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The author of the present study deals with the whole complex of religious, cultural and artistic phenomenon linked with the rise of the European Reformation with special regard to the situation of Central and Eastern Europe and in the Slavonic literary world. He attempts to demonstrate that there are some pre-reformation streams which came into existence in the period of the Hussite wars and had a much-differentiated shape and structure. The roots of the Reformation process in its initial and ideological substance are interesting as typical phenomena of Central European social and religious thought inspired by various currents, often of Eastern origin, connected with buddhism, manicheism and zoroastrianism.
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This paper tries to present Pietism as a current and set of ideas linked to the Enlightenment, as a culture focused on individualism and “subjectification”, as well as on the need to dismantle the old authorities and hierarchies. Such a way of thinking is visible in the religious poetry at that time, with the Danish pastor Hans Adolph Brorson. His main work The Rare Jewel of the Faith (Troens rare Klenodie, 1739), a collection of hymns used in the Danish and Norwegian church till today, belongs to the canon of the Danish literature.
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The paper attempts to present Adam Mickiewicz’s idea behind the ‘Lutheran spirit’ against a background of the vicissitudes of producing Poezje (Poetry), vol. 8 (1836). The author of the article ponders why the poet returns to the Lutheran mentality based on the need for forging an individual bond with God outside church. Consequently, the author’s interest revolves around Mickiewicz’s project of spirituality, created in the eight volume of the Paris edition, which goes beyond Catholicism and blurs the boundaries between Christian denominations.
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This article shows an influence of Martin Luther’s understanding of ethics on the ideas concerning these matters presented by Jerzy Pilch — a contemporary Polish writer. Ethical questions and the reflections connected with them are one of the main subjects of his considerations in Dzienniki (Diaries) (2012, 2014). In his approach towards ethical problems you can see on the one hand an individual attitude, which was called by Luther “freedom from” or practical life for God, and on the other hand — a sociable attitude or “freedom to” displayed in a disposition of living for others. Everything that is concerned with morality in Pilch’s diaries, their author comments carrying out a dialogue with Lutheran tradition and provoking its adherents of Lutheranism. These, mainly ironical statements, should nonetheless be treated as the testimony of his inner struggle with the Protestant tradition and the resulting vision of the world. Katarzyna Kubisiowska, in her monograph dedicated to Pilch, puts the reader gently to this track. However, to arrive at the core of envoi of the author of Diaries, it is necessary to employ the work of a scholar, who would be able to combine three skills in his research: literary, theological and ethical.
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The poems by Julia Hartwig, Schütz’s Cantata from the volume Obcowanie (1987) and Bach’s Cantata from Czułość (1992), constitute a poetic record of the reception of ancient musical works (which are gaining more and more popularity in modern times). The poet is interested in cantatas by Schütz i Bach — religious works of art of two baroque composers from 17th and 18th century, whose artistic activity was strictly connected with Lutheran spirituality and liturgy. For the poet these cantatas are not only the source of aesthetic experience. Its reception (most probably from the radio, recordings or concerts) becomes a great inspiration for existential and religious reflections. It also makes the poet recognise their uniqueness: as being examples of theocentric art and deep religiousness of their composers, these cantatas reveal the ability to harmonise the human psyche, and consequently they seem to be a perfect art form.
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Due to the horrors and evils of slavery blacks firmly believed in God’s promise of retribution against the wickedness and cruelty of those slaveholders who brutalized them. The Apocalypse exerted a powerful influence on slaves and was viewed as the Bible’s main argument that God denounced slavery and would come in a catastrophic event to judge those who mistreated blacks. The language of cosmic struggle between good and evil was vividly embraced by the poets of slave spirituals and themes of the end of time pervaded the texts of many songs. Slave spirituals reflect Apocalyptic thinking among blacks who viewed themselves as brave soldiers fighting on the side of Christ in the coming war of Armageddon. The paper explores how blacks perceived themselves as valiant soldiers fighting in the army of the Lord of the Apocalypse. We will see that slaves alluded to the belief in the inevitability of the military struggle over slavery and thus anticipated the Civil War.
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Today, Bach’s music enjoys a huge interest and popularity in the West. However, this situation is paradoxical – it hides a certain contradiction. The progressive, liberal and secular West is an heir of the ideas of the Enlightenment, while “Bach, in his unswerving religious conservatism, was living and working very much at odds with the progressivist currents of his day, and ours” (Michael Marissen). The author of this paper focuses on Bach’s anti-Enlightenment attitude, presenting it mainly on the basis of the instrumental masterpiece Musikalisches Opfer BWV 1079. Towards the end of his article, with the help of Emil Cioran, John M. Coetzee, Ingmar Bergman and Zuzana Růžičkova, the author suggests an answer to the question why the music of Bach, an enemy of the Enlightenment, not only enjoys such a huge popularity, but is also treated in the Enlightened West as the work of the grandest music genius of the human race – one ranking among its best achievements.
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Paper is a kind of comparative analysis „discordant-concordant” images of accidents which took place on 16 and 17 July 1724, also known as Toruń tumult: two outstanding scholars — Woldemar Gastpary and Stanisław Salmonowicz — presented two symmetrical but opposed views of facts. Both scholars try to descript this fact from the Protestant and from the Catholic perspective. Inspired by Tumult monologue-dialog between Protestants and Catholics lead to basic methodological issue and help to visualize a state of osmosis between two spaces: a faith and a knowledge may contribute themselves.
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The social, educational and cultural activity of Łódź Evangelical Reformed Parish was described. Object analysis is covering the period 1888–1939. This congregation led diverse forms of the social activity (the care, the subsidiarity and the support) which were addressed not only to members of this religious community. The forms of the cultural work, taken in this Protestant congregation were: choirs, library, trips, readings, concerts, games. Organising the elementary school (1906–1919), was aspect of educational activity of this congregation. Mainly archive sources were used, largely documentation of the evangelical reformed parish in Łódź and the periodical press.
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The article discusses theoretically and empirically relative deprivation and the existential mechanism as factors of entrepreneurship. Motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activity based on relative deprivation is the result of a discrepancy between the level of aspirations and the degree of their actual realisation. In such a situation there is a desire to act in order to achieve a higher standard of living. The existential mechanism, on the other hand, indicates that engaging in self-employment is a consequence of not being able to obtain the money necessary for satisfying needs in any other way. Both of these mechanisms can explain the reasons for engaging in self-employment for any individual, but they are largely suited to the analysis of immigrant entrepreneurship.
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Nowadays, it is almost an axiom that career development is determined by satisfying the need for self-fulfilment. However, this need is not biological but social and cultural. Thus, the determinants of choosing a career type result (among others) from the relationship between an individual and a social group, hence we can distinguish extreme models of career - collective-oriented versus individual-oriented. The career types proposed in this study were characterized using Parsons' base variables, which were applied to describe the differences between the collective and liberal systems and between the two types of career mentioned above.The article aims to present arguments to illustrate how the need and the ability to free oneself from social anxiety through gaining recognition determines professional behaviour. The starting point for its formulation was the assumption that a commonly felt social anxiety causes a need to gain recognition of the collective. The individual's need to free themselves from social anxiety and the ability to do so leads to a self-centred career model that is increasingly common in the age of information civilization.The article analyzes the socio-cultural factors determining collectivist and individualistic orientation and their psychological and social consequences.
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In modern conditions of expanding the processes of globalization the role of globalization is growing cross-border cooperation of regions, which opens up new opportunities for activation of economic activity in the peripheral territories and increase of economic activity in the peripheral territories their competitiveness. At the end of the last century, the regional the policy of the European Union has moved to a new paradigm-from application of mechanisms to eliminate regional development imbalances through interregional redistribution of resources to mobilization of course-resource potential of territories and application of the principle of subsidiarity. This one the approach was used by the contiguous border regions of Europe, which we have established mutual contacts between state and regional authorities, local self-government bodies, public organizations, and subjects management of territories, joining forces to solve common problems, and from cooperation under certain cross-border agreements we have moved on to cooperation within the framework of euroregions. Thus, the characteristic a feature of modern Europe is the rapid development of international cooperation regions – one of the most effective driving forces of European integration and bringing people together.Cross-border cooperation should be implemented in the context of territorial organization and effective deployment of productive forces. According to European experience, the CBC helps to overcome the territorial imbalance (spatial gaps between production and consumption) of the region’s economy, which is a significant factor, since there are significant developmental imbalances between the border administrative-territorial units of Ukraine and neighboring states. The implementation of this task in practice is carried out by complementarity, improvement and optimization of the territorial structure of the economy, functional combination and coordination of economies, industries and individual industries of border regions of neighboring states involved in cross-border cooperation.Along with this, it is fundamental to maintain a balance (optimal proportions) in the development of all spheres of life of territories on different sides of the border.
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This paper provides insight into current trends of the European Accommodation Industry development through gaining an understanding of processes in the previous period. Based on the result of data analysis of Eurostat online database, it is found out that the accommodation demand in the European Union was unstable during the last decade. The study result shows a trend of the European Accommodation Industry to decrease in the percentage change of nights spent at accommodation establishments by international visitors which has arisen before the impact of COVID-19. Domestic tourism has grown more steadily in the past few years, but it compensates for the current decrease in the international demand only partially. This study confirms that the change in the capacity of the European Accommodation Industry reflects the change in the accommodation demand. This paper results can be used to understand an establishment’s position, identify the threats and opportunities in time of crisis, and to focus its resources on developing unique capabilities that could lead not only to restart activity but to competitive advantage and profitability. To facilitate its realisation by managers, the Process Landscape Model of the core processes and sub-processes of the European Accommodation Industry development has been elaborated.
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The development of the Internet of Things (IoT), machines functioning independently in the network, seems unstoppable. Its enormous potential and dynamics are confirmed by numerous studies and reports indicating the intensive growth of both investment outlays and the value of the global IoT market. In addition, the involvement of big players such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Apple and Samsung proves that changes in the reality that surrounds us are becoming an irreversible trend. The entire economy is changing under the influence of the development of this technology. In fact, enterprises are the main beneficiaries of the progressing cybernetization, which allows, among other things, to: increase efficiency, improve quality, shorten delivery times, reduce production and service costs, or improve the use of information in the decision-making process. However, introducing innovative solutions always carries the risk of failure. The aim of the article was an attempt to identify the challenges related to the implementation of the Internet of Things in the sphere of business and marketing, which may constitute an obstacle in reaping the benefits offered by new technologies.
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The European experience of PPP in scientific, technical and innovative spheres is analyzed. It is determined that the role of the state is to promote the development of fundamental knowledge and complex technologies of strategic nature, creating infrastructure and a favorable climate for innovation, and business - in creating technologies based on their own research and market development of innovations. It is proposed to introduce a regime of international public-private partnership to intensify cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the scientific, technical and innovation spheres. The components of the regime of international public-private partnership are considered. It is determined that the regime of international public-private partnership will allow to establish participation between international financial institutions, public authorities, higher education institutions / research institutions and business in joint financing of projects in scientific, technical and innovative activities of Ukraine and Poland.
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The level of internationalization and innovation of Ukrainian enterprises is relatively low - as is the level of innovation in the Ukrainian economy. There is no relevant internationalization and innovation policy in this country. There are also no systemic changes in the field of support for entrepreneurs and protection of intellectual property, therefore in the near future it is rather impossible to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage based on innovations. There is a need for a coherent and transparent state policy to support both processes: internationalization of enterprises and their innovations.
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The goal of the article is to characterize economic migrants from Ukraine working in Poland and the problems they encounter during their stay. The introduction of the article is characterized in the introduction. Then, the methodological aspects of own research and the obtained results were discussed. The final fragment presents the conclusions of the research - a portrait of a labor migrant from Ukraine working in Poland. The research was conducted among 305 employees from Ukraine aged 18-65 who have experience of working in Poland. Ukrainian labor migrants have become an inseparable element of the Polish labor market. By getting to know them, we can create better conditions for their stay and employment in Poland.
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Specific features of shaping and modification of national security models of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are determined, the content of the legal framework that defines the security and development strategies of these countries is revealed. The expediency of developing a new essence and structure of strategic documents that ensure social development and guarantees of security of man, society and state is substantiated. The aspiration and priority of the states' policy on their integration into the European Security Environment and NATO has been determined.
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