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INTENSYWNOŚĆ I UMIĘDZYNARODOWIENIE KONFLIKTÓW ZBROJNYCH W AFRYCE I NA BLISKIM WSCHODZIE W 2019 R.

Author(s): Bolesław Balcerowicz,Kamila Pronińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to analyze the ongoing 2019 confl icts in the Middle Eastand Africa. The selection of armed confl icts was made on the basis of two maincriteria: intensity, i.e. the scale of battle-deaths; and internationalization, i.e. militaryinvolvement of third countries. As part of the Strategic Yearbook series that reviewscurrent armed confl icts, this study is a continuation of analyses from previous editions.Its purpose is to explore the conditions and dynamics of the 2019 armed confl ictsand their implications for international security. It also explains the reasons of theirincreasing intensity and internationalization.

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TRANSFORMACJA ENERGETYCZNA A TRADYCYJNE ZAGROŻENIA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ENERGETYCZNEGO: TRENDY GLOBALNE I EUROPEJSKIE

Author(s): Kamila Pronińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article surveys an analysis of the most important energy market trends fromthe perspective of their importance for global and European energy security and globalclimate security. The author illustrates the importance of both climate change challengesand traditional threats to energy security – especially those related to the oil suppliesdisruptions and price fl uctuations – on the dynamically changing energy market. In 2019,global oil market experienced the largest disruptions in the 21st century due to the attackon Saudi Arabia’s oil facilities in Abqaiq. How did this spectacular event impact oil/energy security? How did contemporary demand-supply trends help in managingthe 2019 disruptions? Finally, the author examines the scale of transformative changesin the energy market with regard to energy effi ciency, renewable energy, CO2 emissions,and how energy-climate policy interacts with the energy security environment.

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Ethics and Open Sources

Author(s): Daniela Baiasu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ethics is a system of moral principles and methods applicable to all activities. The two terms in our research, ethics and open sources, seem to contradict each other because the activity of using information obtained through open sources respects the norms of ethics as long as the information is real and legally obtained. The evolution of information and technology led to changes in the private and public fields, both at the organizational and decision-making level. Through this study, we want to show that violating the rules of ethics in the field of open source can be done easily, although it is an area where many countries are deficient in taking measures to stop irregularities. By applying optimal management of information obtained from open sources, areas such as economic, educational, or social can be improved in a relatively short time and can generate increases in the areas in which they are applied. The search for information in open sources, as a resource and engine for development, has become a visible priority of classical methods. The benefits of technology can lead, intentionally or unintentionally, to breaches of ethical standards in obtaining and using information from open sources. The misuse of open-source information can lead to intentional or involuntary misinformation, as well as violations of fundamental rights.

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Financial Markets – Under the Sign of CSR. Some Evidences Regarding Financial Education

Author(s): Mirela Panait,Irina Radulescu,Alina Brezoi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The financial market is in a process of metamorphosis, the international crises being determining factors in the reconfiguration process. In addition, the stakeholders attitude reshapes the different components of the financial markets. Financial consumers have become a force that requires financial institutions to adopt honest and ethical behavior. Portfolio investors also sanction, by specific methods, the inappropriate behavior of companies towards the environment or local communities or encourage listed companies that carry out corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. The stock exchanges and the authorities that supervise and regulate the segments of the financial market are promoters of CSR, both through the power of the example and through specific programs. In this dynamic context, the article aims to carry out an analysis regarding the contribution of financial market actors on promoting the principles of sustainable development and the principles of Global Compact in national economies. The article focuses on the process of financial education in several European countries. The authors identified and analyzed five financial education platforms in selected European countries. The analysis of the statistical data reveals a low interest of financial consumers, especially from the countries from the former communist bloc.

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Applying Value Chain Analysis through the Lens of Sustainability to Enterprises in the Beekeeping Sector

Author(s): Nancy Diana Panta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Undoubtedly, organizations operate nowadays in a world characterized by complexity and uncertainty. Under these circumstances, an organization must ponder upon everything that is relevant to its strategic objectives, be it operational capabilities, key drivers exerting positive, respectively negative consequences, or other factors. Therefore, it must assess both its external and internal environment. Analysing and managing trends that might affect organizations’ performance will enable managers to make decisions and develop appropriate strategies. For the present paper, the internal environment of companies will serve as the general centre of interest of the conducted analysis, paying particular attention to Porter’s Value Chain Analysis. Nevertheless, in a business context in which sustainability is becoming increasingly important, more and more executives consider sustainability strategies necessary for maintaining their companies competitive, a fact which stands for beekeeping enterprises as well. Given the valuable contribution of the beekeeping sector to the ecosystem through pollination services, we may already consider beekeeping enterprises sustainable by default to a certain extent. However, there are still a number of shortcomings remaining that need clarification. The managerial challenges posed by what integrating sustainability in business means have led to an increasing attention given to its understanding and not only. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to bridge sustainability and beekeeping enterprises though the value chain analysis and provide an assessment from a strategic point of view. The results provide implications for the strategists, bringing them one step closer to formulating a strategy tailored to their firms that enhances the likelihood of gaining competitive advantage.

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Meta-Analysis of the Determinant Factors in the Implementation of Integrated Reporting

Author(s): Cristina Gabriela Cosmulese / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to conduct a brief meta-analysis on the topic of integrated reporting (IR) in order to identify and highlight the main criticisms of this process. The main objective of the research concerned the study of specialised paper before and after the development and application of a conceptual framework regarding integrated reporting. In this respect, a few indexed papers in the ISI Web of Science will be analysed first and the meta-analysis will be performed using the cluster method. The results of the research will be a starting point for other research papers, in order to improve/perfect the economic-financial communication of the reporting entities and also in order to cover the deficiencies regarding the standardisation of IR.

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Ethics and Responsibility in the Collection System of Local Taxes and Fees

Author(s): Dorina Sandu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main objective of this study is to highlight the perception of ethics and responsibility as fundamental values in the activity of public institutions. Another aspect to be clarified is the degree to which taxpayers, through their adopted attitude, are prepared or want to actively participate in consolidating a transparent, responsible, and efficient administrative act, adapted to the new fiscal-budgetary and socio-economic changes. The orientation towards this attitude was determined especially through by my own professional activity and by the particularly important goal of the administration reform - to bring the citizen - taxpayer as close as possible to the public institution and to the services that the institution provides. After more than 10 years of professional experience in this field, I can say that informing the citizen is not enough. It is predominating the notifications regarding payment obligations and tax compliance. Any taxpayer has equal obligations and rights. First of all, I am referring to the right to request and receive the necessary information, then to the right to be heard and assisted. Another important right is to pay the correct amount of established taxes and fees. Adding the right to file complaints against the administrative acts and far too often changings tax legislation, this can put pressure on the civil servant. Cultivating the ethical attitude, the morale and professional responsibility, this will determine optimal choices, decisions and actions. At the same time, the citizen must not be a spectator, but a co-actor of the process of achieving the highest possible ethical standards at the level of these services and public institutions in general, by reporting the situations of violation of ethical norms and by refraining from encouraging unethical behaviors. There is more in the ethical and responsible behavior of the civil servant than the duties in the job description. We are talking in this case about a particularly important concept, about social responsibilities.

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Measuring the Level of Ethics within the Project Team

Author(s): Andreea Mocanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The subject of Ethics has been of interest for centuries, especially for philosophers and theologians, and it has impacted all aspects of human life since its beginnings. Today more than ever ethical behavior is essential in the business world and it is of focus in all organizations, even in the temporary, project based ones. "Measuring the Level of Ethics within the Project Team” is an article that addresses the need to assess the level of ethics of any and every project team, by testing the applicability of a previously designed instrument. The tool was created with the help of a group of ethic professionals from the Project Management field through a focus group. The resulting questionnaire consists of a series of statements, considering the areas of project organization, team communication and team development, out of the total of 79 resulted affirmations. To validate the applicability of this kind of assessment, 28 questions were selected and previously applied in an outsourcing multinational company with over 2000 employees in Bucharest only; more specifically in the Purchasing Department for client X, where there were several ongoing projects. In accordance to specialty literature, several basic ethical values were especially tested: responsibility, respect, honesty, fairness. Considering the premise of this research is that this instrument is suited for any kind of project team, this paper’s main objective is to test if there is a correlation between the questionnaire positive results and the existence of at least one of the six ethical conduct elements. Consequently, the hypothesis is that the results of the questionnaire will be influenced by the existence of one or more of the components: code of conduct, trainings, advice, evaluation, reporting and disciplinary systems. To test it, 33 project teams were asked to take the questionnaire, and their responses were correlated positively, negatively or neutral to the companies’ concern for business ethics norms.

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Analysis of the Correlation Managerial Decisions - Interim Financial Statements

Author(s): Claudia-Elena Grigoras-Ichim,Lucia Moroşan-Dănila / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The specialized economic literature has debated and analysed from an empirical point of view the importance of the content of the interim financial reports made by companies for their management. The economic reality shows us the disability of the business environment to cope to further legal changes related to taxes, financial and accounting field, correlated with their desire to understand and use the information generated by the financial-accounting reporting. The present article analyses the existence of the link among the data reviled in the interim financial reports and the process of the decision making by the management of these companies for investment and development purposes. This correlation was analysed using statistical tools, such as: logistic regression equation, Varimax rotation method, Wald test, which focused on identifying significant factors to reflect the actual position of a company and factors for substantiating investment and development of decisions, based on a research made on 290 economic operators from the commune cross-border area of Romania, Ukraine and Republic of Moldova. The results of the research are presenting companies futures concerning the results of the company in terms of profitability, decision making and the possibility to reflect the company’s position in the interim financial reports.

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The Influence of Cultural Diversity and Local Traditions in Dobrogea in Support of the Sustainable Development of Tourism

Author(s): Stefania-Rodica Hubel (Anghel),Gabriela Iuliana Paraschiv (Ganea),Panait Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Upholding events andpublic-private partnership projects by the business environment offers the possibility to diversify the activityof tourism, these being in turn business generators. They are tighly linked with the quality of services, of the environment, of the infrastructure at local level and the to the way in which local, county and govenrmental authorities answer to the challenges and requirements at city level in the historical region of Dobrogea. In this article, we present an analysis of the role that cultural diversity has and the role of local traditions in showcasing the objective of local communities. To this end, we analyzed and highlighted the interdependencebetween events generated by ethnic, cultural, religious diversitytand the possibility of concluding contacts both national and international, established under such actions that they offer the possibility of being transfered in the economic, social field, keeping a local specific and a special dynamic. At the same time, we have identified a consolidation of niche tourism and the seasonal one, both having competitive economic actors, which established and tested high standards in their work to meet current and future challenges, based on the experiencethey accumulated.

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Ethical Context of Entrepreneurship in the Swine Breeding Sector of Romania

Author(s): Cristinel Gigi Sonea,Andra Cristina Sonea,Alina Iuliana Tabirca / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper is of particular importance in the development of a business, taking into accountthe ethical issues arising from the livestock sector, with a focus on the pig sector, for Romanian agriculture. Following an analysis carried out in the Romanian pig sector, it was concluded thatthe share of pig breeding had been decreased as regards the intensive farming, and 70% of them were found in rural households, particularly vulnerable in economic crisis conditions. Pork consumption has increased due to largely pork imports, which contributes to a negative trade balance in this sector. However, for 2015-2019 period, the production of live pigs and pig meat is expected to increase, due to increased financial support, by creating new modern farms applying the latest breeding technologies, ensuring a complete biosecurity system 'from farm to fork', having access to structural funds and also respecting the EU quality standards.

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Implementation of the Integrated Management System for Quality – Food Safety – Development Strategy for the Dobrogea Tourism Service

Author(s): Valentina Irena Tudoran (Niculiţă),Oana Oprişan,Ana-Maria Dumitrache (Serbanescu) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Dobrogea is a place filled with beauty, tradition, and history, a place filled with significant potential regarding touristic services, potential which unfortunately is currently far from being reached. In order to be competitive on the national and international level, the tourism entrepreneurs in Dobrogea (the Constanta and Tulcea counties) should set as their main objectives the improvement of the quality of their touristic services, and the diversification of their offering. When referring to the quality of the touristic services, we focus on the quality of the services delivered by the touristic hospitality structures with lodgings, the quality of food services, and the quality of the services offered by all the other structures within this sector of the economy (travel agents, museums, transportation companies, commercial locations, etc.). At the same time, we note that tourism in Dobrogea is mainly seasonal, which leads to most investors hiring relatively low-skilled personnel, resulting in low quality services. Given the above, we aim to present and highlight several avenues for improvement of the touristic services’ quality, several development opportunities for the sector, focusing on ensuring the customers’ satisfaction.

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Migration, Ethics and “Brain Drain” Phenomenon

Author(s): Madlena Nen,Ionel Sorinel Vasilca,Mihail Baranescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This research emphasizes the analysis of migration phenomenon, how to perceive migration and the opportunity to study abroad, from the perspective of students and highly qualified human resources, which can be achieved through the study programs such as ERASMUS + and EEA. Considering that the loss of intellectual capital, called "brain drain" in Eastern European countries is accentuated given that study programs offer opportunities for students to educate and improve in conditions with modern technologies, which the country of origin cannot offer, we can consider that the international study programs offers new, unique experiences and opportunities.

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The Ethics of Public Administration in the Digital Economy

Author(s): Andra-Nicoleta Borţea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The process of digitizing the economy and all the related branches, implies changes in the behaviour of all actors in this field. Digitizing the daily life of society and governance is not just a matter of infrastructure, it is a matter of the human resource and the ethics of these persons that provide public services. The Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council, known by the acronym "GDPR", regulates the protection of sensitive information of people, on the European Union territory. "GDPR" has important implications in the area of public administration, where it’s purpose is to protect the dissemination of personal information regarding the citizens, while at the same time, to respect the legal norms of transparency, all of which happen simultaneously with the technologization of the administrative processes and the digitization of the services offered to the citizens, i.e. to provide efficient, effective and ethical public services. The transposition of European norms regarding personal data, within the national legislation, affects the digitization of the Romanian administrative system, which is already a slow and rigid process, and discourages the citizens to access information of public interest. In the present digital times for the public administration is identified the need for a modernized digital system used by the civil servants, which will facilitate the access of the applicants to the information and protect the sensitive character of certain information, in an ethical and professional way for all the parties involved.

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The Link Between Employees’ Motivation With Organisation’s Performance

Author(s): Lucia Moroşan-Dănila,Carmen-Eugenia Nastase,Claudia-Elena Grigoras-Ichim / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The financial motivation of the employees, at first sight, is considered the best method of stimulating the work of the employees. However, some studies have shown that employees are also motivated through non-financial means, such as equal treatment or recognition of merits. Although the economic literature offer strategies and analyses related to the motivation’s importance in the success of the organisation, not all managers implement them efficiently. This article presents an analysis of the link between employee motivation and company performance, based on a statistical research conducted on 444 organizations from Romania. The factorial analysis presented is based on the KMO and Bartlett tests and the ANOVA analysis, combining the motivating elements of the employees with the turnover and profitability. The regression analysis of employees' contribution to achieving the organization's performance indicators is underlining the importance of the employees’ motivation in order to achieve the targeted profitability. The conclusions of the paper emphasize the dependence of the performance indicators on the quality of human resources and on the level of their motivation. The motivation dimensions that manages to maximize the organisations’ profitability are those concerned with increasing employee loyalty and increasing working conditions.

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Mobbing at Work and the Impact of Employee Performance

Author(s): Ciprian Petrescu,Iulia Manghiuc / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The psychological abuse on a person at work it is called mobbing. This phenomenon it is one that influences the organizational culture, in a negative sense, reducing job satisfaction and creating a tense atmosphere. The consequences of this phenomenon affect the climate within the organization, the performance of the employees and by default, the objectives of the organization. The purpose of this article is to define and to determine the types and cases in which the phenomenon of mobbing occurs. We also analyzed the existing legislation regarding the protection of the employees from this phenomenon.

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The Role of Public Policies and Economic Instruments in Stimulating the Circular Economy

Author(s): Gabriela Iuliana Paraschiv (Ganea),Stefania-Rodica Hubel (Anghel) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although the concept of circular economy is still very young, the need to slow down the consumption of resources is well known, from the moment the process of globalization began to take shape, in the early 1980s; thus, developed countries have taken many steps in the process of establishing public policies that anchor in a daily reality the concept of circular economy, thus ensuring its progress through a well-developed legislative system, economic instruments and fiscal measures. designed to create an optimal environment for economic growth and maximize the benefits of its implementation. This article aims to highlight the progress made in establishing public policies related to the circular economy - an integral part of the concept of sustainable development, thus following the process of transition from the so-called "linear economy" to a circular economy, which aims to optimizing resource consumption and harmonizing the long-term sustainable development needs of mankind. In this sense, the paper presents a review of existing policies at global, regional and local levels and their role on the transition to the new economy, the main objective being to identify policies that are transmissible, as well as an analysis of the evolution over time. them. At the same time, the aim is to outline a vision on the existing opportunities by:

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Ethics in the Proliferation of Military Industry

Author(s): Denisa-Atena Costovici (Mema) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The 21st century, ethics has become a much challenged concept. As globalization has turned the world into a connected trade platform, international business flourished. Like many industries, arm trading has evolved and is subject to major changes both qualitative and quantitative. How important are revenues in comparison to fueling regional conflicts? Ethics has become an important criterion through which we should regard arms trading as well. States are engaged in a rearing arms race labeling it as peacekeeping and thus generating instability and tensions. At which point commercial activities and political interests converge and to what extent ethic considerations are respected? The objective of the article is to outline the new architectural perspective of security and defense. Attempting to avoid future wars, the nations widen their power through the strengthening of the military forces. The increasing defense budget, the development of the military capabilities and the expenditures - weapons industry’s spending in the last decade contradict the states' allegations that they represent only proactive measures to face potential threats; for the defense walls must be built, not purchased cannons. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the major changes regarding national defense in today’s challenges. The cutting-edge technology developed in the name of resilience to the asymmetries in the theaters of operations (and not only) is transposed economically as larger acquisitions and budgets allocated for the security of nations. Moreover, in the military plan it consolidates the position of a state in the global polycentric reality, shifting the balance towards hard power.

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Ethics in Romanian Public Administration

Author(s): Marius Nita / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ordinary people sometimes make immoral actions. Often, the answer can be given by the lack of relevant knowledge. They simply do not know that by their action they violate a rule or a moral requirement. Unfortunately, this is not the most common situation. The morality deficit is not mainly caused by a lack of knowledge. If that were the case, the problem would be solved simply by accessing the information or attending a course. Often, when people don't do what they should do morally, the explanation lies in the lack of motivation rather than in that of knowledge. When we talk about organizations, fairness is the fundamental virtue of public administration in ethical ethics which argue that what is morally correct is a priority over what is right. The integrity, rightly, transparency, and accountability of public administrations are basic requirements for a public trust, as a keystone of good governance. As with any other professional activity, ethical behavior in the civil service is promoted both through legal rules and through ethical standards that underpin and, at the same time, go beyond the legal requirements. The paper presented is a study that established the real level of ethics in our public administration based on the results obtained through a focus some important central and local public organization. This identification and interpretation of the organizational ethical concept was made to emphasize its importance in establishing the role of applied ethics, in the development and performance of a public organization.

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Ethics –A Mandatory Instrument to Ensure Good Governance of the Public Sector

Author(s): Sorela Maria Pruteanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In these times, the ethics problem is more pronounced in the area of decision making, as these may have a major impact on the community, regardless of the hierarchical level within the establishment of the person who made a specific decision. This article’s roadmap outlines the path government leaders can take to prevent actions that affect the institution’s image, proving responsibility for the health of the organizational climate. Therefore, even if we’re going through the era of the new public management which is focused on prompt resolution of citizens’ needs with minimum resources consumed, organizations’ representatives can still collaborate with their subordinates, in order to support the development and the assumption at individual level of the code of ethics. An efficient implementation of the code of ethics supports the integrity of employees, as well as organization’s integrity, improving its long-term performance. Given the differences between traditional management and new public management’s perspective regarding the institutional approach, this article tries to establish how a healthy ethical climate can be implemented, in the current circumstances, in which performance is measured in economic cost-benefit terms. An objective analysis will illustrate which scenario should be assumed by the representatives of the institutions: limiting the governmental intervention in certain sectors in order to reduce the acts of corruption or the inclination towards the privatization of public services, with the risk of diminishing the transparency of public administration actions. The conclusion highlights that managers have a social responsibility, so they must maintain the organization in an ethical balance, regardless of the goals of stakeholders.

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