religious discourses. On the basis of this methods author concludes that there exist deep methodological and logical similarities between various theories of origin which are the core of creation-evolution controversy. In his opinion, there is relation of “methodological equivalence” between creationism, intelligent design theory and naturalistic theories of evolution. It means that if we determine their epistemic status on the basis of the same demarcation criteria, then all these approaches can be recognized as equally scientific or equally unscientific.
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Invoking examples from the animal world and analyzing purported evidence of existence of extraterrestrials, author argues that intelligent design theory is not presently rejected because of the scientific community prejudices (as proponents of this theory claim), but because there exist plausible alternative explanations.
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Author analyzes the methodological specificity of such scientific disciplines as forensics, cryptography, archeology or SETI program showing that intelligent design theory, contradictory to claims of its proponents, applies essentially different methodology and there is no indication that it is a scientific theory.
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The article presents foundations of the theory of punctuated equilibrium which was formulated as an alternative account of the course of macroevolution to gradualistic Darwinism. Founders of the theory of punctuated equilibrium are American paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge who claim that the process of macroevolution does not occur gradually, step by step, but it is characterized by long periods of stasis punctuated, from time to time, by rapid – on geological scale – transformations of organisms.
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While anti-Semitism is usually perceived as a universal phenomena, the Holocaust is often viewed as a unique and unprecedented event. However, when it comes to explaining the Holocaust, reference to anti-Semitism seems to be the only answer, the sole factor that led to the tragedy. But if – in one or another form – anti- Semitism is a constant feature, what makes the Holocaust an unparalleled experience? The aim of this study is not to investigate the uniqueness or “historicization” of the Holocaust, but rather to analyse the relation between anti-Semitism as a phenomena and the Holocaust as an event. The concerned relation is studied on the example of Slovakia, in the period between the formation of Slovak national consciousness and the end of the Second World War.
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The study is devoted to the plans of the former Hungarian political elite for the inclusion of “new born” Slovakia in Hungary. Several such plans arose immediately in the period 1918 – 1920, when the “Slovak question” was regarded primarily as a solvable task on the way to renewal of the integrity of the historic Hungarian state. This fact was also reflected in the activities of the Budapest government circles, which established their own irredentist organizations and supported movements, which tried to undermine the idea of Czecho-Slovak statehood. Especially the groups of emigrants, who had voluntarily or involuntarily left the territory of the emerging Czechoslovak Republic, became substantially engaged in this direction.
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The study is devoted to the Chronicle of the Council of Konstanz by Ulrich Richental, in which he described the events of the Church council of 1414 – 1418. The chronicle is also known from the point of view of Slovak history in relation to its mentions of the territory of Slovakia, which prove that in the 15th century, the territory of Slovakia was perceived as special and ethnically different in the framework of the Kingdom of Hungary. In several places, Richental mentions noblemen, whose property was located in the territory of present-day Slovakia as lords “in Windischen länden”. A closer geographical location, such as on the river Váh, is sometimes given. In Richental’s Chronicle, apart from the name “Hungary”, also called in one place “Ungerland”, we also find Slovakia designated as “Windenland”. Richental’s mentions of Slovakia are very valuable, but so far more or less unknown in expert literature Council of Konstanz.
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Dangl, Vojtech: Under the Banner of Emperor and King (Milan Podrimavský) .. 139 Michela, Miroslav: Under the slogan of integrity (Maroš Hertel) .. 142 Segeš, Dušan: The Slovak Cross in the Politics of the Polish Eagle (Dagmar Čierna-Lantayová) ..144 Londák, Miroslav – Sikora, Stanislav et al.: The Year 1968 and its Place in our History (Vladimír Varinský)... 148.
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By analysing selected texts by S.H. Vajanský from the period 1881 – 1897, the author points to his conception of history, in the context of his national ideology and conception of the policy of the Slovak National Party (Slovenská národná strana) at the end of the 19th century. Vajanský’s historical argumentation rests on two different but inter-connected interpretations of national history. The first starts from the concept of the Slovak nobility as an elite group in the society of the Kingdom of Hungary, the only group able to represent the mass of the nation. However, instead of this, it voluntarily “broke its connection with its people”, which is the cause of national poverty. Vajanský, however, did not find any cause for pessimism, but for optimism, thanks to the fact that the role of representing the mass of the nation had been taken up by the national intelligentsia. On this basis, he constructed a second interpretation of national history based on their negation. According to him, the Slovak people remembered “prehistoric times”, but remained untouched by “historic times”, which, in the interpretation of the author, meant event or political history. The negation of event history led to historical optimism – the Slovak nation still had its history in front of it.
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The study is devoted to the transformation of the Slovak Academy of Sciences as a result of the social changes after November 1989. The transformation is traced in three stages. The first stage, which lasted from November 1989 to the election of a new Presidium of the Academy in January 1990, was very dynamic. Strike committees were formed and there were changes in the leadership of the Academy and its institutes. The changes culminated in the election of a new democratically elected body: the Council of Scientists of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. The second stage occurred during the term of office of the new democratically elected Presidium of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (Predsedníctvo SAV) (1990 – May 1992). The coarsest deformations and injustices caused by the totalitarian regime were corrected, and the Academy developed a new character as a non-university academic institution. During the second Presidium of the Academy (May 1992 – 1993), the transformation continued especially in the field of making scientific research more effective. The number of employees of the Academy was reduced by almost half, while scientific research was maintained on a good level. Apart from structural changes, the introduction of a grant system contributed to this. The transformation was largely completed in the period 1989 – 1993, and the Slovak Academy of Sciences was transformed into a democratically run, effective scientific institution, which carried out basic research and in some areas also targeted applied research.
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Humbert of Romans died on 14 July 1277. He was buried in the convent church at Valenciennes. Although he has never been officially beatified, in 1278 his name was recorded in the order’s martyrology at the General Chapter of Milan and in the Order of Preachers he is worshipped as blessed. Humbert’s works are on topics on which he felt himself qualified to write and which he considered to be fundamental for both the present and the future of the order. They include homiletics and the Dominican modus vivendi. His writings can be roughly divided into three groups: 1. epistles, 2. monastic writings and 3. homiletic writings. Humbert’s texts authentically evidence his long-term organizational impact on the institutional development of the Dominican Order. The Commentary of the Rule of St. Augustine is a work primarily intended for the internal use of the Order of Preachers. As the Expositio regulae S. Augustini it was written in 1248 – 1254. From the total number of 209 chapters we have selected five (143, 144, 148, 149 and 151). They were on learning as such, philosophy, access to the books and on the office of lectors. These reflect a very punctilious ability of the author to capture the finest details as well as his extraordinary capacity to accurately describe the things about which he was writing. In addition, they constitute an excellent source for all who want to become familiar with the contemporary Dominican multi-layer educational competences of the master of the novices, lector of the convent and the librarian and his duties.
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The paper deals with the published historical literature and sources related to the history of the Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine with special regard to the territory of the present-day Slovakia. It focuses on the order’s historiography from the 14th century up to the contemporary, modern works of historians examining the history of the Augustinians in the territory of the former Hungary. It pays special attention to the 17th century when key works for the history of the whole order appeared (e.g. by N. Crusenius, I. Naevius or T. de Herrera). Besides foreign European and American historians, the author of the paper introduces those Magyar and Slovak authors who, at least marginally, have dealt with the history of Augustinians. In Slovakia several relevant articles have been published so far. They, however, zero in on the Augustinians only tangentially.
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Przegląd Historyczny http://www.dig.com.pl/index.php?s=wyniki&rodz=9&id=15 Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes http://www.studia-zrodloznawcze.pl/strona-glowna/ http://www.dig.com.pl/index.php?s=wyniki&rodz=9&id=19 Dzieje Najnowsze http://www.ihpan.edu.pl/index.php?id=236 http://www.dig.com.pl/index.php?s=wyniki&rodz=9&id=5 Historyka. Studia Metodologiczne http://historyka.edu.pl/strona-glowna/ Aegean Archeology http://www.iaepan.edu.pl/AEA/ Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/nauka/miscellanea.html Prace Historyczno-Archiwalne http://www.reprocentrum.pl/archiwum_rzeszow/ Zapiski Historyczne http://www.tnt.torun.pl/zapiski.html Archiwum Emigracji. Studia – Szkice – Dokumenty http://www.bu.umk.pl/archiwum-emigracji-czasopismo http://www.bu.umk.pl/Archiwum_Emigracji/gazeta/index.html Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce http://www.semper.pl/orp.html Roczniki Historyczne http://www.ptpn.poznan.pl/Wydawnictwo/czasopisma/rocz-hist/rocz-hist.html Studia Historyczne http://bazhum.icm.edu.pl/bazhum/element/bwmeta1.element.element-mhp-ef323905-ea6f- 4426-99b3-aef7c62d6135
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JAKSICSOVÁ, Vlasta. Kultúra v dejinách, dejiny v kultúre : moderna a slovenský intelektuál v siločiarach prvej polovice 20. storočia. Bratislava : Veda, 2012. 360 s. ISBN 978-80-224-1238-4. HAMETER, Wolfgang - TOST, Sven (eds.). Alte Geschichte. Der Vordere Orient und der mediterrane Raum vom 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. bis zum 7. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Wien : Verein für Geschichte und Sozialkunde, Studien Verlag, 2012. 329 s. ISBN 978-3-7065-5295-0. ANDOKOVÁ, Marcela. Rečnícke umenie sv. Augustína. V kázňach k stupňovým žalmom. Bratislava : Iris, 2013, 265 s. ISBN 978-80-8153-000-5. LE GOFF, Jacques. Svatý Ludvík. Prel. Danuša Navrátilová. Praha : Argo, 2012, 724 s. ISBN 978-80-257-0685-5. KUČERA, Matúš. State a články k slovenskému stredoveku. Zostavil Martin Homza. Bratislava : Post Scriptum; Libri Historiae, 2012, 417 s. ISBN 978-80-89567-10-2. ZUBKO, Peter. Kult Svätej krvi v Košiciach : rozprávanie o stratených stredovekých relikviách. 2. doplnené vydanie. Košice : Viliam Ščavnický, 2013, 125 s. ISBN 978-80-971061-2-6. KOVAČKA, Miloš et alii. Akty a závery – Zákony a ustanovenia Žilinskej synody. Martin : Slovenská národná knižnica, 2010, 112 s. ISBN 978-80-89301-63-8. KÄFER, István - KOVÁCS, Eszter. Ave Tyrnavia! A nagyszombati Akadémiai Nyomda kiadványai 1648 – 1777 / Ave Tyrnavia! Publikácie Akademickej tlačiarne v Trnave, Budapešť – Ostrihom – Trnava 2013. 2013, 288 s. ISBN 978-80-8082-664-2, ISBN 978-963-200-610-9. KUŠNIRÁKOVÁ, Ingrid et alii. „Vyjdeme v noci vo fakľovom sprievode a rozsvietime svet“: Integračný a mobilizačný význam slávností v živote spoločnosti. Bratislava : Historický ústav SAV, 2012, 246 s. ISBN 978-80-89396-20-7. MACHO, Peter. Milan Rastislav Štefánik v hlavách a srdciach : fenomén národného hrdinu v historickej pamäti. Bratislava : Prodama, 2011, 208 s. ISBN 978-80-89396-13-9. KŠIŇAN, Michal et alii. Komunisti a povstania : ritualizácia pripomínania si protifašistických povstaní v strednej Európe 1945 – 1960. Kraków : Towarzystwo Słowaków v Polsce, 2012, 281 s. ISBN 978- 83-7490-508-4. JAKUBČIN, Pavol. Pastieri v osídlach moci : komunistický režim a katolícki kňazi na Slovensku v rokoch 1948–1968. Bratislava : ÚPN, 2012. 215 s. ISBN 978-80-89335-49-7. FRANC, Martin - KNAPÍK, Jiří. Volný čas v českých zemích 1957 – 1967. Praha : Academia, 2013. 573 s. ISBN 978-80-200-2229-5. MAJERIKOVÁ-MOLITORIS, Milica - MOLITORIS, Ľudomír - SMONDEK, Marián. Tajné dejiny hornej Oravy. Kraków : Towarzystwo Słowaków v Polsce, 2012, 152 s. ISBN 978-83-7490-492-6. KÁBOVÁ, Hana. Josef Vítězslav Šimák : jeho život a dílo se zvláštním zřetelem k historické vlastivědě. České Budějovice : Společnost pro kulturní dějiny, 2013. 608 s. ISBN 978-80-904446-9-0. Bibliotheca Alexandrina I. Ed. Tomáš Klokner. Bratislava : Stimul, 2013. 200 s. ISBN 978-80-8127-078-9. Acta historica Neosoliensia. Vedecký časopispre historické vedy, 15/2012, č. 1-2. Vydáva KH FHM UMB v B. Bystrici, 398 s. ISSN 1336-9148.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ukrainian Cossacks dominated in the Kuban Cossack army (the largest of the Cossack units of the Russian Empire). A longterm military service and constant military training had contributed to the maintenance and development of the Cossack military and martial arts. Besides teaching military values and the Cossack way of life, various paramilitary contests were organized to maintain high-quality military training. These contests were held both in the front line military units and in the Cossack settlements (with both adult and child contestants). The Cossacks’ long-term and hard military service became the basis for certain socio-economic, societal, legal and military privileges. In the places of their compact residence, the Cossacks implemented the principles of military democracy and paramilitary way of life.
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JESENSKÝ, Miloš. Kostol v Ludrovej. Čadca : Magma, 2012, 120 s. ISBN 978-80-89172-31-3. LENGYELOVÁ, Tünde et alii. Thurzovci a ich historický význam. Bratislava : Spoločnosť Pro Historia a Historický ústav SAV, 2012, 260 s. ISBN 978-80-89396-19-1. Kálmán Mikszáth a jeho súčasníci : regionalizmus v kontexte literatúry stredoeurópskych národov na konci 19. storočia / Mikszáth Kálmán és kortársai : Regionalizmus a 19. század végén a közép-európai irodalmak kontextusában. Zborník príspevkov medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie konanej pri príležitosti 100. výročia úmrtia Kálmána Mikszátha dňa 21. mája 2010 v Bratislave v Slovenskom národnom múzeu – Múzeu kultúry Maďarov na Slovensku. Ed. Szilvia Sipos. Bratislava : SNM – Múzeum kultúry Maďarov na Slovensku, Občianske združenie Tradície a hodnoty, 2011, 190 s. ISBN 978-80-970580-3-6. Dejiny knižnej kultúry v Košiciach do roku 1945. Bibliografia. Košice : Štátna vedecká knižnica, 2012, 319 s. ISBN 978-80-85328-64-6. MALÍŘ, Jiří et alii. Biografický slovník poslanců moravského zemského sněmu v letech 1861 – 1918. 1. vyd. Brno : Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury, 2012. 887 s. ISBN 978-80-7325-272-4.
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